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PubMed2000

[Antipseudomonal activity of carbapenem antibiotics].

To date, three carbapenem antibiotics have been introduced for clinical use, and they can be structurally classified into two types. One is a natural type that has the naturally-occurring carbapenem skeleton and a strongly basic (cationic) moiety in the C-2 side chain, like imipenem or panipenem. The other is a new generation carbapenem, meropenem, which has the 1 beta-methyl carbapenem skeleton and a less basic group in the C-2 side chain. It was reported that there were some significant differences among these two types of carbapenems concerning the antimicrobial profile, especially the antipseudomonal activity. Since Pseudomonas aeruginosa was one of the target pathogens of carbapenem antibiotics, these facts prompted us to overview the different mode of action among imipenem, panipenem and meropenem and clarify the structure-activity relationships of carbapenems with regard to the antipseudomonal activities. In this article, we discuss that both the chemical structure and the physicochemical properties of carbapenems greatly influence a variety of antipsedomonal actions including MIC, affinity for PBPs, outer membrane permeability, interaction with various beta-lactamases and multidrug efflux systems etc., and that the cationic center in the C-2 side chain plays an important role in antipseudomonal activities. This review will be helpful in developing new types of antipseudomonal carbapenems and/or new clinical applications of carbapenem antibiotics for treating pseudomonal infection.

Carbapenems↗

PubMed2000

[Evolution of antimicrobial susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates].

Acinetobacter baumannii is a microorganism frequently implicated in colonization and infection in hospitalized patients. An increase of resistance has been observed in recent years making these infections difficult to treat. The in vitro activity of 24 antibiotics, 15 betalactam agents and nine nonbetalactams, was studied in 156 A. baumannii clinical isolates. The strains were collected from different clinical samples obtained from inpatients (92%) and 8% were from outpatients. Evolution of susceptibility from January 1995 to December 1997 was studied. MIC of the following antibiotics was determined by the agar dilution method: ampicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin- clavulanic acid, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, ofloxacin, doxycycline, fosfomycin, rifampin, azithromycin and colistin. Low antimicrobial susceptibility was observed in most A. baumannii strains. Colistin, imipenem, meropenem and ampicillin-sulbactam showed the greatest susceptibility (100, 88.4, 88.4 and 84.6%, respectively). A. baumannii strains from inpatients showed a lower antimicrobial susceptibility than strains from outpatients, who showed a high percentage of susceptibility to most antibiotics. Rifampin and azithromycin showed certain in vitro activity against the most susceptible A. baumannii strains. A progressive decrease in susceptibility to most antibiotics was observed during the period studied. Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii emerged in 1996 and increased in 1997.

Acinetobacter↗

PubMed2002

[Efficacy of some new antibiotics in treating experimental brucellosis].

Brucella pathogens are highly susceptible in vitro to pefloxacin, lomefloxacin, meropenem and azithromycin. High efficacy of these drugs was demonstrated for experimental brucellosis treatment, azithromycin being the most active. Meropenem and azithromycin implementation resulted in more rapid and full normalization of the bactericidial and energy systems of the experimental animals peripheral blood cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Clinical significance of the predominant bacterial strains on burn wound during early postburn stage].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical significance of the predominant bacterial colonization on burn wound in our department during recent years, so as to help select optimal antibiotics in burn patients with severe infections. METHODS: This bacterial investigation was carried out in 215 cases of severely burned patients. The bacterial culture and the drug susceptibility test were carried out. RESULTS: (1) One hundred and twenty-two strains of bacteria were cultured, in which 28 strains (23%) were Staphylococcus with negative coagulase, 27 (22%) S. aureus, 17 (14%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 11 (9%) Escherichia coli, 10 (8%) Enterobacter, 9 (7%), enterococci, 3 (2.5%) fungi, and 17 (14.5) other bacteria. (2) The resistance of S. aureus to ampicillin, oxacillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was 81%, 38% and 31%, respectively. 11% and 16% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to Imipenem and Ceftazidime, respectively. (3) The sensitivity of G + cocci to vancomycin and norvancomycin, Chloramphenicol, Teicoplanin, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxaz, Rifampin was 100%, 100%, 100%, 94% and 88% respectively, and the Gram-negative bacilli to Meropenem, Imipenem, Amikacin, Cefepime, Cefoperazone/Sulbactam, Ceftazidime were 91%, 90%, 81%, 78%, 71% and 70%, respectively. Furthermore, the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Cefoperazone/Sulbactam, Ceftazidime, Tobramycin, Meropenem, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Cefepime were between 82% and 91%. MRSA was very sensitive to both vancomycin and norvancomycin. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that Staphylococcus with negative coagulase and S. aureus were the predominant bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranked second. The resistance of these bacteria to antibiotics was on the increase. Moreover, colonization of enterococcus and fungi on burn wound increased recently, which were scarce before. This implied the importance of rational and correct use of antibiotics during early postburn stage.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase among multidrug resistant gram-negative isolates from a general hospital in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among multidrug resistant isolates of enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli. METHODS: This study was carried out at the Almana General Hospital, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during the period March 2002 through to June 2003. Multidrug resistant gram-negative isolates from patients admitted to the surgical, medical, pediatric, long-term care and intensive care units were studied for the presence of the ESBL enzyme. RESULTS: A total of 3231 gram-negative organisms were studied for the presence of multidrug resistance and ESBLs. Of these, 197 (6%) isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), and 156 (4.8%) were positive for ESBL. Seventy nine percent of the MDR strains were positive for ESBL. The most frequent isolates were Escherichia coli (1116) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (687) and ESBL was detected in 72 (6.5%) and 37 (5.4%) of these isolates. The MDR strains that produced ESBL were most commonly isolated from surgical care patients with diabetic fascitis (83%) and patients with indwelling Foley's catheter (79%). Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing strains showed the highest susceptibility to imipenem and meropenem (86%). The non-beta-lactam antibiotics with greatest activity against these ESBL strains in vitro were ciprofloxacin (72%), amikacin (70%), tobramycin (67%) and gentamicin (56%). CONCLUSION: The majority (79%) of the MDR enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli tested over 15-months were positive for ESBL. Imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin and amikacin showed the highest activity against these ESBL-producing organisms. Due to the growing problem of infection with ESBL-producing bacteria, which are frequently resistant to many classes of antibiotics resulting in difficult-to-treat infections, clinicians need to be familiar with the clinical significance of these enzymes and potential strategies for dealing with them.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Pseudomonas aeruginosa--a significant hospital pathogen and resistance to carbapenem].

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an etiologic agent of nosocomial infections of various localizations. The frequency of infections is a consequence of an increased number of immunocompromised patients, large surgical interventions, long-term hospital care and virulence factors of the bacterium. The use of carbapenems in the treatment of infections caused by P. aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria entail an unfortunate consequence of creating resistance to carbapenems. P. aeruginosa exhibits numerous mechanisms of resistance and is singularly problematic for combining intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance due to multiple mutations. It is also a carrier of the multiple-resistance plasmide. Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with broad-spectrum activity to gram-positive, gram-negative and strictly anaerobic bacteria. The resistance of P. aeruginosa to carbapenems is complex and heterogeneous. It is determined by weakening the penetration through the outer membrane due to the loss of porin D2, decrease in the accumulation of antibiotic in the cell consequentially to active efflux due to hyperproduction of proteins, hydrolysis of carbapenem by specific metallo-beta-carbapenemases, and alteration in the target area of antibiotic activity on the bacterial cell. The loss of porin D2 results in resistance to imipenem with MIC values of 8.0-32.0 microg/mL. Selective low-level resistance to meropenem in the hyperproduction of the efflux system results in MIC values of 2.0-4.0 microg/mL. A high-level resistance to carbapenems with MIC values above 128 microg/mL for imipenem and meropenem is a consequence of the secretion of IMP and VIM series beta-carbapenemases. The frequency of resistance to P. aeruginosa to carbapenems varies worldwide from 15% to > or = 35%. In Croatia, resistance to carbapenems in the year 2003 was estimated to 12%. The problems in clinical practice are the increased resistance of P. aeruginosa to carbapenems, the presence of beta-carbapenemases and acquisition of these enzymes in certain types of Enterobacteriacea. The problems in laboratory practice are those of precise determination of the level and phenotype resistance of P. aeruginosa to carbapenems.

Carbenicillin↗

PubMed2005

Adult Acinetobacter meningitis and its comparison with non-Acinetobacter gram-negative bacterial meningitis.

Between January 1999 and December 2003, 81 cases of single pathogen-related culture-proven Gram-negative adult bacterial meningitis were identified at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung. Of these 81 cases, Acinetobacter infection was found in 13 cases. Clinical and laboratory data of these Acinetobacter meningitis patients were studied and were compared with those of other 68 non-Acinetobacter Gram-negative bacterial meningitis (GNBM) patients. Of the 13 implicated Acinetobacter strains, A. baumannii was the most common (12), and the other was A. lwoffii (1). Eleven of these 13 cases were due to a post-neurosurgical infection. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility test of the 13 Acinetobacter strains from cerebrospinal fluid included ceftriaxone, (1/13, 8%), ciprofloaxin (6/13, 46%), ceftazidime (6/13, 46%), cefepime (7/13, 54%), ampicillin-subtactam (7/13, 54%), imipenem (12/13, 92%) and meropenem (12/13, 92%). One strain with pan-drug resistant A. baumannii (PDRAB) emerged in 2003. A statistically significant difference between Acinetobacter meningitis and non-Acinetobacter GNBM included hydrocephalus and ceftazidime-resistance. A mortality rate was 30% (4/13), and 7 of the other 9 survivals had severe neurologic deficits. The emergence of Acinetobacter infections in adult post-neurosurgical infections, multiple antibiotic resistant characteristics, and the emergence of PDRAB strain remained a challenge of the initial management of this specific meningitis. Use of carbapenem, especially meropenem, could be considered as one of the initial empiric antibiotics chosen for the management of adult post-neurosurgical meningitis.

Acinetobacter Infections↗

PubMed2005

[Etiology of severe hospital infections in intensive care units and antibiotic resistance of pathogens].

The leading pathogens of severe infections in intensive care units were the following: respiratory tract infections--bacteria of the famility of Enterobacteriaceae (33.8%), Pseudomonas spp. (24.9%), Acinetobacter spp. (18.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.0%), blood flow infections--coagulase negative staphylococci (33.6%), S. aureus (26.1%), Enterobacteriaceae (17.6%), wound infections--Enterobacteriaceae (35.7%), coagulase negative staphyloccocci (17.8%), Pseudomonas spp. (14.3%). As for various species of Enterobacteriaceae, susceptibility was preserved in 91-100% of the isolates to meropenem, in 72-100% to cefoperazone/sulbactam, in 51-65% to cefepime, in 72-86% to amikacin, and in less than 50% to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. As for P.aeruginosa, 28% of the isolates was resistant to all the antibacterials, except polymyxin. The highest susceptibility to cefoperazone/sulbactam and meropenem was revealed in the isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Oxacillin resistance was detected in 64.9% of the S.aureus isolates. The oxacillin resistance as a rule was associated with resistance to macrolides, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. As for coagulase negative staphylococci, oxacillin resistance was stated in 75.6% of the isolates. All the isolates of the Staphylococcus spp. preserved their susceptibility to vancomycin and linezolid.

Cross Infection↗

PubMed2005

[In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].

Two hundred and seven clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected at Tenri Hospital between April 2003 and March 2004. We determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 antimicrobial agents, including prulifloxacin, pazufloxacin and biapenem which were recently published in Japan, against these isolates according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. For the fluoroquinolones, the rank order of activity was prulifloxacin (MIC50, 0.5 microg/ml)>ciprofloxacin (1 microg/ml)> pazufloxacin (2 microg/ml)=levofloxacin (2 microg/ml)>gatifloxacin (4 microg/ml). For the carbapenems, the rank order of activity was meropenem (MIC50, 1 microg/ml)=biapenem (1 microg/ml)>imipenem (2 microg/m)>panipenem (8 microg/ml). For the cephalosporins and monobactam, the overall rank order of activity was cefozopran (MIC50, 4 microg/ml)= ceftazidime (4 microg/ml)>cefepime (8 microg/ml)=piperacillin/tazobactam (8 microg/ml)>aztreonam (16 microg/ml)= cefoperazone/sulbactam (16 microg/ml)=cefpirome (16 microg/ml). The rates of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents as per the criteria of the Japanese Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy were especially high for cefozopran (63%), biapenem and meropenem (61%), and pazufloxacin (53%) and ciprofloxacin (53%). These findings suggest that prulifloxacin, pazufloxacin and biapenem, which are newly introduced, are clinically effective in the treatment of infection caused with P. aeruginosa.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

[Emergence of AmpC enzyme and antibiotics resistance in gram-negative bacilli].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between emergence of AmpC enzyme and drug resistance in the gram-negative bacilli in Xiangya Hospital and to provide information for the treatment of antibiotics. METHODS: The bacteria were identified; the susceptibility was determined by Microscan microbiological identification system; and the AmpC enzyme was detected by disc diffusion method. RESULTS: Of the 204 gram-negative strains, the positive rate of AmpC enzyme was 19.61%; AmpC-positive strains resisted to ceftriaxone, piperacillin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, aztreonam, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefuroxime, ceftazidime/clavulanic, and cefotaxime/clavulanic. But AmpC-negative strains were susceptible to those antibiotics. There were significant differences, between the two groups (All P < 0.05). Both groups were susceptible to cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, cefoperazone/sulbactam, levofloxacin, and amikacin. CONCLUSION: The detection of AmpC enzyme is helpful to the screen of drug resistant strains. Most bacilli with AmpC enzyme show the resistance to third-generation cephosporins, aztreonam, and the beta-lactamase inhibitors, but susceptible to imipenem, cefepime, meropenem, cefoperazone/sulbactam, levofloxacin, and amikacin, which provides the information for the antibiotic therapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates in Castellón, Spain].

A retrospective study of the susceptibility to antimicrobials (amikacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin, piperacil-lin-tazobactam, imipenem, meropenem and ciprofloxacin) of 5,811 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was performed in a general hospital over a period of 12 years. The majority of isolates was from respiratory samples (31.99%), followed by urine samples (26.36%) and ear samples (10.51%). There was a predominance of hospital strains (69.66%); 50.30% of those from medical services, 31.74% from critical care services (mainly ICU) and the remaining from surgical services. No antimicrobial included in our study showed an activity over all isolated strains. In health centers the majority of antimicrobials showed good activity, with a percentage of resistance less than 10%. However, hospital strains showed that only amikacin, piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem had a percentage of resistance near or lower than 10%. In both environments, gentamicin presented with the highest percentage of resistance. Strains from patients hospitalized in critical care services showed an elevated resistance to tobramycin, imipenem and ceftazidime, while strains from patients in medical services showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. Similar studies published in Spain confirm the importance of conducting local studies in order to understand the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa in each region, and especially to carry out empirically based treatments.

Cross Infection↗

PubMed2005

Characterization and changing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Acinetobacter species from a tertiary care setup.

128 isolates of Acinetobacter species from admitted and outdoor patients were subjected to biotyping and resistotyping. Resistance phenotype analysis included nine antibiotics and two betalactam inhibitor combination drugs. In 100 strains of Acinetobacter spp. ciprofloxacin, amikacin, cefotaxime and cefepime minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was done by agar dilution using NCCLS 2002 criteria. In forty-nine isolates MIC level was determined by E-strip also. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production was detected by double disc synergy technique. Inducible beta lactamases (IBL's) were detected by disc approximation method. The relationship between biotypes and resistance phenotype was analyzed. Majority of isolates (93.75%) were from admitted patients. The biotyping revealed Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex (87.2%) to be the predominant species and they were isolated from tracheal aspirates of patients with ventilator associated pneumonia. By Kirby Bauer disc diffusion antimicrobial sensitivity testing Acinetobacter spp. were most sensitive to the combination of drug cefoperazone-sulbactam (95.6%) followed by meropenem (94.6%), piperacillin-tazobactam (92.6%). On screening incidence of Imipenem Nonsensitive Acinetobacter spp. (INSA) was (5.4%). Acinetobacter spp. were typable by six resistance phenotypes and six biotypes. Most common (66.6%) resistant phenotype of A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex was susceptible to cefoperazone-sulbactam and or meropenem and or piperacillin-tazobactam. ESBL production was seen in 6% and IBL (Inducible Beta Lactamase) production was seen in 7% of Acinetobacter spp. The MIC90 for ciprofloxacin was =256 microg/ml, cefotaxime 512 microg/ml, cefepime 512 microg/ml, and amikacin 32 microg/ml. Multidrug resistance was seen in more than 90% of A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex and 20% of Acinetobacter lwoffii. Acinetobacter spp. has other emerging novel mechanism of resistance that requires continuous research. Simpler, reproducible and reliable methods of biotyping and their subsequent correlation with resistotyping are more cost effective than molecular methods, which are available only in reference laboratories.

Acinetobacter↗

PubMed2006

[Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of nosocomial gram negative pathogens: results from MYSTIC study in Hacettepe University Adult Hospital (2000-2004)].

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Gram negative pathogens (n: 699) isolated from nosocomial infections in Hacettepe University Adult Hospital included in MYSTIC programme between 2000-2004 were determined by Etest (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden) using CLSI criteria. Of the total Escherichia coli (n: 179), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n: 168), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n: 179) and Acinetobacter baumannii (n: 173) isolates, 55% were from patients in inpatient clinics and 45% were from patients in intensive care units. The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production rate of E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were 28% and 47%, respectively. All E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were found susceptible to carbapenems. The susceptibility of ESBL positive E. coli isolates to piperacillin+tazobactam was 76% and 65% to cefepime, 63% to ceftazidime, 56% to tobramycin, 24% to ciprofloxacin. For ESBL negative E. coli isolates, the susceptibility rates were found 95%, 92%, 84% and 58% for ceftazidime and tobramycin, cefepime, piperacillin+tazobactam and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The susceptibility rates of ESBL positive K. pneumoniae isolates to piperacillin+tazobactam was 55% and 51% to cefepime, 49% to ciprofloxacin, 45% to tobramycin, 42% to ceftazidime. For ESBL negative K. pneumoniae isolates, the susceptibility rates were determined as follows; 92% for cefepime, 87% for tobramycin, 70% for piperacillin+tazobactam, 62% for ceftazidime and 60% for ciprofloxacin. Of the P. aeruginosa isolates, 77% were multi-drug resistant with susceptibility rates to piperacillin+tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, meropenem and imipenem as 55%, 53%, 51% and 49%, respectively. The susceptibilities of P. aeruginosa isolates were 48% to ceftazidime, 41% to cefepime and 35% to tobramycin. Of the A.baumannii isolates, 67% were multi-drug resistant with higher susceptibility rates to meropenem (53%), imipenem (48%) and tobramycin (44%) compared to other antimicrobials cefepime (37%), ciprofloxacin (29%), piperacillin+tazobactam (26%) and ceftazidime (22%).

Acinetobacter baumannii↗

PubMed2005

[Problems of prevalance and resistance of nosocomial Klebsiella pneumonia in hospitals of Russia].

Prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae among gramnegative pathogens of nosocomial infections in intensive care units of 33 hospitals of 22 towns in Russia was investigated. Antibiotic susceptibility and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production were tested in 420 nosocomial K. pneumoniae isolates. Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem) showed the highest activity. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production based on the phenotyping methods was revealed in 342 (81.4%) isolates. The maximum activity against the K. pneumoniae isolates producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase was observed in imipenem and meropenem (no unsusceptible strains were isolated). 3.2% of the isolates was not susceptible to ertapenem. Differences in the activity of cefoperazone/sulbactam, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing isolates in various hospitals were recorded.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[In vitro activity of 9 antibiotics and 3 beta-lactamase inhibitors against 107 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumanii].

BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter sp. is an important cause of nosocomial infections and it is often resistant to many antibiotics. In our hospital it often causes infections in patients on the intensive care unit. The aim of this study was to know the susceptibility of Acinetobacter sp. strains isolated in our hospital. METHODS: The in vitro activities of nine antimicrobial agents (ticarcillin, piperacillin, ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin and colistin) and three beta-lactamase inhibitors (sulbactam, clavulanate and tazobactam) against 107 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii were studied. MICs were determined by a dilution agar method, except for colistin, which we used the disk-diffusion agar method. RESULTS: Of the antimicrobial agents tested imipenem and colistin were highly active against all isolates (100% susceptibility), meropenem presented good activity (96.3% susceptibility), ticarcillin presented moderated activity (84.1% susceptibility). Most of the strains were resistant to ceftazidime (4.7% susceptibility), piperacillin (3.7% susceptibility) and the aminoglycosides (amikacin 21.5% susceptibility, gentamicin 2.8% susceptibility and tobramycin 4.7% susceptibility). Sulbactam was the most active agent among the beta-lactamase inhibitors studied (CMI90 = 4 micrograms/ml). CONCLUSIONS: Recent trends indicate increasing antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii, posing a serious threat to hospitalized patients. An strict attention to maintain a good housekeeping and control of the environment and of the antimicrobial usage, appears the measures most likely to control the spread of Acinetobacter baumannii in hospitals.

Acinetobacter↗

PubMed1998

Influence of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on surface hydrophobicity of Salmonella enteritidis.

The effects of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of quinolones ciprofloxacin (CAS 85721-33-1), enoxacin (CAS 74011-58-8), norfloxacin (CAS 70458-96-7), ofloxacin (CAS 82419-36-1), pefloxacin (CAS 70458-92-3), aminoglycosides amikacin (CAS 37517-28-5), gentamicin (CAS 1403-66-3), netilmicin (CAS 563911-56-1), tobramycin (CAS 32986-56-4), and beta-lactam antibiotics imipenem (CAS 64221-86-9) and meropenem (CAS 96036-02-2) on the surface hydrophobicity of a clinical isolate of Salmonella enteritidis were studied. Cell hydrophobicity on the tested strain was determined by the method of bacterial adherence to hydrocarbone-xylene (BATH) and on the basis of salt aggregation test of ammonium sulphate (SAT). From the quinolones tested, the highest inhibition of adherence was shown by ciprofloxacin (40%) and enoxacin (38%) at 1/4 of MIC. Aminoglycoside antibiotics stimulated the adherence, having no appreciable effect on the SAT values. The only significant effect on the adhesion was that of gentamicin, 1/4 of MIC of which lowered its value to 2.5%. The decrease of adherence also was accompanied by a drop of hydrophobicity of the bacterial strain in the SAT test. The results obtained in both tests show that sub-MICs of beta-lactams cause a significant inhibition of the hydrophobicity of the studied strain and that the effect of imipenem is more pronounced than that of meropenem. The levels of the inhibition of adherence induced by 1/8 and 1/16 of MIC were 22% and 20%, respectively, as compared to the control value. The influence exerted by the sub-MICs of antibiotics on the cell surface hydrophobicity might be seen as an interference with the pathogenic potential of Salmonella enteritidis.

4-Quinolones↗

PubMed2003

Brazilian propolis: physicochemical properties, plant origin and antibacterial activity on periodontopathogens.

Propolis samples collected in the dry and rainy seasons, from an experimental apiary located in a cerrado vegetation region in Brazil were used in this study. Microscopic analysis showed the presence of 31 pollen types, secretory hairs (genus Baccharis) and fragments of plant epidermis. The oxidation rates and the wax content of the samples after physicochemical analyses were in agreement with the Cuban Guideline NRAG 870-88. A high performance liquid chromatography analysis showed a similar pattern of chromatograms, characterized by the presence of ten phenolic compounds. There was no significant difference in the pro fi le of phenolic compounds and also in the total flavonoid concentration in propolis samples collected in different seasons. Antibacterial assays were performed by the method of dilution of an ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) in agar (v/v%) and showed that all 16 A. actinomycetemcomitans strains tested were inhibited by propolis concentrations of 0.1% to 0.25%, and did not grow at all at 0.5%. The growth inhibition of six Fusobacterium spp. and 16 black-pigmented anaerobes was observed at concentrations of 0.05% to 0.1%, and no growth was observed at 0.25%. There was no effect of seasonality on the inhibitory activity of propolis. The antibiotics tetracycline and meropenem were used as positive controls.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗

PubMed2007

[Nocardia farcinica infection of a vascular prosthesis].

A 61-year-old woman presented with purple-red subcutaneous nodules on her right leg. She had experienced fever up to 40 degrees C for the past 10 days and felt generally weak over the last two months. Four months earlier, a vascular graft had been implanted in her right femoral artery. Based on the diagnosis of skin infection due to implantation of an infected prosthesis, she was hospitalized and treated with an antibiotic regime. During the initial antibiotic treatment, the symptoms deteriorated, and she developed joint, hepatic and CNS abscesses. Finally, a microbiologic culture with an extended incubation time revealed the diagnosis of an infection with the slowly growing bacterium Nocardia ssp. Hereupon the patient was treated purposefully with Meropenem over six months. This treatment resulted in complete recovery.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗