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Results for “Musculoskeletal System”

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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources

PubMed1989

Effect of infection with the ts22 mutant of Semliki Forest virus on development of the central nervous system in the fetal mouse.

The A7 strain of Semliki Forest virus induces rapid fetal death in pregnant mice, whereas the ts22 mutant derived from it is teratogenic for a proportion of fetuses. Both A7 and ts22 induce viremia and infect the central nervous systems and fetuses of pregnant mice. Using immunogold-silver staining, a cDNA probe for a Semliki Forest virus nonstructural sequence, and a riboprobe derived from the same sequence, we showed that the skin and musculoskeletal systems of fetuses from mothers infected with ts22 were often heavily infected but the central nervous systems were not labeled before day 17 of pregnancy. Damage to the neural tube, including open-neural-tube defects, was detected in fetuses following infection of the mother at days 8 and 10 of pregnancy with both A7 and ts22. For ts22, neural tube damage induced by fetal infection before day 17 of pregnancy appeared to be indirect and caused by virus infection of mesenchymal cells surrounding the developing neural tube.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Training and clinical competency in musculoskeletal medicine. Identifying the problem.

Injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system account for more than 20% of patient visits to primary care and emergency medical practitioners. However, less than 3% of the pre-clinical medical school curriculum is devoted to teaching all aspects of musculoskeletal disease, and only 12% of medical schools require mandatory training in musculoskeletal medicine during the clinical years of undergraduate medical education in Canada. Available elective training in musculoskeletal injuries and diseases is commonly taught by hospital-affiliated physicians and surgeons, with the result that this teaching case load is typically skewed towards serious and/or surgical problems. The disparity between the clinical competence required for musculoskeletal problems in clinical practice and the content and format of medical education has not yet been addressed by changes in medical school curricula. One of the reasons for this is that the available morbidity statistics, which provide data regarding the frequency of specific musculoskeletal diagnoses, are based on diagnostic codes which are imprecise and incomplete. This prohibits the accurate selection of course content in this area, which is among the first steps in the development of a curriculum.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphological effects of weightlessness and their pathogenesis].

The paper summarizes the results of morphological and histochemical investigations of rats flown onboard the Soviet biological satellites of the Cosmos series. The changes in different functional systems and organs have been found to be related. The paper contains hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of the changes detected. It is emphasized that most changes are induced by a reduction of load upon the musculoskeletal system in weightlessness.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1997

Mortality, morbidity and health selection among metal workers.

Workers are selected into and out of physically demanding jobs with regard to their health. The study of occupational mortality and morbidity is hampered by this selection. Furthermore, social selection and rapid turnover are involved in health selection. Because different stages of disease form only one continuum (dissatisfaction-death), the correct interpretation of the results also requires measures softer than mortality. Earlier studies have concluded that soft and hard measures of health follow one another as explanations for the termination-of-employment rate. The aim of this study was to determine which age and exposure categories are the most prone to health selection. Mortality and morbidity were studied on three different exposure levels defined primarily according to the physical demands of the work: heavy level (iron foundries); medium level (manufacture of metal products); and light level (manufacture of electrical devices). The population comprised 15,714 men hired in 1950-1976 to work in the three branches of the metal industry. Another cohort, a cross-sectional one, of 1292 workers (who had been hired earlier and were still working in 1950) in the three industrial branches was used to clarify selection due to disability and mortality. Data for the mortality and disability analyses were obtained from national death and disability registers. The period of follow-up was 1950-1978. A questionnaire on occupational history, morbidity, and the causes of turnover was sent to 400 current and 600 former workers from each industrial branch. A questionnaire concerning occupational history was also sent to the nearest relatives of a total of 450 decidents. The occupational histories of the current and former workers were compared for changes in the exposure level throughout their complete occupational histories. The occupations during the workers' life-times were also classified into three exposure levels on the basis of physical demands (heavy, medium, and light). The three exposure levels showed different patterns of change according to age throughout the workers' complete occupational histories. Selection into and out of jobs within and between different exposure levels appeared to be a continuous process, a chain of selection. This conclusion was ascertained when the complete occupational histories were analyzed according to the exposure levels (heavy, medium, light) of the occupations from which the workers came and to which they transferred. The foundry workers entered the industry from either heavy or medium-level occupations, and most of them sought lighter work in medium-level occupations. The metal product workers either began their work lives within the metal product industry or they transferred to it from work that entailed the same exposure level. After leaving a job, the metal product workers generally moved to medium (i.e., the same level) or light occupations. The electrical workers switched from medium-level work, or they began their worklives within that industrial branch. When they left a job, they chose medium or light work in the metal industry. Due to the chain of selection from one exposure level to another, the mortality and morbidity rates for a certain exposure level can be underestimated or overestimated if complete occupational histories are not available. The selection process was different for different diseases and was manifested as different stages of disease. Ache or pain in the musculoskeletal system within the last 12 months was more frequent among the foundry and metal product workers than among the electrical workers. Both the currently employed and former foundry workers had significantly more earlier-diagnosed musculoskeletal diseases than the electrical workers. The younger age classes of foundry workers (< 45 years) had a higher occurrence of musculoskeletal diseases than the metal product workers; in the older age classes the opposite was true. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Laboratory diagnosis of osteoporosis].

Bone is biologically a highly active tissue whose cells are embedded in a complex network of systemically acting hormones and local mediators. The mechanisms of action involved are as yet only partially understood. With the increase in life expectancy and the resultant change of the population's age structure, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and bones have increased in importance. Thus, research is directed to a greater extent toward bone metabolism and the most frequent bone disease, osteoporosis. Until a few decades ago, the diagnosis of a bone disease was based principally on clinical and radiological methods. Laboratory methods only included the measurement of total alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium and phosphate balance. The development and introduction of new biochemical markers of bone metabolism in recent years led to a considerable increase in available laboratory methods. To evaluate the activity of osteoblastic synthesis, alkaline phosphatase and other bone-forming markers with higher tissue specificity such as bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and several collagen propeptides are used. Bone degradation (calcium and hydroxyproline were the only markers until several years ago) can now be detected quickly and reliably with many new serological and urinary markers. Pyridinium derivatives and telopeptides as products of the metabolic activity of osteoclasts have been proved efficacious in diagnosis and therapy control.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Stability and control of a frontal four-link biped system.

A conceptual model for studying the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in the performance of lateral swaying movements is described. The model is based on a four-link planar biped that approximates gross human locomotion in the frontal plane. The viscoelastic function of the musculoskeletal system provides a linear controller for the system. Such an intrinsic controller can effectively duplicate simple well-learned tasks in the absence of higher level CNS feedback. This hypothesis is supported by comparing the proposed controller with two neurophysiologically involved linear decoupling schemes. Reference trajectories for swaying commands are recorded from experiments conducted in the Gait Analysis Laboratory of the Ohio State University Hospitals. These reference trajectories are inputs to all three controllers. The viability of intrinsic feedback scheme in the execution of swaying tasks is demonstrated via comparison of responses from the three controllers.

Central Nervous System↗

PubMed1980

Computed tomography of musculoskeletal disorders of the truncus.

Computed Tomography (CT) is a new diagnostic tool in the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. In the present study 29 patients with benign or malignant lesions in the body have been examined by this method. The purpose has been to evaluate the value of CT scanning in disorders of the musculoskeletal tissues. CT is an effective modality for demonstrating the three-dimensional extent of lesions, but in about one-third of the cases the examinations were not able to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions.

Abscess↗

PubMed1989

Magnetic resonance imaging of musculoskeletal neoplasms.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a valuable technique in the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. Its superior soft-tissue contrast and its ability to image in multiple planes provide significant advantages over other imaging techniques, including computed tomography. MRI has been particularly useful in the detection and staging of musculoskeletal neoplasms. Currently, it is the technique of choice for the evaluation of soft-tissue masses and many skeletal neoplasms. MRI is also useful in the evaluation of metastasis. The role of MRI in differentiating recurrent neoplasms from postoperative and radiation changes continues to evolve; spectroscopy may add considerable specificity in this setting.

Bone Neoplasms↗

PubMed1992

Health and lifestyle characteristics of professional singers and instrumentalists.

Ninety-one instrumentalists and 51 opera singers of the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, were examined, in order to study the frequency of symptoms from the musculoskeletal system and upper airways. The response rate was 91 per cent. Estimates of odds ratios (OR) with 95 per cent confidence interval were calculated, using multiple logistic regression equations, adjusting for age and gender. The frequency of musculoskeletal complaints was the same in singers and instrumentalists. Musculoskeletal problems were however not identical. Instrumentalists had statistically significantly more symptoms from the arm region than singers, OR = 3.1 (1.02-9.5), P less than 0.05. In contrast, instrumentalists had significantly fewer complaints from hip-, knee- and foot joints than singers, OR = 0.2 (0.07-0.61), P less than 0.001. Singers had significantly more symptoms from mouth, lips or throat than instrumentalists, OR = 4.5 (1.7-11.5), P = 0.002. Both male and female instrumentalists had a higher blood pressure. This difference seemed at least in part to be explained by a higher alcohol intake among instrumentalists. We suggest these differences in life style and health characteristics are likely to be caused by professional, ie occupational, work loads.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Sensitivity of routine ultrasound screening of pregnancies in the Eurofetus database. The Eurofetus Team.

In this prospective study, we recorded details on 3,685 fetuses with congenital structural abnormalities from an unselected population of women who underwent routine ultrasound examinations during their pregnancies. Overall, 2,262 fetuses were diagnosed as being abnormal before birth (sensitivity = 61.4%). The total number of abnormalities was 4,615, of which 1,733 (37.5%) were major abnormalities. The overall number of detected abnormalities was 2,593 (sensitivity = 56.2%). If only major abnormalities were considered, the sensitivity rose to 73.7%, compared to only 45.7% for the minor abnormalities. Within each severity group, the accuracy of detection varied across systems. For the major abnormalities, it was higher for the central nervous system (88.3%) and urinary tract (84.8%), but lower for heart and great vessels (38.8%). Detection of minor abnormalities was also effective for the urinary tract (89.1%), but not for the heart and great vessels (20.8%) and the musculoskeletal system (18%).

Congenital Abnormalities↗

PubMed1975

New Haven survey of joint diseases. XVII. Relationship between some systemic characteristics and osteoarthrosis in a general population.

In a survey of the general population the presence or absence of osteoarthrosis of the hand was determined radiologically in 685 adults (300 males and 385 females). Of these, 261 (124 males and 137 females), chosen randomly, were given a complete clinical examination of the musculoskeletal system which included x-ray of joints elsewhere in the body. Osteoarthrosis (OA) scores for the hand and for all body sites were computed for each subject by summing the number of affected joints. For all subjects soical class, height, weight, total serum protein, serum uric acid, haemoglobin, antistreptolysin O, (ASO), C-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor were also measured. Analyses were carried out by simple comparison of means and by calculating multiple regressions and correlations.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Physical work and strain involved in manual sorting of postal parcels.

A field study was conducted to assess cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal stress and strain and work output during manual sorting of postal parcels, and to detect the effects of parcel sorting on the maximal muscle strength and endurance. The volunteer subjects comprised 32 healthy male sorters with mean (+/- s.d.) age of 34 +/- 7 years at five different sorting sites. Each subject was studied during one evening work shift. During the shift of 391 +/- 46 min the subjects manually sorted 1173 +/- 630 parcels and walked 4.7 +/- 2.3 km with and without the load. While sorting, heart rate was 101 +/- 18 beats min-1. In the heaviest tasks the oxygen consumption was 1.2 +/- 0.41 min-1, and no elevated blood lactate concentrations were found. Work postures in which the back was bent forward averaged 24% of the time for sorting. The overall cardiorespiratory rating and local ratings of perceived exertion for arms, back, and legs did not exceed the 'somewhat strong' level during the work shift. The maximal static strength both for the right and left hand-grip muscles was, on average, 3% lower (p less than 0.05) after the work shift than before the shift. No significant differences were found in the static or dynamic endurance times for the hand-grip muscles when the results obtained after the work shift were compared to the baseline values. At sorting centres the stress and strain on the cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal system was evaluated to remain within acceptable limits for healthy male sorters.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Ectopic expression of IGF-I and Shh by skeletal muscle inhibits disuse-mediated skeletal muscle atrophy and bone osteopenia in vivo.

The loss of normal weight-bearing activity, which occurs during bed rest, limb immobilization, and spaceflight, stimulates a catabolic response within the musculoskeletal system, which results in a loss of skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral. The mechanism by which loading of muscle and bone is sensed and translated into signals controlling tissue formation remains a major question in the field of musculoskeletal research. In this investigation, we have examined the ability of two potentially anti-atrophic proteins, IGF-I and Shh, to inhibit disuse atrophy within muscle and bone, when electroporated into skeletal muscle. We have found that electroporation and ectopic expression of IGF-I and/or Shh within the gastrocnemius/soleus muscle significantly stimulated muscle fiber hypertrophy and increases in muscle size. In addition, we report that electroporation and ectopic expression of IGF-I and/or Shh within the gastrocnemius/soleus muscle attenuated the lost of muscle fiber area, muscle mass, and muscle mass density that normally occurs during disuse muscle atrophy. Finally, we found that ectopic expression of IGF-I and Shh within the gastrocnemius/soleus muscle inhibits parameters of osteopenia within the tibia and fibula associated with hindlimb unloading. These results support the theory that skeletal muscle can regulate bone maintenance and could offer potentially novel and efficient therapeutic options for attenuating muscle and bone atrophy during aging, illness and spaceflight.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Recent bed rest results and countermeasure development at NASA.

Bedrest studies of normal subjects provide opportunities to understand physiologic responses to supine posture and inactivity. Furthermore, head-down tilt has been a valuable procedure to investigate adaptation to microgravity and development of countermeasures to maintain the health and well-being of humans during space-flight. Recent bedrest experiments at NASA have ranged in duration from a few hours to 17 weeks. Acute studies of 6 degrees head-down tilt indicate that elevation of capillary blood pressure from 28 to 34 mm Hg and increased capillary perfusion in tissues of the head cause facial and intracranial edema. Intracranial pressure increases from 2 to 17 mm Hg going from upright posture to 6 degrees head-down tilt. Microvessels of the head have a low capacity to constrict and diminish local perfusion. Elevation of blood and tissue fluid pressures/flow in the head may also explain the higher headward bone density associated with long-term head-down tilt. These mechanistic studies of head-down tilt, along with a better understanding of the relative stresses involved with upright posture and lower body negative pressure, have facilitated development of suitable physiologic countermeasures to maintain astronaut health during microgravity. Presently no exercise hardware is available to provide a blood pressure gradient from head to feet in space. However, recent studies in our laboratory suggest that treadmill exercise using a graded lower-body compression suit and 100 mmHg lower body negative pressure provides equivalent or greater physiologic stress than similar upright exercise on Earth. Therefore, exercise within a lower body negative pressure chamber may provide a cost-effective and simple countermeasure to maintain the cardiovascular and neuro-musculoskeletal systems of astronauts during long-duration flight.

Bed Rest↗

PubMed2007

[Peripheral pain syndrome].

The bases for peripheral pain syndromes of the musculoskeletal system, which are common and often difficult to treat, involve complex neurophysiologic changes. They are generally very troublesome for the patient and result in long-term disability and absence from work and sport activities. As all levels of the pain perception system are involved, evaluation has to take place at the peripheral, spinal and central nervous system levels. Treatment requires a concept including all affected structures. If this is not the case, an inefficient series of monotherapies often results, which increases the risk of pain chronification in these patients similar to the situation found for low back pain. The biomechanical-functional aspect is of great importance for the lower extremities. This point of view, which is familiar to the orthopedist, reveals a clear connection between pain and disturbed function, permitting a clear concept for a successful therapy.

Humans↗

PubMed1988

Computed tomographic sinography in orthopedic radiology.

Twenty-one computed tomographic (CT) and 17 conventional sinographies were performed on 17 patients with lesions in the musculoskeletal system. The CT sinography was superior to the conventional examination in all cases, giving detailed information on the relationship between the sinuses and neighboring soft tissue and skeletal structures. CT sinography is recommended as the primary method for examination of musculoskeletal sinuses.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The effect of irradiation on the biodistribution of radiolabeled pegylated liposomes.

PURPOSE: The effect of total-body irradiation (TBI) on the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of (111)In-DTPA-labeled pegylated liposomes (IDLPL) was evaluated in tumor-bearing nude mice as part of an ongoing effort to develop liposome-targeted radiosensitizers. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Mice received TBI (2 Gy or 5 Gy) according to two protocols: (1) to test the effect of radiation delivered 30 min before liposome injection on the time course of IDLPL biodistribution to tumor and normal tissues over 96 h; (2) to test the effect of radiation at times ranging from 72 h to 1 h before liposome injection on tumor and normal tissue uptake of IDLPL at 24 h. Tumor and tissue/organ levels of liposome uptake were measured by dissection and quantitation in a gamma counter. RESULTS: For most tissues (tumor, liver, kidney, lung, skin, heart, and central nervous system), irradiation did not alter IDLPL biodistribution. Splenic uptake appeared to be increased by TBI, but further analysis revealed that this effect was due to reduced splenic weight in irradiated mice. IDLPL uptake was increased in the small intestine, stomach, musculoskeletal system, female reproductive tract, and adrenal glands in irradiated mice. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that concomitant administration of liposomal radiosensitizers during radical radiotherapy is likely to be safe. However, caution should be exercised in situations in which significant volumes of small intestine or hemopoietic tissue will be irradiated.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Musculoskeletal implications of preterm infant positioning in the NICU.

Alignment and shaping of the musculoskeletal system occur during each body position that infants experience while in neonatal intensive care. Neonatal nurses and physical therapists can play a major role in designing, modeling, and teaching positioning strategies that promote skeletal integrity, postural control, and sensorimotor organization. Musculoskeletal maturation processes and adverse musculoskeletal consequences are reviewed with an emphasis on clinical implications for neonatal care, discharge teaching, and follow-up. Recommendations are offered for neonatal positioning procedures to prevent extremity malalignment, skull deformities, and gross motor delay.

Child Development↗