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PubMed2004

A comparative analysis of hijras and drag queens: the subversive possibilities and limits of parading effeminacy and negotiating masculinity.

Gender studies in general and queer studies in particular have stressed the notion of imitation, play, and performance of gender. In this essay I undertake a comparative analysis of the hijra and the drag queen in terms of the shared and disparate subversive possibilities and limits of the gendered performances they undertake. Studying the hijra alongside the drag queen will in no way mean conflating the two categories. Rather, I explore the cultural nuances involved in the hijra performance, including its ritualistic and religious aspects. While my analysis relies heavily on previously written works about hijras and drag queens, I have also had the opportunity to meet and visit with hijras during several marriage ceremonies of cousins and other relatives from 1992 to 1998 in New Delhi.

Culture↗
PubMed2006

Negotiating limits: the legal status of S/M in the United States.

This paper reviews the origin of the concept of sadomasochism and its treatment by the American legal system. Relevant court cases and corollary issues such as the rights to privacy and sexual freedom, child custody, domestic violence, and employment discrimination are profiled. Organizations created by the gay, lesbian and heterosexual leather communities to create accurate public awareness of the SM subculture, and their programs of education and activism, are discussed and prospects for effective legislative change evaluated.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Born to abuse? Negotiating identity within an interpretative repertoire of impairment.

The focus here is on the constraints and possibilities afforded by the mediation of experience though semi-deterministic notions of the intergenerational transmission of abuse (the 'cycle of abuse' theory). A discourse analytic approach is adopted to accounts in which mothers identify themselves as having been abused in childhood. This identification is seen as inviting negative assumptions and inferences, among them the assumption that childhood abuse is associated with later abusive behaviour. The identity work occasioned by this, and the interpretative repertoires which ground participants' constructions of the general mechanisms through which abuse may be transmitted, are examined. The analysis explores some of the consequences of adopting particular explanatory frameworks for the credentialling of a fully autonomous adult identity. It is suggested that paying attention to this kind of identity work can increase our understanding of the constitutive power of discursive frameworks and the limits of individual resistance within them.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

"Stop this overwhelming torment of destiny": negotiating financial aid at times of sickness under the English Old Poor Law, 1800-1840.

The issue of entitlement under the English Poor Law (1601-1834) is a complex question, and nowhere more so than in the context of the sick poor. Using the example of communities in one of England's most parsimonious Poor Law counties, Lancashire, this article will show that the sick poor faced uncertain and uneven entitlement to relief and medical intervention. Faced with such uncertainty, they adopted three core linguistic and posturing strategies when attempting to establish their eligibility for relief in the eyes of Poor Law officials. Pauper letters and the correspondence of overseers of the poor and vestries are used to unpick the process of obtaining poor relief and to highlight the subtle strategization of pauper applicants. The article concludes by suggesting that there may have been a regional patterning in access to medical relief in England in the last decades of the Old Poor Law.

England↗
PubMed1995

Negotiating the moral order: paradoxes of ethics consultation.

Ethics consultation at the bedside has been hailed as a better way than courts and ethics committees to empower patients and make explicit the value components of treatment decisions. But close examination of the practice of ethics consultation reveals that it in fact risks subverting those ends by interpolating a third (expert) party into the doctor-patient encounter. In addition, the practice of bioethics through consultation does the broader cultural work of fashioning a shared moral order in the face of manifestly plural individual commitments. In doing so, however, bioethics furthers medicine's position as a privileged domain of public moral discourse in contemporary American society.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed2006

Reproductive strategies and Islamic discourse: Malian migrants negotiate everyday life in Paris, France.

Approximately 37 thousand Malians currently reside in France as part of the West African diaspora. Primarily Muslim, both women and men confront challenges to their understandings of Islamic prohibitions and expectations, especially those addressing conjugal relations and reproduction. Biomedical policies generate marital conflicts and pose health dilemmas for women who face family and community pressures to reproduce but biomedical encouragement to limit childbearing. For many women, contraception represents a reprieve from repeated pregnancies and fatigue in spite of resistance from those who contest women's reproductive decisions as antithetical to Islam. French social workers play a particularly controversial role by introducing women to a discourse of women's rights that questions the authority of husbands and of religious doctrine. Women and men frame decisions and debate in diverse interpretations of Islam as they seek to manage the contradictions of everyday life and assert individual agency in the context of immigration and health politics.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

At the back stage of prenatal care: Japanese Ob-Gyns negotiating prenatal diagnosis.

In this article, I explore the reluctance of Japanese ob-gyns to discuss prenatal diagnosis (PND) tests with pregnant women. The analysis focuses on the culturally specific ways in which ob-gyns formulate their cautiousness and criticism toward PND while invoking a local moral economy. Analyzing ob-gyns' accounts, I show how the ambiguities of PND are constituted in a specific moment in Japanese culture, history, disability politics, and national reproductive policies and are formulated through local paradigms of thinking about pregnant women, their fetuses, and the process of becoming a person in Japanese society. Finally, I show how PND in Japan is pushed to a "back-stage" realm in which the diagnosis for fetal anomalies is practiced in secrecy.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed1990

Designing fee schedules by formulae, politics, and negotiations.

Fee-for-service cannot be used successfully by organized health insurance without a fee schedule. America first tried to pay doctors under Medicare by an involved formula system without a fee schedule, but the effort has failed. The United States has now commissioned a research project to design a unique fee schedule that will precisely reflect physicians' effort and practice costs and that will represent the prices produced by a perfectly competitively market. The primary goal is the same as that pursued recently by reformers in all countries: viz., narrow the spread in fees and income between surgical and cognitive fields. There are serious technical limitations on this effort, despite the talent of the research team. An additional difficulty lies in the nature of the subject: paying the doctor involves conflicts of interest between payers and all doctors as well as among the medical specialties, and the conflicts cannot be resolved by any formulae calculated by any single research team. Methodological and political compromises will be necessary, in order to adopt a reform. The new method may be just as politically driven, complicated, and disputed as the old one, despite America's pretenses that it prefers free markets and opposes excessive government.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1997

Working conditions in home care: negotiating race and class boundaries in gendered work.

Home care work in metropolitan areas is a source of employment for immigrant women of color. Service work of this type intertwines domestic and caring labor in ways that reinforce the historically gendered and racialized nature of the work. Such macro level economic and political issues are played out at the micro level of daily service provided within elderly clients' homes. A study of these processes in home care work was carried out in urban southern Ontario in two nonprofit home care agencies. In-depth interviews and focus groups held with visible minority home care workers suggested that workers deal daily with racist attitudes and behaviors from clients and their families; agencies recognize these oppressive processes but usually handle them on a case-by-case basis through supervisors; and home care workers handle racism on the job as they do in their off-work hours-by avoidance, situating incidents within an analysis of the circumstances of elderly clients, setting boundaries on discussions, and occasionally, confrontation.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Autobiography: the negotiation of a lifetime.

Throughout reminiscence and life review literature there is a prevailing tendency to interpret studies in a developmentalist perspective. Another approach to consider is the interpretive. It not only incorporates the former's insight, but also attempts to explain its inconsistencies by examining the other equally important factors operating in these studies. Following a discussion of both the developmentalist and the interpretive approach, I examine a number of studies on reminiscence and the life review. This study uses the interpretive approach, particularly Goffman's dramaturgical approach, to further understand the objective of reminiscence and to see how the social element emphasized by the interpretive approach can in fact be the deciding factor in the consequent adjustment or maladjustment of the older person.

Autobiographies as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Negotiating with Dharma Pinnu: towards a social history of smallpox in colonial Orissa.

This paper explores the social complexities associated with the history of smallpox in colonial Orissa in Eastern India. It focuses on tribal communities while taking into account their interactions with non-tribal communities and colonialism. This research grapples with the phenomenon of of the Hinduisation of tribes and the way this implies an acceptance as well as a rejection of the various aspects of non-tribal, Hindu society. Thus, I examine the specific elements of non-tribal groups inoculation, black magic, and subversive cults, demonstrating the close affinities some of these features have with tribal communities.

Colonialism↗
PubMed2003

Gambling in Canada, from vice to disease to responsibility: a negotiated history.

Gamblers and gambling have been variously viewed as derelict, immoral or criminal. Since the mid-1960s, notions of gambling generally and excessive gambling specifically have been reconstructed. Gambling, if done in moderation, is today generally viewed as an acceptable form of leisure. Those who gamble to the extent that relationships, family, friends, physical, social and mental heath, employment, or finances are adversely affected are now regarded as having a problem and offered government-sponsored therapeutic intervention. Recent developments in this transformative process have witnessed the emergence of coalitions of seemingly disparate interest seeking to promote responsible gambling. Our discussion charts these changing conceptions of gambling.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

The evolving relationship of technology and nursing practice: negotiating the provision of care in a high tech environment.

Nurses proudly espouse that they provide 'care' in highly technological environments that focus on 'cure'. How care is achieved in such environments continues to be debated: There is evidence that care is dominated by the management of technology. The literature identifies that the nature of care provision by nurses is largely dependant on nurses' experience with complex technologies. More specifically, nurses familiar with the technology integral to the care environment are more likely to 'engage' with the patient in their care. There is evidence that nurses do provide patient-centred care in a technologically dominant world. The nature of such care is invariably dependant on the specific context of the user and the technology. This means nurses require highly developed capabilities to 'situate' themselves within these specific contexts to focus on the particular needs of the patient. Experienced nurses are able to articulate and demonstrate opportunities whereby they situate themselves with patients to learn about them and their needs. It is important that this knowledge and practice pertinent to this domain is articulated to assist in the development of capabilities for nurses to 'care' for patients' direct or indirect expressed needs in a highly technological environment.

Nursing↗