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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources

PubMed1989

The effect of lithium on pupillary response to pulses of light in sheep.

Administration of lithium carbonate to sheep in the dose range of 600-1800 mg/day resulted in a linearly described rise in lithium levels in plasma and red blood cells. In contrast to the rodent model but in agreement with the human condition, plasma lithium levels exceeded those of red blood cells. Polydipsia and body weight changes were not evident. At plasma levels of 0.70-0.8 mM/l, lithium attenuated the ability of the pupil to constrict in response to 30-sec pulses of light in the 25-150 microW/cm2 intensity range but not the ability to dilate in the dark. Thus, similar to observations in normal human volunteers and bipolar patients, lithium reduces sensitivity to light. The sheep is proposed as a useful model for studying the actions of lithium.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Diaphoresis and dehydration during neuroleptic malignant syndrome: preliminary findings.

Serum osmolality and its relationship to diaphoresis and polydipsic behavior were examined in a series of 38 episodes of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) in 29 patients. Clinical variables were associated with significantly higher serum osmolality, and diaphoresis tended to emerge earlier than polydipsia in the course of NMS. The findings of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that, at least in some NMS patients, diaphoresis leads to dehydration followed by physiologically appropriate thirst and increased oral water intake. It appears that intravenous hydration is often necessary to correct the significant free water deficit that can occur during the course of NMS.

Body Temperature Regulation↗

PubMed1987

Prediction and control of food rewards modulate endogenous pain inhibitory systems.

Tail-flick latencies were measured in food-deprived rats submitted to various schedules of food reinforcement with experimental and yoked animals differing by the possibility of either predicting the occurrence of food by means of a pre-food signal, controlling its delivery by lever-pressing or developing adjunctive activities (schedule-induced drinking). In the first two cases, yoked animals that could not predict or control food deliveries displayed higher tail-flick latencies at the end of sessions than did experimental animals. In the polydipsia experiment, rats that did not develop schedule-induced drinking had higher tail-flick latencies from the start of the experiment than rats that did develop drinking and for these latter animals, drinking was accompanied by a significant reduction in tail-flick latencies. These results demonstrate that prediction and control over external events modulate the activation of endogenous pain-suppressing systems.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Individual differences in schedule-induced and conditioned behaviors.

Previous experiments have shown that subjects which exhibit a high locomotor response to novelty (HR) also show a greater locomotor response to psychomotor stimulants than subjects which have a low locomotor response to a novel environment (LR). The current experiments were designed to examine in more detail the behavioral differences between HR and LR rats in non-drug paradigms. In the first experiment HR rats acquired schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) more readily than LR rats. Panel pressing to gain access to the food pellets, however, was greater in LR rats compared to HR rats, especially after stable levels of SIP had been attained. In the second experiment one group of rats were fed daily after a 30-min period in photocell-cages (food conditioning; FC) while a control group was fed in the home-cage (non-conditioned; NC). FC subjects developed heightened locomotor activity in anticipation of feeding in the initial 30 min in the test-cage compared to NC rats. This anticipatory locomotor activity developed more rapidly and to a greater level in HR rats than in LR rats. The concentrations of dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and norepinephrine were determined at the completion of behavioral testing in both the food conditioned and non-conditioned rats. The food conditioned experiment showed that variations in both the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems may underlie individual differences in behavioral responsiveness. However, no clear pattern of neurochemical differences emerged. The current set of experiments have demonstrated differences between HR and LR rats in non-drug related paradigms and that HR rats appear to show a greater motivational excitement induced by periodic food delivery than LR rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Desmopressin, but not vasopressin, decreases activity of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in Brattleboro rats.

The pituitary neural lobe of homozygous Brattleboro rats has high rates of glucose utilization not affected by chronic treatment with exogenous vasopressin, despite attenuation of polydipsia and polyuria. We evaluated whether this effect may result from the inability of vasopressin to affect the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial metabolism or from the development of resistance to chronic vasopressin treatment. We used the [14C]deoxyglucose method to compare 28-h effects of vasopressin treatment (5 U/kg, i.m., twice a day) with that of desmopressin (100 micrograms/kg, i.p., once a day), a long-lasting antidiuretic hormone, on glucose utilization of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system and related structures in conscious homozygous Brattleboro rats. Vasopressin and desmopressin reduced water intake, plasma osmolality and plasma Na+ concentration similarly. Vasopressin decreased glucose utilization in the supraoptic nucleus, subfornical organ and median preoptic nucleus, but did not alter activity in the paraventricular nucleus and neural lobe. Desmopressin decreased glucose utilization in all these structures. The results indicate that desmopressin has a more potent inhibitory action on the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system than vasopressin over this short duration of treatment. The lack of response in the neural lobe from chronic treatment with vasopressin seems to be due to its inability to affect the paraventricular nucleus metabolism. The maintenance of metabolic activity in the paraventricular nucleus of vasopressin-treated Brattleboro rats suggests that this structure contributes importantly to the metabolism of neural lobe.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effect of water deprivation, desmopressin (DDAVP) infusion, and oral loads of water, Na+ and NH4+ on urinary excretion of epidermal growth factor in the rat.

UNLABELLED: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is synthesized in the kidneys and excreted in urine. Administration of exogenous EGF modulates the reabsorption of Na+ and the vasopressin stimulated reabsorption of water in the collecting tubules. In order to clarify whether this reflects a physiological role for urinary EGF we examined the effects of changes in the oral loads of water, Na+ and NH4+ as well as the effect of infusion of the vasopressin analogue, desmopressin (DDAVP) on the endogenous urinary EGF excretion in the rat. Water deprivation for 48 h reduced the urinary excretion of EGF by 25% and the urinary EGF/creatinine ratio by 8%. Also, urinary volume, Na+ excretion, and urinary pH were reduced by water deprivation. Infusion of DDAVP, low plasma vasopressin induced by polydipsia, and changes in the renal excretion of Na+ and H+ did not affect the urinary excretion of EGF. IN CONCLUSION: it seems unlikely that nephrogenous EGF excreted in the urine plays a physiological role in the regulation of the renal excretion of Na+ and H+ and in the vasopressin stimulated reabsorption of water in the rat. However, since water deprivation reduced the urinary excretion of EGF it remains possible that urinary EGF plays a role in the complex physiological response to dehydration.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1996

Increased salt preference in adult offspring raised by mother rats consuming excessive amounts of salt and water.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of an early high-salt environment on the maternal and the young offspring physiology and on the adult offspring sodium appetite. Twenty-five-adult female Wistar rats were pseudorandomly divided into two groups. Twelve animals underwent a partial ligature of their abdominal aorta (PAL). Once polydipsia and sodium appetite (tested by measuring water and a 2.7% NaCl intakes) developed, they were mated. The other 13 rats (SHAM) were sham-operated and also mated. Throughout pregnancy and lactation, water and salt intake of PAL rats was consistently and significantly higher than that of the Sham. On gestation day 20, amniotic fluid and maternal plasma sodium concentration of PAL and Sham rats did not differ. Sodium concentration in the milk of the lactating PAL group was elevated (P < 0.05) on day 20 after delivery. At 0, 10 and 21 days of age, plasma sodium concentration of PAL offspring (PAL-O) and Sham offspring (Sh-O) were not significantly different. At 90 days of age, the salt preference of PAL-O rats was greater than that of Sh-O rats after 7 days of sodium deprivation (P < 0.01).

Aldosterone↗

PubMed1996

Changes of blood pressure responsiveness in rats exposed in utero and perinatally to a high-salt environment.

We tested the hypothesis that the pressor responses to angiotensin II could be influenced by an early salt exposure. Twenty-five adult female rats were pseudorandomly divided in two groups. Twelve animals underwent a partial ligature of their abdominal aorta (PAL). Once polydipsia and sodium appetite developed, these rats were mated. The other group (13 rats) was sham-operated (Sham) and mated. Throughout pregnancy and lactation, water and 2.7% NaCl solution intakes differed between the two groups of mother rats. PAL offspring (PAL-O; n = 14), and Sham-operated offspring (Sh-O; n = 10), were maintained on a solid diet containing 1% NaCl, tap water and a 2.7% NaCl solution. At 90 days of age, pressor responsiveness to intravenous angiotensin II (50, 100 and 200 ng) was assessed in anesthetized rats. The pressor responses to 50 and 200 ng angiotensin II were significantly greater in PAL-O rats than in Sh-O rats. These results support the hypothesis of a modulation of cardiovascular responsiveness or its underlying mechanisms by an early high salt environment.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed1995

Ascorbic acid supplementation prevents hyperlipidemia and improves myocardial performance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

The present study investigated the effects of ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation on the cardiac performance and the plasma levels of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acid in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ) 55 mg/kg. AA was given in drinking water in concentrations of 1 g/l or 2 g/l for 8 weeks after STZ injection. Myocardial performance was determined using the isolated perfused working heart preparations. Following AA supplementation, there were no significant changes in any of the parameters measured in non-diabetic rats; however, the occurrence of polydipsia, hyperphagia, hyperlipidemia and myocardial dysfunction in STZ-diabetic rats was significantly alleviated in a dose-dependent manner. Nevertheless, the decreased body weight gain, hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in diabetic animals were not affected. The data show that AA supplementation in STZ-diabetic rats improves both hyperlipidemia and cardiac function. However, the mechanisms of these effects and the correlation between these improvements are not clear.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1990

Xanthoma disseminatum with progressive involvement of the central nervous and hepatobiliary systems.

A rapidly progressive disease with multiple organ involvement and symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia developed in a 32-year-old woman, with an initial presentation of xanthoma disseminatum. Within 6 months increasing visual impairment of the right eye developed; a computed tomographic scan revealed multiple cerebral and cerebellar lesions. Progress of her disease resulted in blindness of the right eye, internal hydrocephalus with involvement of both ventricles, and cerebellar ataxia. Ultrasound examination of the abdomen and a subsequent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic examination revealed a xanthomatous gallbladder and liver involvement. The gallbladder and liver showed histologic changes compatible with xanthomatosis. The patient died 4 years after the appearance of skin lesions.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of chronic vasopressin treatment on alcohol drinking of Brattleboro HZ and DI rats.

Preference for alcohol was determined for three groups of male and female rats, 100-150 days old, comprised of: (1) Long Evans (LE); (2) LE-derived Brattleboro heterozygous (HZ): and (3) Brattleboro homozygous (DI) animals afflicted with diabetes insipidus due to vasopressin deficiency. Each alcohol drinking test was run over 11 days during which food, water and an ethyl alcohol solution, increased in concentration from 3% to 25%, were freely available. Following an initial preference screen, 100 milli-units of vasopressin tannate in oil was administered subcutaneously, during a second preference test, once per day to each animal. This treatment ameliorated the polydipsia-polyuria syndrome characteristic of the DI sub-strain of Brattleboro rat. Administration of the peptide to both the LE or HZ animals exerted no effect on g/kg intake nor on the proportional measure of alcohol to water. However, in the DI rat of either gender, vasopressin reduced the mean absolute gram intake of alcohol over concentrations to resemble that of the other LE and/or HZ groups. These results demonstrate that vasopressin serves to normalize the intake of alcohol in the DI rat by virtue of the elimination of the diabetic condition. However, since vasopressin fails to alter alcohol consumption of the HZ and LE rats, it would appear that this neuroactive peptide may play only a minor role in the CNS mechanisms governing the voluntary selection of alcohol.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Vasopressin and ethanol preference. I. Effects of vasopressin and the fragment DGAVP on altered ethanol preference in Brattleboro diabetes insipidus rats.

Preference for concentrations of ethanol between 2.2 and 10 percent versus tap water was studied in Brattleboro rats homozygous for diabetes insipidus (di/di), heterozygous (di/+) or normal (+/+). The di/di rats, totally lacking in vasopressin, had greatly reduced preference scores for all concentrations of ethanol. Their intake of ethanol (g/day) was higher than heterozygotes or normals, but only when 2.2 percent ethanol was offered as a choice. Administration of lysine vasopressin or the vasopressin fragment des-9-Glycinamide-[Arginine8] vasopressin (DGAVP) using osmotic minipumps enhanced ethanol preference scores, reduced ethanol (g/day) intake, and restored total daily fluid intake in di/di rats. When di/di and di/+ rats were first allowed to develop stable ethanol preference before treatment with DGAVP, the peptide had no effect on preference scores. Thus, no treatment was effective in dissociating polydipsia from reduced ethanol preference and increased ethanol intake. While these results cannot exclude a possible regulatory role for endogenous vasopressin in ethanol preference drinking, they more strongly suggest that reduced preference for ethanol and increased ethanol intake are epiphenomena secondary to a polydipsic state.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1988

Altered drinking responses in dogs with chronic metabolic alkalosis.

Chronic chloride depletion alkalosis in dogs causes a lowered osmotic threshold and increased sensitivity for vasopressin (AVP) release. Since AVP release and drinking behavior normally are closely associated over a narrow range of changes in plasma osmolality (Posm), we investigated whether alkalotic dogs would also show an altered responsiveness to the dipsogenic effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) and osmotic stimuli. Dogs made chronically alkalotic by a combination of chloride-free diet and furosemide injections developed polydipsia in the absence of any increase in solute intake and in the presence of a significant reduction in Posm. The animals were chronically hypochloremic, hyponatremic and hypokalemic, and appeared to be extracellular fluid (ECF) contracted. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was 10-fold higher in alkalotic dogs than controls. When Posm was increased by a slow 2 hr infusion of hypertonic sodium sulfate, alkalotic dogs were found to have a significantly lower osmotic threshold for inducing drinking (289.8 +/- 1.1 mOsm/kg/H2O vs. 305.1 +/- 1.3 mOsm/kg/H2O in controls), but the slope or sensitivity of the water intake/Posm relationship was not significantly different. Finally, compared to normal animals, alkalotic dogs were unresponsive to the dipsogenic effects of IV ANG II. These data indicate that the central mechanisms which mediate drinking in response to cellular and extracellular thirst stimuli are altered in chronic metabolic alkalosis.

Alkalosis↗

PubMed1996

Streptozotocin-induced diabetes is associated with altered expression of peptide-encoding mRNAs in rat sensory neurons.

Major complications arising from diabetes mellitus include neuropathic pain and altered peripheral inflammatory responses. Somatostatin (SOM), calcitenin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP) are neuropeptides that modulate pain responses transmitted by primary sensory afferents, the cell bodies of which are located in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Thus, the goal of the present study was to determine whether the diabetic condition is associated with altered neuropeptide gene expression in lumbar DRG of the rat. We employed an established animal model in which streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg) is administered to 6 week-old rats. The hallmark symptoms of hyperglycemia (blood glucose > 400 mg/dl), polydipsia, polyuria, and severe weight loss were maximal at 6 weeks postadministration, at which time animals were sacrificed. For determination of peptide encoding mRNAs distributed in DRG neurons, in situ hybridization histochemistry utilizing S-end-labeled oligonucleotides complimentary to sequences of preprosomatostatin (PPSOM), preprocalcitonin gene related peptide (PPCGRP), preprotachykinin (PPT), or preproneuropeptide Y (PPNPY) mRNA was performed. Silver grains were detected overlying DRG cells by autoradiography on sections of tissue counterstained with thionin. Semiquantitative analysis of differences in silver grain signal were made using an image analysis system, which expressed signals as fCi/microns2. In diabetic rats there was a significant decrease in DRG PPSOM (54%, p < 0.01), and PPCGRP (33%. p < 0.05) mRNA hybridization from the normal values PPT mRNA hybridization signal and SP-like immunoreactivity were not significantly changed in diabetic rat DRGs compared to control. In contrast, there was an increase in the number of cells labeled with PPNPY hybridization in DRG from diabetic rats. These data suggest that CGRP and SOM synthesis in primary sensory neurons is reduced in STZ-induced diabetic rats. These changes could contribute to the painful neuropathies and altered inflammatory responses seen in diabetes mellitus.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Schedule-induced self injection of drugs.

The schedule-induced polydipsia paradigm has been used to induce oral ingestion of large volumes of alcohol, barbiturate and other drug solutions. We have developed a method of schedule-induced self injection which allows the study of acquisition and maintenance of drug intake behaviour in changing environments free from the interference of taste factors or imbalances due to excessive water intake. In this paper we review our findings on the acquisition and maintenance patterns of amphetamine, methadone, heroin, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, delta 9-THC and haloperidol . For all drugs except amphetamine, the combination of schedule and nutritional deprivation leads to the highest rates of drug intake although the schedule does not appear to be a potent factor at free feeding weight. Drug intake is the result of the interaction of environmental factors and pharmacological properties of the drugs, rather than the effects of drug or environmental factors separately . From a number of preliminary studies, data on corticosterone response in drug self-injection behaviour and the function of the nucleus accumbens septum are presented.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1988

Teratogenicity study of ammonium glycyrrhizinate in the Sprague-Dawley rat.

Ammonium glycyrrhizinate (AG), a commercially used salt of glycyrrhizic acid, was administered in the drinking-water to Sprague-Dawley rats on days 7-17 of pregnancy. The actual intakes were 0, 21.33 +/- 1.22, 238.75 +/- 17.50 and 679.94 +/- 69.87 mg AG/kg body weight/day for groups 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. AG caused polydipsia in the dams. Foetuses from the treated litters did not present an increase in external malformations, a decrease in weight or a decrease in the degree of ossification. However, there was a slight but significant increase in embryolethality and in the prevalence of external haemorrhages. Skeletal examination revealed a dose-related increase in minor anomalies, especially in the sternebral variants. Renal ectopy also increased significantly at the highest dose. These results indicate that the possible embryotoxicity of aromatizing compounds should be considered.

Aldosterone↗

PubMed1988

The effect of various saccharin forms on gastro-intestinal tract, urine and bladder of male rats.

Sodium saccharin, potassium saccharin, calcium saccharin and the free acid when fed to young male rats at a level of about 200 mumol/g diet all produced an equivalent increase in the caecal enlargement indicating that this phenomenon was due to the saccharin ion and not the accompanying cation. The sodium and potassium salts caused greater polydipsia and polyuria than the calcium or free acid forms. Simple hyperplasia of the bladder was noted in the rats ingesting the sodium and potassium salts but not in those ingesting the calcium or free acid forms. The difference in urine and bladder response to the salt forms is not attributable to the difference in the total urinary saccharin or the urinary concentration of saccharin. These results suggest that excess water absorption from the lower bowel and the concomitant bladder responses are dependent upon monovalent cation absorption but independent of saccharin absorption.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Embryotoxicity study of propenoic acid, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methylbutylester in the Wistar rat.

3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methylbutylester, propenoic acid (MPMBE; CAS no. 71617-10-2), a UVB-light filter used for sun protection of the skin, was administered once daily by intragastric gavage to pregnant Wistar rats on days 6-15 of gestation. Doses of 0.25 ml/kg/day (study group: D0.25), 0.75 ml/kg/day (D0.75) and 2.25 ml MPMBE/kg/day (D2.25) were applied. A positive control group (Pos) received 15 mg (all trans) retinoic acid/kg/day. MPMBE revealed some toxic effects in the dams of the group receiving the highest dose (D2.25): marked loss of body weight, polydipsia, reduced food consumption and intensified loss and thinning of hair. Only thinning or partial loss of hair without any other harmful effects was seen in the dams of group D0.75. An increase in embryonic deaths was striking in group D2.25; the living foetuses revealed signs of retarded development, but no major external or internal anomalies as signs of teratogenicity. This study was not able to present any teratogenic effects induced by MPMBE in the offspring, even at very high oral doses (> 2 g/kg/day) that caused substantial toxicity in the dams. In conclusion, concerning embryotoxicity an oral dose of 250 mg/kg/day MPMBE is regarded as a safe no-observed-effect level, whereas even 750 mg/kg/day MPMBE--following acknowledged rules--can be judged as a borderline no-observed-adverse-effect level.

Alopecia↗