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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Changes in beverage intake between 1977 and 2001.

OBJECTIVE: To examine American beverage consumption trends and causes. METHODS: Nationally representative data from the 1977-1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, the 1989-1991 and 1994-1996 (also for children aged 2 to 9 years in 1998) Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), and 1999-2001 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used in this study. The sample consisted of 73,345 individuals, aged >or=2 years. For each survey year, the percentage of total energy intake from meals and snacks was calculated separately for respondents aged 2 to 18 years, 19 to 39, 40 to 59, and >or=60. The percentage of energy intake by location (at home consumption or preparation, vending, store eaten out, restaurant/fast food, and school), as well as for specific beverages was computed separately for all age groups. The proportion consumed, mean portion size, and number of servings were calculated. RESULTS: For all age groups, sweetened beverage consumption increased and milk consumption decreased. Overall, energy intake from sweetened beverages increased 135% and was reduced by 38% from milk, with a 278 total calorie increase. These trends were associated with increased proportions of Americans consuming larger portions, more servings per day of sweetened beverage, and reductions in these same measures for milk. CONCLUSIONS: There is little research that has focused on the beneficial impacts of reduced soft drink and fruit drink intake. This would seem to be one of the simpler ways to reduce obesity in the United States.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Matching effects on eating: do individual differences make a difference?

Dyads composed of unacquainted females watched a video while snacking on pizza. Their extraversion and self-monitoring scores were used to predict the extent to which individuals within dyads matched each other's food intake. Matching of intake was high irrespective of the personality composition of the dyad. We consider elements of the situation that enhanced matching and whether personality might moderate matching effects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Comparison between Sardinia and Malta: the Mediterranean diet revisited.

The Mediterranean diet is often characterized in terms of food items only. In this paper, the comparison of meals, in-between meals snack consumption and total daily food intake is presented between Sardinia and Malta in terms of structure, social environment and hours, together with their changes. Data were collected in 2001 in Sardinia and 2002 in Malta. A structured qualitative questionnaire, articulated around four main themes: food supply, transformation, preparation and consumption habits, was administered by face-to-face interviews with the help of a local person. Inquiries were carried out over two generations with 30 'mother-daughter' couples in each island. We highlighted some Mediterranean characteristics in Sardinia by showing striking contrasts between Sardinian and Maltese food habits such as meal preparation times, both breakfast and main meal structures, total daily food intake profiles, mealtimes and commensality in the mothers' generation. Some of these characteristics were also maintained in the daughters' generation. This investigation has presented evidence that beyond foods, meal pattern, structure and commensal rituals appeared as fundamental aspects of Sardo-Mediterranean food habits, which are important to consider when trying to maintain or implement the Mediterranean dietary model.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Diet and personality: associations in a population-based sample.

BACKGROUND: Large portions of the population of the United States of America fail to follow dietary recommendations. Psychological factors may contribute to non-adherence. OBJECTIVE: Establish the associations between heritable personality styles, attitudes towards food, and habitual eating behavior. DESIGN: Variables were assessed by questionnaire in a population-based sample of 629 subjects. Associations were established using correlation and regression analysis, taking gender, demographic, lifestyle and other factors into account. RESULTS: Differences in personality style were reflected in diet. For example, hostility and anxiety-proneness was associated with greater likelihood to continue eating when satiated, while sociability and low impulsivity correlated with greater monitoring and control of dietary intake and body weight. Immaturity, aloofness, self-consciousness and self-gratification were associated with greater susceptibility to hunger and lack of persistence with increased snack and alcohol consumption. These associations differed for the sexes and were stronger for attitudes towards food than actual eating behavior. Taking other factors into account reduced the number of significant associations between diet and personality, particularly for habitual eating behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Associations exist between personality and diet. However, the strength of these associations is influenced by demographic, lifestyle and other factors. These findings have implications for future studies and efforts aimed at changing unhealthy dietary habits.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed2006

Night eating syndrome and winter seasonal affective disorder.

Night eating syndrome (NES) and winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD) share some features such as snacking for high-carbohydrate/high-fat food with increased weight, emotional distress, circadian disturbances, good response to serotoninergic antidepressants (SSRIs) and bright-light therapy. This study assessed the prevalence and socio-demographical and clinical correlates of the NES in a sample of 62 consecutive depressed outpatients with winter seasonal features (DSM-IV criteria). Depression was assessed with the 29 item-HDRS and Sigh-SAD version and with the 7-item depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. The prevalence of NES was low (4.8%). Patients suffering from NES were significantly older with a greater duration of the illness. NES was not related to depression and to Body Mass Index. NES and winter SAD are not overlapping disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Correlates of vegetable consumption among young men in the Norwegian National Guard.

The aim of this study was to investigate socio-environmental, personal and behavioural factors associated with vegetable consumption among young men in the military. Respondents included 578 male recruits (mean age 19.7) in the Norwegian National Guard (response rate 78%). Data were collected with a food diary (4-day record) and an attitudinal questionnaire. A model including items on personal factors (attitudes, preferences, self-efficacy, knowledge and perceived availability), socio-environmental factors (social influence, socio-economic status, eating habits at home) and behavioural factors (meal frequency, number of hot meals, snack consumption, smoking) was developed to assess correlates of the recruits' vegetable intake. The study showed that the recruits' consumption of vegetables (including potatoes) varied from 0 to 957 g/day with an average of 244 g/day. Overall, 32% of the variance in vegetable consumption was explained by factors included in the model. The most important correlates were occupational status of the parents, frequency of vegetable consumption when living at home, social influence, preferences for cooked vegetables, weight beliefs, number of hot meals for lunch and dinner and smoking habits. In conclusion, the present study indicates that in addition to cognitive factors, socio-environmental and behavioural factors can explain the variance in vegetable intake among young men in the military.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Avoidance of unhealthy fattening: a longstanding proposal.

Diverse customary patterns of eating, drinking or movement are hypothesised to be effective in weight control based on laboratory experiments or theoretical calculations, in some cases supported by ecologically valid evidence. This method is applicable to healthy members of the public and to patients at high risk of and from obesity such as those having type-2 diabetes or chronic arthritis. Weight-reducing behaviour not adequately identified in current best practice educational messages includes: integration of exercise into desk-based employment; uses of stairs; uncompensated vigorous activity or reduction in amount eaten at a meal; protein level and carbohydrate timing in meals; having a "snack". This paper presents the scientific parts of a request for funds to integrate a suite of research methods based on theoretical models that can be applied to identify further, culturally and locally specific eating customs that avoid overweight and reduce obesity and can be iterated in a continuous (re)development of evidence-based expert advice and self-care practices in health and chronic disease.

Body Weight↗

PubMed2006

Influence of sweetened chewing gum on appetite, meal patterning and energy intake.

The concurrent increases of snacking and obesity suggest the possibility for some form of inter-meal oral stimulation with high satiety value to moderate rising obesity rates. This study explored the influence of sweetened chewing gum on appetitive ratings, meal patterning and food intake. Three test conditions were imposed after a fixed lunch preload: no gum chewing, gum chewing 2 h after lunch and gum chewing when hungry. Forty-seven participants, 29 males and 18 females, completed each treatment, one day a week for three weeks. Participants were fed lunch in a laboratory setting, and after being instructed on that day's test procedures, they were allowed to leave the laboratory. Throughout the remainder of the day, appetitive, mood and intake data were self-reported. The results indicate appetite ratings, meal patterning and food intake do not differ among the three treatment conditions. While these results did not support an effect of brief chewing of a sweetened gum, further exploration of variations of the sensory properties of gum and exposure patterns may still prove worthwhile.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Diurnal and acute patterns of postprandial apolipoprotein B-48 in VLDL, IDL, and LDL from normolipidemic humans.

Smaller size particles of intestinal origin may be more relevant to atherosclerosis than larger particles because of easier transendothelial transport. We examined the diurnal pattern in response to low-fat high-carbohydrate meals and the effect of a single high-fat milkshake on apoB-48 in very light Sf degrees >400, light Sf degrees 60-400, and dense Sf degrees 20-60 VLDL, IDL, and LDL in 24 subjects (12 in each study). After the high-fat meal, apoB-48 concentrations peaked at 3 h for very light VLDL, 4 h for light VLDL, and 5 h for dense VLDL and IDL, suggesting a delipidation cascade. The diurnal pattern was characterized by a sharp increase in light and dense VLDL apoB-48 after breakfast, reaching the highest concentration 4-8h after breakfast. Less response was observed after lunch, dinner or snack, despite 75% of energy supplied by these meals. The proportion of apoB-48 in LDL in the fasting state ranged between 48 and 54%. LDL apoB-48 concentration decreased by 35% after the high-fat meal, and slowly recovered to near fasting concentrations after 10-12 h. In contrast, in the diurnal study, LDL apoB-48 concentration steady increased peaking 13 h after breakfast, followed by a sharp decrease. In sum, most intestinally synthesized apoB lipoproteins circulate in LDL, and are likely formed in the late postprandial period from larger VLDL-size particles. Although small apoB-48 lipoproteins may be atherogenic remnant particles, their very low concentration may diminish their clinical significance.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Branched-chain amino acids as a protein- and energy-source in liver cirrhosis.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a common manifestation in cirrhotic patients with reported incidences as high as 65-90%. PEM affects largely the patients' quality of life and survival. Thus, diagnosis of and intervention for PEM is important in the clinical management of liver cirrhosis. Supplementation with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) is indicated to improve protein malnutrition. As an intervention for energy malnutrition, frequent meal or late evening snack has been recently recommended. Plasma amino acid analysis characterizes the patients with liver cirrhosis to have decreased BCAA. Such reduction of BCAA is explained by enhanced consumption of BCAA for ammonia detoxication and for energy generation. Supplementation with BCAA raises in vitro the synthesis and secretion of albumin by cultured rat hepatocytes without affecting albumin mRNA expression. BCAA recover the impaired turnover kinetics of albumin both in rat cirrhotic model and in cirrhotic patients. Longer-term supplementation with BCAA raises plasma albumin, benefits quality of life issues, and finally improves survival in liver cirrhosis. Recent interests focused on the timing of administration of BCAA, since daytime BCAA are usually consumed by energy generation for physical exercise of skeletal muscles. Nocturnal BCAA seem to be more favorable as a source of protein synthesis by giving higher nitrogen balance. This minireview focuses on the basic and clinical aspects of BCAA as a pharmaco-nutritional source to control PEM in liver cirrhosis.

Albumins↗

PubMed2005

Effect of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on food craving.

BACKGROUND: Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex is implicated in craving for drugs and food. This study explores the effect of prefrontal cortex stimulation on food craving. METHODS: In a randomized double-blind parallel group study, 28 women, who reported frequent cravings for food were exposed to foods that typically elicit strong cravings before and after a single session of real or sham 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at an intensity of 110% individual motor threshold. RESULTS: Self-reported food craving during exposure to the experimental foods remained stable before and after real stimulation compared with sham stimulation in which cravings increased over the experimental session. Consumption of snack foods within a 5-min period after stimulation did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Prefrontal stimulation inhibits the development of craving. A longer period of observation is necessary to establish whether there is an effect on food consumption.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Analysis of acrylamide in food products by in-line preconcentration capillary zone electrophoresis.

Two in-line preconcentration capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) methods (field amplified sample injection (FASI) and stacking with sample matrix removal (LVSS)) have been evaluated for the analysis of acrylamide (AA) in foodstuffs. To allow the determination of AA by CZE, it was derivatized using 2-mercaptobenzoic acid. For FASI, the optimum conditions were water at pH > or = 10 adjusted with NH3 as sample solvent, 35 s hydrodynamic injection (0.5 psi) of a water plug, 35 s of electrokinetic injection (-10 kV) of the sample, and 6s hydrodynamic injection (0.5 psi) of another water plug to prevent AA removal by EOF. In stacking with sample matrix removal, the reversal time was found to be around 3.3 min. A 40 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.5) was used as carrier electrolyte for CZE separation in both cases. For both FASI and LVSS methods, linear calibration curves over the range studied (10-1000 microg L(-1) and 25-1000 microg L(-1), respectively), limit of detection (LOD) on standards (1 microg L(-1) for FASI and 7 microg L(-1) for LVSS), limit of detection on samples (3 ng g(-1) for FASI and 20 ng g(-1) for LVSS) and both run-to-run (up to 14% for concentration and 0.8% for time values) and day-to-day precisions (up to 16% and 5% for concentration and time values, respectively) were established. Due to the lower detection limits obtained with the FASI-CZE this method was applied to the analysis of AA in different foodstuffs such as biscuits, cereals, crisp bread, snacks and coffee, and the results were compared with those obtained by LC-MS/MS.

Acrylamide↗

PubMed2006

The brain is getting ready for dinner.

Every evening, as we get ready for dinner, in addition to the routine behaviors of preparing the meal itself, we also prepare our bodies to cope with the upcoming meal. This could take the form of making restaurant reservations, changing into appropriate attire, washing hands, priming ourselves with an aperitif, or even consciously avoiding snacks as the meal approaches. A study by Johnstone and colleagues in this issue of Cell Metabolism (Johnstone et al., 2006) provides evidence that in parallel to our learned preparatory behaviors, our central nervous system is going through comparable motions as it gets ready for the anticipated meal.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Nocturnal hypoglycemia in patients with insulin-treated diabetes.

While use of intensive insulin therapy has proven effective for reducing risk of long-term complications of hyperglycemia in people with diabetes, overnight hypoglycemia remains a significant barrier to intensive therapy. Findings from numerous studies indicate that nocturnal hypoglycemia is a frequent event among patients with type 1 diabetes, while severe hypoglycemic episodes are approximately three times more likely in patients on intensive insulin therapy than in those on conventional therapy. Nocturnal hypoglycemia remains frequent, even when specific approaches-use of short-acting insulin analogues to manage postprandial glucose surges, peakless long-acting insulin analogues as basal therapy, and strategically selected bedtime snacks-aim to avert this problem. Thus, nocturnal hypoglycemia continues to threaten the well-being of patients with diabetes and cause concerns for their family members and caregivers. Continuing research is required to improve methods for detection and prompt correction of hypoglycemia in order to achieve a safe level of euglycemia in people with diabetes.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed2004

Exercise-induced and other daytime hypoglycemic events in patients with diabetes: prevention and treatment.

Daytime hypoglycemia, like its nocturnal counterpart, is a practical barrier to achieving optimal glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. Daytime hypoglycemia also causes serious social disruptions for people with diabetes because it interferes with daily activities such as working, attending school, or driving. Hypoglycemia during the day may result from missed or delayed meals, or from insulin replacement regimens that do not account for lifestyle patterns, such as glucose utilization due to exercise. Regardless of the cause of hypoglycemia, the severity may be exacerbated when associated with deficient counter-regulatory mechanisms. To lessen the likelihood of daytime hypoglycemia, a three-part approach is recommended: (1) patient education about the relationship between carbohydrate intake and energy expenditure; (2) day-to-day adjustments of meals or snacks and insulin replacements, as needed; and (3) updated insulin replacement regimens, using strategies that more accurately mimic physiological secretory patterns.

Circadian Rhythm↗

PubMed2005

Night eating syndrome: evaluation of two screening instruments.

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether night eating syndrome was associated with treatment outcomes during a brief weight loss intervention for self-identified night snackers, and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of a screening question and the Night Eating Syndrome Questionnaire (NESQ) for the detection of night eating syndrome. Participants enrolled in a 4-week randomized clinical trial for obese and overweight persons who self-identified as night snackers were administered a structured clinical interview, a night eating screening question, and the NESQ. Treatment outcomes included adherence and weight loss. Results showed that night eating syndrome diagnoses were not associated with treatment outcomes. The screening question had adequate sensitivity but poor specificity. The night eating questionnaire was positively correlated with increasingly stringent definitions of night eating syndrome. Night eating syndrome is not the equivalent of night snacking. The definition of night eating syndrome must be expanded to include a sleep disturbance component accompanied by night eating.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Cognitive load, stress, and disinhibited eating.

The impact of cognitive distraction on eating behaviour was examined in restrained and unrestrained eaters. It was predicted that restrained eaters would eat more than unrestrained eaters following high cognitive load when it involves processing of ego-threat information independent of self-reported anxiety. There were 119 female participants randomly allocated to one of four experimental conditions whereby cognitive load and ego threat were manipulated using modified colour-naming Stroop (CNS) tasks. Anxiety ratings were made prior to and following experimental tasks. After performing Stroop tasks, participants consumed snack foods ad libitum. Restrained eaters consumed significantly more food when high cognitive load was ego threatening than when it involved processing and memorisation of colour nouns and consumed significantly more than unrestrained eaters in a high cognitive load ego-threat condition. Posttask anxiety was greater than baseline across all conditions. Task difficulty was greater under high cognitive load than low cognitive load as indicated by Stroop response times. These results indicated that the escape theory of disinhibited eating is conceptually subsumed by a more generalisable limited cognitive capacity model.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Seven eating styles linked to overeating, overweight, and obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To broaden the perspective on the causes of overeating, overweight, and obesity and provide cross-cultural, comprehensive treatment approaches. BACKGROUND: Through food-related research into the world's wisdom traditions, cultural traditions, Eastern healing systems, and Western nutritional science, the authors present recurrent themes derived from ways in which cultures regarded, experienced, prepared, and shared food for millennia. DESIGN: An 80-item questionnaire, designed to measure food, nutrition, and eating themes was administered to 5,256 participants who registered for a Web-based integrative nutrition e-course. When the 80-items were factor analyzed separately in two randomly split halves of the sample as well as within age and sex categories, seven coherent and consistent factors or eating styles emerged. These eating styles were entered into a multiple regression analysis to predict overeating frequency and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Each of the newly identified eating styles was independently related to self-reports of overeating frequency; five of the seven were significantly related to overweight and obesity. The eating styles include the following: (1) "Emotional Eating" (eating to manage feelings); (2) "Fresh Food, Fast Food" (eating mostly processed, high-calorie food; less fresh food); (3) "Food Fretting" (judgmental thoughts and overconcern about food); (4) "Task Snacking" (eating while doing other activities); (5) "Sensory, Spiritual Nourishment" ("flavoring" food with meaning); (6) "Eating Atmosphere" (dining aesthetics and surroundings); (7) "Social Fare" (eating alone vs with others). CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to assess the degree to which practicing and implementing these eating styles integratively will decrease overeating, overweight, and obesity.

Adult↗