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Results for “Structural equation modeling”

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PubMed2004

Parents' life events and substance use among German adolescent girls: testing a family mediation model.

In this cross-sectional study, data from 202 German adolescent girls (ages 13-17 years) and their parents were utilized to test whether the relationship between parents' stressful life events and their daughter's substance use was mediated by higher levels of parents' depressive symptoms, lower quality of the relationship between the parents, and poor parenting behaviour. Structural equation modelling revealed that these family characteristics did not account for the link between parents' stressful life events and adolescent girl's substance use. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms that account for such linkages.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Modeling causal relations between academic and social competence and depression: a multitrait-multimethod longitudinal study of children.

The authors obtained self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, and parent reports of depression and social and academic competence on 490 3rd graders and 455 6th graders near the beginning and end of the school year. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling revealed that (a) measures showed significant convergent and discriminant validity; (b) within-wave correlations between constructs were large and significant, although the depression-social competence correlation was larger than the depression-academic competence correlation; (c) the cross-wave stability of all constructs was remarkably high; and (d) social competence at Wave 1 predicted depression at Wave 2 for 6th graders after controlling for depression at Wave 1. Depression did not predict change in either academic or social competence over time. Implications for competence-based and failure-based models of child depression are discussed.

Achievement↗

PubMed2003

Sources of individual differences in fraction skills.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate a conceptual model of relations between two kinds of mathematical knowledge (simple arithmetic and conceptual knowledge), two kinds of child characteristics (working memory and on-task related classroom behavior), and individual differences in three kinds of fraction outcomes (fraction computation, estimation, and word problems) in 105 fifth grade students. Structural equation modeling provided consistent evidence that conceptual knowledge independently contributes to individual differences in the three fraction outcomes. Simple arithmetic knowledge was uniquely related only to variability in fraction computation skills. Mathematical knowledge was found to mediate some of the contributions of both working memory and classroom behavior on variability in fraction outcomes. These supported mediating processes extend the current literature by explication of the pathways via which characteristics of children may affect individual differences in fraction outcomes.

Child↗

PubMed2001

Sense of coherence and school-related stress as predictors of subjective health complaints in early adolescence: interactive, indirect or direct relationships?

The role of sense of coherence (SOC) on the relationship between adolescent school-related stress and subjective health complaints was tested with structural equation modelling. As part of the crossnational WHO-survey 'Health behaviour in school-aged children 1997/98' Norwegian representative samples of 1592 grade 6, 1534 grade 8, and 1605 grade 10 students completed measures on SOC, school-related stress and subjective health complaints. A test of nested structural models revealed that both stress-preventive (delta chi2 814. 86, p<0.001), stress-moderating (delta chi2 11.74, p<0.02) and main health-enhancing (delta chi2 1289.1, p < 0.001) effects of SOC were consistent with the data. A model including all these relationships fitted the data well (CFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.04). Age-group comparisons revealed that the association between SOC and stress grew weaker with age (p<0.05), whereas the direct association between SOC and health complaints grew stronger (p<0.001). The main effect of SOC accounted for between 39% (11 year olds) and 54% (15 year olds) of the variance in subjective health complaints. Findings indicate that SOC may potentially be a salutogenic factor in adolescents' adaptation to school-related stress, and that relationships between SOC and healthy adaptation, may be evident in younger age-groups than previously anticipated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Depressive symptoms erode self-esteem in severe mental illness: a three-wave, cross-lagged study.

Vulnerability, scar, and reciprocal-relations models of depressive symptoms and self-esteem were compared among people with severe mental illness (SMI; N=260) participating in a partnership-based intervention study. Assessments were conducted at baseline, midway through the intervention (after 4 months), and at termination (after 9 months). Cross-lagged, structural equation modeling analyses revealed that participants' baseline depressive symptoms predicted a decrease in self-esteem in the first 4 months but not in the subsequent 5 months of participation. Exploratory regression analyses indicated that improved social functioning buffered this deleterious effect of depressive symptoms. These findings, which are consistent with the scar model, highlight the fragile nature of the self and the importance of social functioning in recovery from SMI.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The relationship of behavioural undercontrol to alcoholism in higher-functioning adults.

Externalising behaviours, including the personality characteristics of behavioural undercontrol (BU), represent one of several genetically influenced domains that impact on the alcoholism risk. Because genes explain only about 60% of the vulnerability toward alcohol use disorders (AUDs), an optimal understanding of how such behaviours affect the risk requires evaluation of their impact in the context of additional influences. Few studies have addressed this question regarding BU among relatively well-functioning adults. This paper presents results from testing a BU-based mediational model of risk in men from the San Diego Prospective Study. Structured research instruments were used with 430 adult Caucasian males to evaluate the performance of BU in predicting AUDs at the 15-year follow-up using Pearson product - moment correlations among domains and an AMOS-based structural equation model (SEM). While both the family history of AUDs (FHalc) and BU predicted alcohol-related outcome, BU by itself did not mediate the relationship of the FH to alcohol disorders. The impact of BU on alcohol problems was mediated by alcohol expectancies, peer drinking and by coping. The SEM explained 42% of the variance for AUDs. The current results indicate that BU contributed to the risk for alcohol-related problems, even among more highly functional subjects and after excluding the impact of the antisocial personality disorder, but by itself did not mediate the relationship of FH to outcome in these subjects.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Nutrient intake and BMI as predictors of severity of ADL disability over 1 year in homebound elders.

PURPOSE: Although it is well-recognized that good nutrition is essential to health, quality of life, and disease management, evidence of the role of nutrition, especially dietary intake, in the development of health-related disability among the more vulnerable older men and women in the community is largely unavailable. METHODS: We examined self-reported and performance-based measures at baseline (demographic, psychosocial and health-related factors, BMI, burden of disease, dietary intake from 3 24-hour dietary recalls, lower extremity physical performance, and activities of daily living [ADL]) and 1-year follow-up (ADL) from a randomly recruited sample of homebound elders. Structural equation modeling was used to simultaneously evaluate the direct and indirect relationships among baseline factors and severity of disability in activities of daily living (ADL) at 1-year in 253 homebound elders. results: Almost 32% of the homebound sample reported increased severity of disability over 1 year. The full structural model fit the data very well and revealed that better summary intake of calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, and phosphorus was directly linked to better lower extremity performance (LEP) and indirectly to less severity of disability at one year, after controlling for baseline disability and the interrelationships of other factors. Greater BMI was directly associated with worse LEP and indirectly with greater severity of disability. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study acknowledge aspects of the complex direct and indirect relationships between nutrient intake, BMI, and disability among homebound elders. These results suggest that nutrient intake and BMI may be reasonable targets for intervention with multiple functional outcomes.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1998

Antecedents and consequences of victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual young people: a structural model comparing rural university and urban samples.

Research indicates that antigay victimization is widespread and that lesbian, gay, and bisexual young people may be very vulnerable to such victimization. The current study builds upon previous work by Hershberger and D'Augelli (1995), who studied the consequences of sexual orientation-based victimization in 194 urban lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Using structural equation modeling, the present study models both antecedents and consequences (including psychological distress, self-esteem, and suicidality) of victimization via a secondary analysis of their data set. In addition, a second sample of 54 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths from a rural university setting was examined to cross-validate and generalize the relationships found in urban settings. Results indicated that a revised model of victimization exhibited sufficient fit to the urban sample data and provided preliminary support for the generalizability of the model beyond the initial sample. Additional similarities were found between the urban and rural university community samples, including a high prevalence of reported suicide attempts: 42% of the urban sample and 32% of the rural university sample had attempted suicide at least once. Results indicated that victimization based on sexual orientation has similar correlates for young people in different community settings.

Bisexuality↗

PubMed2006

The role of family functioning in the stress process of dementia caregivers: a structural family framework.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role of family functioning in the stress process in a sample of caregivers of dementia patients by using a structural family framework. The stress-process model of caregiver distress included family functioning as an intervening variable in the relationship between objective burden and distress. We theorized family functioning to partially mediate the relationship between objective burden and distress and to significantly account for the prediction of distress beyond well-recognized predictors. DESIGN AND METHODS: One hundred eighty-one family caregivers from the Miami site of the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health project participated in this study. We assessed sociodemographics, burden, depression, anxiety, and perceived health for each caregiver. We measured family functioning by using a multidimensional and observational instrument. We used structural equation modeling to assess the fit of the model for the overall sample and for different caregiver subgroups and to examine whether demographic variables affected the relationships in the model. RESULTS: The results of the study indicated that family functioning significantly contributed to distress in the overall sample and partially mediated the relationship between objective burden and distress. We also found that the stress-process model was adequately fit by the hypothesized relationships between objective burden, family functioning, and distress for the overall sample and all of the subsamples, except for wives. IMPLICATIONS: This study provides support for the structural family approach as an explanatory model for the influence of family functioning on dementia caregivers. Family structural functioning is one contributor to the caregiver stress process. This suggests that interventions targeting structural family problems may reduce caregiver distress.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Socioeconomic position across the lifecourse: how does it relate to cognitive function in mid-life?

PURPOSE: To examine the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) over the lifecourse and cognitive function in middle age. Two alternative models were assessed: the "direct effects model" where temporally distinct measures of SEP have only direct effects on adult cognition, and the "indirect effects" model where the effect of early life SEP are mediated through later life measures of SEP. METHODS: Data are from the Whitehall II study (N=10,308 at baseline), a longitudinal cohort study of British civil servants, aged between 46 and 68 years at the time of cognitive testing. Structural equation models were used to compare the fit of direct and indirect effects models, and quantify the effects of different measures of SEP on cognition. Childhood SEP, education, and adult SEP were used to model SEP across the lifecourse. Cognitive function was assessed as a latent construct composed of the following: verbal memory, AH 4-I, Mill Hill, phonemic and semantic fluency. RESULTS: The indirect effects model provided a better fit to the data. Childhood SEP had no direct effect on cognitive function but had a substantial "indirect effect," mediated through education and adult SEP. 78.4% of the effect of education in men and 100% in women was indirect. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic differences in adult cognition are a result of the socioeconomic trajectory of individuals throughout their lifecourse. Early measures of SEP influence cognition indirectly, through their influence on later measures of SEP.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Pathways to adolescent alcohol use: family environment, peer influence, and parental expectations.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the relationships among family environment, peer influence, stress, self-efficacy, and adolescent alcohol use and to test for the potential moderating effects of parental expectations regarding adolescent alcohol use. METHODS: Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by high school students (n = 2573) participating in a longitudinal study of substance use and other problem behaviors. Variables were lagged across three time points to reflect a causal sequence relating family environment to adolescent alcohol use through self-efficacy, peer influence, and stress. A latent measure of family environment included adolescents' perceptions of parental acceptance, parental monitoring, and communication with parents. The latent measure of peer influence included use of alcohol by same-age peers and friends and friends' approval of alcohol use. Observed scale scores were used for self-efficacy and stress measures, and the latent measure of alcohol behaviors included quantity, frequency, and associated problems. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling indicated good model fit, chi(2) (144) = 831.69, p < .001, comparative fit index (CFI) = .992, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .043 (.040, .046). Family environment exerted significant indirect effects on adolescent alcohol use through peer influence, self-efficacy, and stress, and parental expectations significantly moderated all structural paths. CONCLUSIONS: Parental expectations of adolescent alcohol use significantly moderated all structural relationships, and greater parental disapproval was associated with less involvement with friends and peers who use alcohol, less peer influence to use alcohol, greater self-efficacy for avoiding alcohol use, and lower subsequent alcohol use and related problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: an empirical test of the information-motivation-behavioral skills model.

Consistent and nearly perfect adherence is considered an essential requirement for HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) to fully realize its life-extending benefits. The current study evaluated a comprehensive model of ART adherence--the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model. This model views adherence behavior as a function of the interrelations between adherence-related information, motivation, and behavioral skills. It hypothesizes that adherence-related information and motivation work through adherence-related behavioral skills to affect the initiation and maintenance of optimal ART adherence. In a series of structural equation models, the IMB model's critical constructs and assumptions were evaluated with a sample of 100 HIV-positive patients in clinical care. Across all analyses, the authors found support for the assumptions of the IMB model of ART adherence. Consistent with the model, adherence-related information and motivation related significantly to adherence-related behavioral skills, and behavioral skills related significantly to self-reported optimal adherence. Further, as predicted, the effects of information and motivation on self-reported adherence were mediated by adherence-related behavioral skills. Current study results are explored, and implications for adherence promotion interventions based on the model are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Managing HIV at the workplace: An empirical study of HIV and HR managers in Singapore.

Drawing from previous research on individual differences, AIDS, and concerns for face, the author developed and tested a model examining the predictors (knowledge of AIDS transmission, level of homophobia, and concern for face) of AIDS fear and its organizational outcomes (perceived organizational consequences of hiring people living with HIV and attitudes toward disclosure of HIV-related information at the workplace). Data were collected using mail survey. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships among these variables for 160 human resource managers. All of the hypothesized relationships were empirically supported. Implications of the research findings for human resource practices are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2004

Trauma, change in strength of religious faith, and mental health service use among veterans treated for PTSD.

One of the most pervasive effects of traumatic exposure is the challenge that people experience to their existential beliefs concerning the meaning and purpose of life. Particularly at risk is the strength of their religious faith and the comfort that they derive from it. The purpose of this study is to examine a model of the interrelationships among veterans' traumatic exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), guilt, social functioning, change in religious faith, and continued use of mental health services. Data are drawn from studies of outpatient (N = 554) and inpatient (N = 831) specialized treatment of PTSD in Department of Veterans Affairs programs. Structural equation modeling is used to estimate the parameters of the model and evaluate its goodness of fit to the data. The model achieved acceptable goodness of fit and suggested that veterans' experiences of killing others and failing to prevent death weakened their religious faith, both directly and as mediated by feelings of guilt. Weakened religious faith and guilt each contributed independently to more extensive use of VA mental health services. Severity of PTSD symptoms and social functioning played no significant role in the continued use of mental health services. We conclude that veterans' pursuit of mental health services appears to be driven more by their guilt and the weakening of their religious faith than by the severity of their PTSD symptoms or their deficits in social functioning. The specificity of these effects on service use suggests that a primary motivation of veterans' continuing pursuit of treatment may be their search for a meaning and purpose to their traumatic experiences. This possibility raises the broader issue of whether spirituality should be more central to the treatment of PTSD, either in the form of a greater role for pastoral counseling or of a wider inclusion of spiritual issues in traditional psychotherapy for PTSD.

Ambulatory Care↗

PubMed2000

An empirical test of a self-care model of women's responses to battering.

A model of women's responses to battering was constructed based on Orem's theory of self-care deficit and on empirical and clinical observations. The model proposed that the age, educational level, and cultural influences as basic conditioning factors would all be directly related to relational conflict, which would be negatively related to self-care agency (as a mediator) and indirectly related to both outcomes of health and well-being. Using simultaneous structural equation modeling with specification searching, a modified model was derived that eliminated the mediation path but supported direct effects of both abuse and self-care agency on health. The derived model was found to be only a borderline fit with the data, probably due to measurement problems, lack of inclusion of important variables, and small sample size (N = 117). However, there was support for several of the relationships deduced from and/or congruent with Orem's theory.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Youth With Epilepsy: Development of a Model of Children's Attitudes Toward Their Condition.

A model of children's attitudes toward their epilepsy was tested in 173 children (9-14 years) with epilepsy and their parents. Predictor variables tested were child characteristics, family mastery, child worry, child self-efficacy for seizure management, child psychosocial care needs, and seizure variables. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, leading to a revised model in which less child worry, greater family mastery, and greater child seizure self-efficacy were directly related to more child positive attitudes. Discussion focuses on potential targets for psychosocial interventions aimed at improving attitudes toward epilepsy.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

A multivariate model of determinants of motor change for children with cerebral palsy.

The purpose of this article is to describe the development of a theory- and data-based model of determinants of motor change for children with cerebral palsy. The dimensions of human functioning proposed by the World Health Organization, general systems theory, theories of human ecology, and a philosophical approach incorporating family-centered care provide the conceptual framework for the model. The model focuses on relationships among child characteristics (eg, primary and secondary impairments, personality), family ecology (eg, dynamics of family function), and health care services (eg, availability, access, intervention options). Clarification of the complex multivariate and interactive relationships among the multiple child and family determinants, using statistical methods such as structural equation modeling, is necessary before determining how physical therapy intervention can optimize motor outcomes of children with cerebral palsy. We propose that the development and testing of multivariate models is also useful in physical therapy research and in the management of complex chronic conditions other than cerebral palsy. Testing of similar models could provide physical therapists with support for: (1) prognostic discussions with clients and their families, (2) establishment of realistic and attainable goals, and (3) interventions to enhance outcomes for individual clients with a variety of prognostic attributes.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1997

On testing the face validity of planning/problem-solving tasks in a normal population.

Clinically, tests of executive functions tend to be chosen on face validity. If such tests are to be used to evaluate a clinical population, their ability to measure executive functions should be reliably demonstrated in a normal population. In order to investigate the reliability of such tests, a sample of 130 normal adults (74 women, 56 men) ages 17 to 55 years were administered 4 tests purporting to measure planning/problem-solving: the Tower of London Test, the Six Element Test, the Twenty Questions Test, and the Rey Complex Figure Test. A structural equation modeling approach provided by the LISREL 8 program was used to evaluate three models hypothesized to explain the relationship among the test variables and the latent construct of planning/problem-solving. An adequate model was unable to be estimated, thus raising questions about the meaning of the latent construct planning/problem-solving and the psychometric structure of the Tower of London Test.

Adolescent↗