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Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Selection of influenza vaccine strains and developing pandemic vaccines.

The WHO Influenza Surveillance Programme has recently celebrated 50 years of success. The programme provides representative influenza viruses for antigenic and genetic analysis and from this information, the WHO is able to make recommendations on vaccine composition. The WHO has also a key important role to play in detecting new influenza pandemic viruses and advising on suitable vaccine strains and their use. Experience in developing vaccines for pandemics or pandemic alerts in the past, has informed us that there are considerable problems to solve, not least of which is the fact that the conventional vaccines used throughout the world are unlikely to be effective in the face of a pandemic. Different strategies need developing and testing, so that we are adequately prepared.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2000

The introduction of new vaccines into developing countries II. Vaccine financing.

The development of new vaccines for important childhood diseases presents an unparalleled opportunity for disease control but also a significant problem for developing countries: how to pay for them. To help address this problem, the William H. Gates Foundation has established a Global Fund for Children's Vaccine. In this paper, we discuss the allocation of this and other similar funds, which we call Global Funds. We propose that allocation of the Global Funds to individual countries be guided in part by a Vaccine Procurement Baseline (VPB). The VPB would set a minimum of 0.01% of gross national product (GNP) as an amount each developing country would devote to its own vaccine procurement. When this amount is not sufficient to procure the vaccines needed by a developing country, the Global Funds would meet the shortfall. The amount required of donors to maintain the Global Funds would be about $403 million per year for both existing EPI vaccines as well as for a hypothetical group of five new vaccines costing $0.50 per dose and requiring three doses per child. Including program costs, poor developing countries currently spend about 0.13% of GNP on EPI immunizations. In contrast, the United States, as one example donor country, spends about 0.035% of GNP for childhood immunization including several new vaccines. This paper analyzes the Global Funds requirements for hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines. After a ramp-up period, needier countries would eventually require about $62 million for hepatitis B and $282 million for Hib at current prices. Various additional criteria could be used to qualify countries for participation in the Global Funds.

Bacterial Capsules↗
PubMed1995

Challenges and progress in developing herpesvirus vaccines.

The biological complexities of the human herpesviruses and the wide range of diseases that they cause present many difficulties for vaccine development. Until recently, progress towards this aim has been slow; however, advances in immunology and molecular biology have yielded an exciting array of new approaches for vaccination that have shown promise in model systems. This explosion in technology, together with renewed appreciation of the public-health benefits of vaccination, has sparked a resurgence of interest in the development of new vaccines and several are in, or near, clinical trials in humans. These look set to have a major impact on the incidence of herpesvirus diseases in the future.

Herpesviridae↗
PubMed1999

Toward the development of antibacterial vaccines: report of a symposium and workshop. Organizing Committee.

On 26 and 27 October 1998, the Department of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), hosted a symposium and workshop on bacterial vaccines. The symposium featured invited speakers who are internationally recognized authorities in their fields and who discussed selected topics related to specific pathogens or specific principles of bacterial vaccine development. The workshop, held on the day following the symposium, brought together the invited speakers and members of the organizing committee, who came from UCSF and the University of California, Berkeley, to discuss 4 specific topics and to define priorities for future vaccine development. Considerable knowledge has been gained from successful and unsuccessful vaccine development efforts, and large gains in knowledge relevant to vaccine development have resulted from studies of basic immunology and microbial pathogenesis. This report summarizes the presentations at the symposium and the discussions of the workshop sessions.

Bacterial Vaccines↗
PubMed2005

The rational design of vaccines.

This review provides an insight into the various opportunities for vaccine intervention, analysis of strategies for vaccine development, vaccine ability to modulate immune responses and resultant rational vaccine design. In addition, wider aspects are considered, such as biotechnological advances, advances in immunological understanding and host-pathogen interactions. The key question addressed here is, with all our research and understanding, have we reached a new echelon in vaccine development, that of rational design?

Drug Delivery Systems↗
PubMed1991

Immunogenicity of lipopolysaccharide derived from Brucella abortus: potential as a carrier in development of vaccines for AIDS.

In view of its unique ability to stimulate human B cells, we have considered using Brucella abortus (BA) as a carrier for human vaccines. Recently we showed that HIV-1 coupled to BA, but not unconjugated HIV-1, was able to stimulate murine responses even in the relative absence of CD4+ T cells. This result suggested that HIV-BA may be useful in boosting the immunity of individuals infected with HIV-1 and who have impaired CD4+ T cell function. In order to refine this carrier we purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from BA and examined its effects on immune responses. Similar to LPS from E. coli (LPS-EC), LPS-BA was capable of stimulating mouse B cells to proliferate. In addition, LPS-BA could activate mouse spleen cells to secrete antibodies in vitro. Isotype analysis revealed that IgM and all the IgG subclasses were elicited. When comparing these responses to those of LPS-EC, LPS-BA induced a greater percentage of IgG2a and LPS-EC evoked more IgG3. IgG2a is probably important in protection against murine viral infection. LPS-BA was haptenated with trinitrophenol TNP-LPS (BA) and tested for carrier effect. Similar to TNP-BA and TNP-LPS (EC), TNP-LPS (BA) triggered anti-TNP antibody of the IgM and all IgG subclasses. In contrast, TNP-ficoll induced mainly IgM and only small amounts of IgG3. These results suggest that LPS-BA, like intact BA, behaves as a T-independent type 1 carrier, and as such may be advantageous as a carrier for human vaccines development.

AIDS Vaccines↗