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PubMed1978

Hand-washing degerming: a comparison of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine.

Two antiseptic preparations for hand washing were compared by the glove-juice method in a crossover study on 10 volunteers. The reference preparation was 7.5% povidone-iodine (Betadine Surgical Scrub); the test agent was 4% chlorhexidine gluconate combined with 4% isopropyl alcohol (Hibiclens). The experimental model included inoculation of the hands with a mixture of Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Providentia stuartii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The reference preparation achieved a reduction ratio in colony counts of 695 to 1 under the conditions of this study. The average postwash colony count after use of 7.5% povidone-iodine was significantly less than the preinoculation colony count. Logarithmic values, and the paired t test applied to them, showed a highly significant difference (p = less than 0.001) in favor of the degerming ability of the reference agent compared to the test agent. These data are of value in the selection of preparations for hand washing and may point the way to quantitative methods for other degerming studies.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed2002

Bladder-washing cytology of metastatic ovarian granulosa cell tumor.

An 86-year-old Caucasian female presented with two weeks history of discomfort discharging urine, occasional hematuria, and suprapubic pain. The patient had a history of left salpingo-oophorectomy for an ovarian tumor, performed four years earlier. Ultrasound showed a solid mass surrounding the orifice of the left ureter. Bladder washing cytology yielded single, loosely cohesive syncytial aggregates of rather uniform cells. A few discretely grooved nuclei ("coffee bean nuclei") were seen. Histologic examination revealed muscular tissue infiltrated by oval to round cells, arranged in solid and follicular structures. The tumor cells were immunoreactive for estrogen receptor, inhibin, vimentin, and calretinin. The use of antibodies to pancytokeratin, inhibin, estrogen receptor, S-100, calretinin, and chromagranin could help confirm granulosa cell tumor. To my knowledge, there was no previous report on bladder washing cytology of metastatic granulosa cell tumor.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Pelvic washing cytology of ovarian Sertoli-Leydig-cell tumor with retiform pattern: a case report.

A Sertoli-Leydig-cell tumor is an exceptionally rare neoplasm. We present the pelvic washing cytomorphology of an ovarian Sertoli-Leydig-cell tumor with a retiform pattern in a 24-yr-old female. The cytologic features in this case were tight tissue fragments composed of small, relatively uniform cells with scanty cytoplasm and small rounded or blunt papillary fragments with hyalinized cores lined with small, mildly atypical cuboidal cells. Differential diagnoses included borderline and well-differentiated papillary serous tumors, clear-cell carcinoma, and collagen balls. Correlation of cytologic findings with histomorphology is crucial for correct interpretation of pelvic washings in cases of Sertoli-Leydig-cell tumors.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Increased selectivity in the detection of glycoproteins on nitrocellulose membranes by washing with sodium hydroxide solution.

We increased selectivity in the detection of glycoproteins on nitrocellulose membranes by introducing a washing step using sodium hydroxide solution. Glycoproteins on the nitrocellulose membrane were first oxidized by sodium periodate; biotin hydrazide was then coupled to the aldehyde groups generated in the sugar moiety of the glycoproteins. The membrane was washed twice using sodium hydroxide solution, and avidin-horseradish peroxidase was then coupled to the remaining biotin. This system allows the detection of nanograms of glycoproteins on nitrocellulose membranes, and its specificity allows the clear distinction of glycoproteins from the nonglycosylated protein of bovine serum albumin.

Collodion↗

PubMed1985

Inhibition of growth of certain human tumour cell lines by a factor derived from human fibroblast-like cell lines. I. Demonstration by mixed culture and by use of cell washings.

The growth of 7/9 Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines and 5/6 human melanoma cell lines was inhibited by certain human fibroblast-like cell lines, especially human myofibroblast cell lines. In contrast to BL lines, 3/5 lymphoblastoid cell lines were less susceptible and 3/4 human leukaemic lines were resistant. The effect was time- and concentration-dependent. Co-cultivation led to inhibition of tumour-cell growth within 3 days, but after removal from the fibroblasts, washing, and resuspending in fresh medium some tumour cells recovered and growth improved. The inhibitory activity was also demonstrated with washings of fibroblast-like cell lines, and was sensitive to pronase. The biological significance of this factor remains to be defined.

Autoradiography↗

PubMed1989

Removal of background label in immunocytochemistry with the apolar Lowicryls by using washed protein A-gold-precoupled antibodies in a one-step procedure.

Antiserum mixed with protein A-gold produces aggregates that can be washed by centrifugation and redissociated by ultrasonication. These precoupled antibodies are used for immunocytochemical labeling in a one-step procedure and reveal a very low background on sections of material embedded in polar and apolar Lowicryls. Controls have shown that the background label stems from serum components with only one protein A binding site and is discarded during the wash steps of the precoupling procedure.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1994

Prevalence of hepatitis-C virus RNA in serum and throat washings of children with chronic hepatitis.

Serum samples from 46 children with chronic and probably transfusion acquired hepatitis were tested for the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA by a "nested" polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, to judge a possible risk of HCV transmission from these patients. In 73% of the samples, viral RNA was detected, indicating a high virus prevalence in this patient group. High titers of HCV-RNA were observed in some sera as shown by the detection of virus in some samples even at dilutions of 10(-3). Comparison of simultaneously obtained PCR results and ALT values revealed no significant correlation between virus presence in serum and higher ALT levels. It was, however, shown that unusually high ALT values may reflect a high titer of viral RNA in serum. To investigate the prevalence of viral RNA in saliva, which could be a vehicle of virus transmission, 35 throat washing samples from the HCV-infected children were screened by PCR. Using three different sample preparation procedures, 20% of the throat washings were found to be positive for HCV-RNA. This indicates a prevalence of virus in this fluid lower than that reported previously.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed1995

Intraoperative peritoneal washing cytology with the rapid immunoperoxidase method using microwave irradiation.

The rapid immunocytochemical staining of gastrointestinal cancer-associated antigens, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), for intraoperative peritoneal washing cytology of pancreatic or biliary carcinoma can be completed in only 25 minutes by using microwave irradiation to accelerate incubation of the primary antibody. Only 3-second irradiation at 500 W for fresh smears produced specific antigen staining of malignant cells similar to that obtained with longer incubation, and the sensitivity of intraoperative cytology was greater than by the conventional staining method. The rapid immunocytochemical staining method of peritoneal washings at laparotomy can provide sensitive information for determining more aggressive therapy for intraperitoneal spread of malignant cells before closing the abdominal wall.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Methylation-specific PCR for detection of neoplastic DNA in biopsy washings.

Epigenetic DNA alterations such as promoter hypermethylation of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) in prostatic adenocarcinoma frequently constitute tumour biomarkers. Neoplastic transformation was identified in washings of prostate biopsies by GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation, using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Twenty-six patients undergoing sextant transrectal prostate biopsies for clinically suspected prostate cancer were enrolled. All ten patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma (100%) and four of six patients with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (67%), but none of ten patients with benign hyperplasia (0%), exhibited GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation in at least one out of six biopsy washings. Since this approach is transferable to various cancer entities, a sensitive and specific DNA-based analysis of biopsy material seems generally feasible without impeding routine histopathological examination.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2001

FISH analysis of fetal nucleated red blood cells from CVS washings in cases of aneuploidy.

OBJECTIVE: In chorionic villus sampling (CVS) the chromosome analysis is inconclusive in 1-2% of the samples. In many cases follow-up amniocentesis is performed. Fetal nucleated red blood cells (FNRBCs) are present in washings of chorionic villus samples. We wanted to establish whether analysis of these true fetal cells, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), could support the CVS karyotype. METHODS: We analysed washings of first trimester chorionic villi from non-mosaic 45,X (n=6) and full trisomy 18 cases (n=7). FNRBCs were identified by immunostaining and FISH was performed with chromosome-specific probes for X, Y and 18. RESULTS: In all 13 samples FNRBCs were present (between 4 and 30 cells per sample). Five cases of monosomy X showed one X signal in 89-100% of the nuclei; in the other case 50% of the nuclei displayed one signal. In the trisomy 18 cases three spots were seen in 60-100% of the cells. CONCLUSION: The CVS aneuploidy was confirmed in FNRBCs in all samples, so FISH on FNRBCs can be used in cases of non-mosaic numerical chromosomal abnormalities. This test can confirm a CVS diagnosis of monosomy X or trisomy 18 and thus minimize the risk for false-positive diagnoses. An additional invasive test may be prevented.

Aneuploidy↗

PubMed2000

Resveratrol decreases early signaling events in washed platelets but has little effect on platelet in whole blood.

Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in red wines, is believed to be a contributor in decreasing the incidence of coronary heart disease. Although its primary target is unknown, it blocks aggregation of washed platelets by an ill-defined mechanism. We show that resveratrol, at 10-50 microM, blocked aggregation induced by collagen (5 microg/ml), thrombin (0.2 units/ml), and ADP (10 microM). This affect was not overcome by adding exogenous human fibrinogen to the assay, suggesting that an early (wave I) signaling step in the alpha(IIb)beta(3) activation cascade was impaired. To explore this possibility we examined the effect of resveratrol on activation of MAP kinases. In the platelet, MAP kinases become activated as a consequence of agonist binding and not of aggregation, which itself induces signaling events. In fact, we find that collagen-induced activation of MAP kinases is superinduced in the presence of RGDS, an aggregation-blocking peptide. Resveratrol, at concentrations of 10 microM and greater, inhibited MAP kinase activation induced by collagen (in the absence and presence of RGDS peptide), thrombin, and ADP. These data indicate that resveratrol blocks receptor-mediated signaling events in washed platelets. In comparison, resveratrol has poor antiplatelet activity in whole blood. Under these conditions aggregation was not affected by 50-100 microM resveratrol. Concentrations of 200 microM resveratrol were needed to cause a 30-60% decrease in platelet aggregation in whole blood. Together these studies suggest that resveratrol is a potent inhibitor of platelet signaling responses, but its antiplatelet activity is weakened or masked in circulation. Thus, although resveratrol may function as a protective agent of coronary heart disease, its affects are not solely attributed to its effects on platelets in circulation.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The impact of positive peritoneal washings and serosal and adnexal involvement on survival in patients with stage IIIA uterine cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of serosal involvement (SER), adnexal involvement (ADN), and positive peritoneal washings (PPW) in patients with Stage IIIA uterine cancer. We also sought to determine patterns of recurrence in patients with this disease. METHODS: The records of 136 patients with Stage IIIA uterine cancer treated at the Queensland Centre for Gynecological Cancer between March 1983 and August 2001 were reviewed. One hundred thirty-six patients underwent surgery and 58 (42.6%) had full surgical staging. Seventy-five patients (55.2%) had external beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy postoperatively. Overall survival was the primary statistical endpoint. Statistical analysis included univariate and multivariate Cox models. RESULTS: Forty-six patients (33.8%) had adnexal involvement, 23 (16.9%) had serosal involvement, and 40 (29.4%) had positive peritoneal washings. Median follow-up was 55.1 months (95% confidence interval, 36.9 to 73.4 months) after which time 71 patients (52.2%) remained alive. For patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, ADN and SER were associated with impaired survival on multivariate analysis (odds ratio 2.8 and 3.2, respectively). In the subgroup of patients with high-risk tumors (including papillary serous carcinomas, clear cell carcinomas, and uterine sarcomas), neither ADN, nor SER, nor PPW influenced survival. CONCLUSION: Patients with Stage IIIA uterine cancer constitute a heterogeneous group. For patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, both ADN and SER, but not PPW, were associated with impaired prognosis. For patients with high-risk histological types, prognosis is poor for all three factors.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Rapid PCR with nested primers for direct detection of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken washes.

Rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni by PCR directly from foods, without prior growth steps, would be beneficial for the poultry industry. We have previously reported a PCR assay that allows detection of this bacterium after 48 h growth on Campy cefex agar. We have now developed a more rapid nested PCR assay that specifically detects C. jejuni in chicken washes that have not undergone any lengthy growth steps prior to PCR. For the nested reaction, an external set of primers, C-1 and C-4, are used for 24 cycles. At this time, 1 microl of the PCR product is removed and added to a second reaction. The second PCR assay is run with C-1 and an internal primer, C-2, for 24 cycles. A single band on a 4% NuSieve agarose gel at 122 bp was apparent with C. jejuni cells at a sensitivity of 10(2) cfu ml-1. With this method chicken carcasses can be washed and C. jejuni identified all within 1 day. We detected C. jejuni in approximately 80% of four groups of chickens using this method. The identifications have been confirmed by standard microbiological techniques.

Agar↗

PubMed1989

Estimation of high K- and noradrenaline-induced 45Ca uptakes in isolated rat aorta: effects of washing in icecold solutions.

Isolated rat aorta rings, labelled for 10 min with 45Ca in control physiological saline solution (PSS), PSS with 10 microM noradrenaline (NA), or 80 mM potassium-PSS (80 K), were washed out into non-labelled, icecold PSS. NA and 80 K increased tissue 45Ca. Retention of stimulated 45Ca uptake during washout was studied by subtracting the control washout curve from the washout curves of the stimulated tissues. The measured stimulated uptake fell rapidly during the initial 15 min of washout, thereafter decreasing more slowly. These results suggested that a lengthy wash in icecold PSS would lead to an underestimate of stimulated cellular 45Ca uptake. The cellular location of the stimulated uptake was confirmed by using diltiazem (10 microM) and forskolin (10 microM) to block specifically the 45Ca influxes caused by 80 K and NA, respectively. A similar biphasic loss of stimulated 45Ca uptake was seen in icecold lanthanum (50 mM) solution. These data suggest that established methods for measuring cellular Ca in isolated blood vessels may have markedly underestimated the amount of Ca entering cells during stimulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Renal blood flow during ureteral obstruction measured with 133Xe wash out, 86Rb uptake techniques and with an electromagnetic flowmeter.

In moderate mannitol diuresis in the dog the ratio RBF-86Rb uptake/RBF-electromagnetic flowmeter decreased during ureteral obstruction from 0.923 - 0.705. In the same animals the ratio RBF-133Xe wash-out/RBF-electromagnetic flowmeter increased from 0.932 - 1.365. With the rubidium technique a significant redistribution of intrarenal blood flow was observed. No similar flow changes were seen with the 133Xe wash-out technique. The two methods do not measure during ureteral obstruction the true RBF. The change of 86Rb uptake by the individual segments of renal tissue is not an unequivocal proof for the intrarenal redistribution of blood flow, but this possibility cannot be definitely excluded.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

The sloping alveolar plateau of tracer gases washed out from mixed venous blood in man.

We have investigated the slope of the alveolar plateau for inert tracer gases that were washed out from mixed venous blood. Two pairs of tracer gases were used (He, SF6) and (C2H2, Freon 22). The gases of each pair share almost the same blood-gas partition coefficient but they have different diffusive properties in the gas phase. The experiments were performed in healthy subjects at rest and at three levels of exercise (75, 150, 225 W). Each experiment started with the alveolar washin of the tracer gases by adding these gases to inspired air. This washin was continued for several minutes in order to dissolve sufficient amounts of the tracer gases in the body tissues. Subsequently, the tracer gases were washed out. In this paper, the slopes of the alveolar plateaus are defined as the relative increase of the concentration per second. Steeper slopes were found for the heavier gases (SF6 and Freon 22) in comparison with those for the lighter gases of the two pairs (He and C2H2). This finding may be ascribed to the contribution of diffusion-limited gas mixing in the lung to the slope of the alveolar plateau. For each gas, the slope for the first expiration during washout (alveolar washout) was considerably smaller than that for the later part of washout (mixed venous washout), and the difference amounts to about 56% and 76% of the slope during mixed venous washout at rest and at the highest level of exercise, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylene↗

PubMed1981

Nonselective inhibition of messenger RNA translation by highly purified low molecular weight RNA species from ribosomal salt wash of chick embryonic muscle.

A low molecular weight RNA species, in the 70-90 nucleotide size range (iRNA), has been purified from the ribosomal salt wash of chick embryonic muscle by a combination of DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatography. This method yields iRNA free from contaminating tRNA and gives better and more reproducible yields than those obtained with our previous method involving lengthy dialysis of the salt wash. The iRNA at the concentration of 20-80 ng range strongly inhibits the translation of homologous and heterologous mRNAs i.e. chick muscle poly(A)+mRNA and rabbit globin mRNA; uncapped mRNA; and poly(A)-mRNA in micrococcal nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate indicating that inhibition by iRNA is nonselective in nature. The translation of endogenous globin mRNA and polysomes in the lysate is strikingly less sensitive to iRNA suggesting that the initiation step is primarily affected by iRNA. The iRNA does not appear to be double-stranded RNA. It is concluded that iRNA is distinct from other low molecular weight RNA species described in the literature which modulate protein synthesis in cell-free systems.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from intact and microinjected preimplantation bovine embryos washed or treated with trypsin or antibiotics.

Incubation of day 7 bovine embryos with 10(4) or 10(6) CFU/ml of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) or microinjection of M. bovis into the cells of day 7 embryos did not influence embryonic development. M. bovis was recovered from all embryos washed 10 times by a standard pipetting method or vortexed and pipeted 10 times. M. bovis was also recovered from zonae pellucidae removed and washed from microinjected embryos. Neither treatment with trypsin nor exposure of embryos to combinations of penicillin, streptomycin, lincomycin and spectinomycin, or gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin, and spectinomycin, inactivated M. bovis.

Animals↗