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PubMed2002

Estimation of inbreeding from ecclesiastical dispensations: application of three procedures to a Spanish case.

The inbreeding coefficient of a population, estimated from ecclesiastical Roman Catholic dispensations, results from the relative contribution of different degrees of relationships (uncle-niece, first cousin, etc.). The interpopulation comparisons of consanguinity patterns may be obscured by the fact that in 1918 the Roman Catholic Church norm regulating the closest marriageable kinship was modified, limiting the application for an ecclesiastical dispensation to relatives of third degree (second cousins) or closer. Depending on the length of the period before or after the change of regulation, coefficients and rates may differ. Deviation of frequencies for multiple marriages may also occur. The aim of the present paper is to determine how the chosen procedure based on ecclesiastical dispensations may affect results, regarding the inbreeding coefficient, the consanguinity rate, the structure of consanguinity and the close/remote kinship ratio. As a sample case, information from the Gredos mountain range (central Spain) has been used.

Catholicism↗

PubMed1990

Decline in the prevalence of childhood deafness in the Jewish population of Jerusalem: ethnic and genetic aspects.

A longitudinal study was performed on 147 Jewish children with bilaterally sensorineural hearing loss of moderately severe to profound degree, born in Jerusalem during the eighteen years 1968-85. The prevalence rate of these children declined during the years 1977-85, and at the same time the rate of consanguinity of their parents decreased; this decline was more evident in the genetic group among children with non-Ashkenazi ethnic origin. No such decline was found among the Ashkenazi children and no consanguinity among parents of these children was recorded. Our study supports the assumption that restriction of consanguineous matings may affect the prevalence of genetic deafness in children in a well-defined population. We have tried to remain unbiased and concede certain shortcomings in our present study.

Consanguinity↗

PubMed1995

Hearing impairment in association with distal renal tubular acidosis among Saudi children.

A follow-up of seven patients with the autosomal recessive inherited syndrome of distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) and sensorineural hearing loss is described. Five patients were diagnosed as having primary distal renal tubular acidosis and rickets, four were found to have severe sensorineural hearing loss of over 80 dB: two of which are brothers. Two patients were diagnosed as having secondary distal renal acidosis due to a genetic disorder called osteopetrosis; they are brothers and their audiograms showed a mild conductive hearing loss of an average 35 dB bilaterally. All patients had growth retardation with improvement due to alkaline therapy but their hearing loss was not affected by the medication. The pedigrees of two families with half sibs showed the familial incidence for consanguineous marriage. Consanguinity was found to be positive in five out of the seven patients. The tribal tradition in Saudi Arabia fosters consanguineous marriages for cultural and social reasons and pre-arranged marriages are still seen.

Acidosis, Renal Tubular↗

PubMed2000

A two-locus forensic match probability for subdivided populations.

A two-locus match probability is presented that incorporates the effects of within-subpopulation inbreeding (consanguinity) in addition to population subdivision. The usual practice of calculating multi-locus match probabilities as the product of single-locus probabilities assumes independence between loci. There are a number of population genetics phenomena that can violate this assumption: in addition to consanguinity, which increases homozygosity at all loci simultaneously, gametic disequilibrium will introduce dependence into DNA profiles. However, in forensics the latter problem is usually addressed in part by the careful choice of unlinked loci. Hence, as is conventional, we assume gametic equilibrium here, and focus instead on between-locus dependence due to consanguinity. The resulting match probability formulae are an extension of existing methods in the literature, and are shown to be more conservative than these methods in the case of double homozygote matches. For two-locus profiles involving one or more heterozygous genotypes, results are similar to, or smaller than, the existing approaches.

Alleles↗

PubMed2006

Autozygosity mapping of Bardet-Biedl syndrome to 12q21.2 and confirmation of FLJ23560 as BBS10.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder characterized by variable obesity, pigmentary retinopathy, polydactyly, mental retardation, hypogonadism and renal failure. In order to identify novel BBS loci we undertook autozygosity mapping studies using high-density SNP microarrays in consanguineous kindreds. We mapped a BBS locus to a 10.1 Mb region at 12q15-q21.2 in a large Omani BBS family (peak lod score 8.3 at theta = 0.0 for marker D12S1722) that contained the recently described BBS10 locus. Mutation analysis of candidate genes within the target interval, including the BBS10 gene, revealed a homozygous frameshift mutation in FLJ23560 and mutations were also detected in four smaller consanguineous families with regions of autozygosity at 12q21.2. These findings (a) confirm a previous report that FLJ23560 (BBS10) mutations are a significant cause of BBS, and (b) further demonstrate the utility of high-density SNP array mapping in consanguineous families for the mapping and identification of recessive disease genes.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

The frequency of posterior urethral valves in Oman.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the frequency of posterior urethral valves (PUV) in Oman, using hospital records. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The resident population of Oman is 1.5 million and all complex paediatric surgical cases are referred to a single unit in the capital city of Muscat. A register of patients has been kept in that unit since 1988. Hospital case-records were reviewed to determine associated abnormalities, date and place of birth, tribal origin and, from further interviews, the family pedigree and degree of consanguinity. RESULTS: This retrospective survey identified 56 Omani children born between 1989 and 1994 who were treated in the Paediatric Surgery Department at the Royal Hospital, Muscat for congenital PUV. The calculated incidence was 1 in 2375 newborn males, which is 2-4 times higher than that previously reported in other populations. There was no relation to the estimated month of conception and therefore environmental hyperthermia due to the extreme ambient temperature does not seems not to be a causative factor. There was consanguinity in 40 of 46 cases (87%) where a complete family history was available. Parents were first cousins in 54% of cases, compared with the background rate of 24% in over 6000 families interviewed in the antenatal clinics at six hospitals in Oman. There was also a concentration of PUV within specific tribes. About one-third of the cases also had associated congenital abnormalities, the most frequent of which were genitourinary (17%), but gastrointestinal (9%) and spinal (7%) defects were also observed. CONCLUSION: The frequency of PUV in newborn Omani males was 1 in 2375, which is considerably higher than any previously reported series. This was associated with an increased rate of consanguinity, but there was no clear pattern of inheritance.

Child↗

PubMed1997

Hirschsprung-associated congenital anomalies.

Between 1976-1993, 302 patients were diagnosed to have Hirschsprung's disease (HD) in Hacettepe University Children's Hospital. All patients have been searched for the occurrence of associated anomalies and other parameters including 1) sex, 2) gestational age, 3) birth weight, 4) length of aganglionic segment, 5) familial occurrence, 6) consanguinity. Forty-nine of 302 patients were proved to have 83 associated congenital anomalies together with HD. Distribution of anomalies was as follows; central nervous system and special senses 28.92%, genitourinary system 26.51%, skeletal 24.09%, gastrointestinal 12.05%, cardiovascular 8.43%. In eleven patients more than one anomaly involving different systems were detected; only one of these patients was female and six of them have shown short segment disease. Down's syndrome was present in 5 patients. Female: male ratio was 1:4.2 for the whole series and 1:6 for the patients with Hirschsprung associated congenital anomalies (HACA). In the HACA group the percentage increased in favor of long-segment and extensive aganglionosis without statistical significance (p>0.05). The majority of patients were term babies and their birth weights were between 2500g < 3500g. Consanguinity was present in 36 families. No affected parents were detected but two sisters and four brothers were proved to have HD. Three pairs of twins, one of which was monozygotic, and all showing discordance were detected. There was no difference between HACA group and HD without HACA in terms of sex, birth weight, length of aganglionic segment and consanguinity. Although HD seemed to be genetically heterogeneous HACA did not have a genetically different origin from that of HD.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Temporal variation in the mating structure of Sanday, Orkney Islands.

Pedigree and vital statistics data from the population of Sanday, Orkney Islands, Scotland, were used to assess temporal changes in population structure. Secular trends in patterns of mate choice were analysed for three separate birth cohorts of spouses: 1855-1884, 1885-1924 and 1925-1964. The degree to which mating was random or assortative with respect to both genealogical and geographic distance was determined by comparing average characteristics of all potential mates of married males with those of actual wives. We integrated this procedure, originally developed by Dyke (1971), into a three-fold investigation of population structure: (1) comparison of random and non-random components of relatedness as measured from pedigree data; (2) an analysis of marital distance distributions for actual and potential mates of married males; and (3) the relationship between genealogical relatedness and geographic distance. As population size decreased from 1881 to the present, total kinship and spatial distances between spouses increased. Whereas the random component of relatedness increased over time, consanguinity avoidance was sufficient to decrease the total coefficient of kinship over time. Part of the increase in consanguinity avoidance was associated with isolate breakdown, as distances between island-born spouses, as well as the total amount of off-island migration, increased from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Mate choice was influenced by geographic distance for all time periods, although this effect diminished over time. Since decreases in population size, concomitant with increases in consanguinity avoidance and community exogamy, have probably occurred quite frequently in small human populations, as well as in rural Western communities in the past century, observed secular trends illustrate the potential for change in population structure characteristic of isolate breakdown.

Consanguinity↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Inbreeding effects on prereproductive mortality: a case-control study in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (Québec, Canada) based on a population registry 1838-1971.

Effects of inbreeding on the prereproductive mortality, excluding spontaneous abortions, were investigated among offspring of 251 marriages between first-degree cousins (2:2) and 358 marriages between first-degree cousins once removed (2:3) from Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean. A control group matched on the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the consanguineous marriages was created. The mortality rates were calculated from a computerized population registry. The stillbirth rate was not significantly higher in the 2:2 and 2:3 groups compared with their respective control groups (p > 0.05). Mortality during the first year was significantly higher in both consanguineous groups (p < 0.01) whereas mortality between 1 and 15 years was not (p > 0.05). In Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, less than 1% of the prereproductive mortality, excluding spontaneous abortions, can be attributed to consanguineous marriages. This study is in agreement with previous reports showing that inbreeding had a minor impact in prereproductive mortality.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Endogamy and inbreeding since the 17th century in past malarial communities in the Province of Cosenza (Calabria, Southern, Italy).

Many authors stressed the importance of considering mating patterns, migration and consanguinity when analysing micro-geographic differences in the distribution of the frequency of genetic traits (thalassaemia and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) in populations living in areas of past malarial endemy. Therefore, the present work was aimed at estimating the reproductive isolation of Calabria, an Italian region that experienced endemic malaria until very recently. The research was carried out on 15311 records of marriage from Parish Books of four villages located in the past malarial area, and four situated in the non-malarial region. Endogamy rates were high in every village and decreased only in the present century as a consequence of the breakdown of isolation. In the earlier periods, the rates ranged between 93-84% in non-malarial villages, and between 96-66% in the past malarial area. The rate of consanguineous marriages was low in all villages: in the malarial area it was 2.15% on average, whereas in the non-malarial villages it ranged between 2-16%. Its trend increased with time almost everywhere. Concerning values, differences between past malarial and non-malarial villages in earlier periods are not consistent as they ranged from 0.1 x 10(-3) to 1 x 10(-3). In the present century, however, a was higher in the non-malarial villages. Observed changes of the coefficient a since the 19th century are due to the increased frequency of first cousin marriages. Isonymy rates were lower than 2% in all past malarial towns in all periods, whereas in nonmalarial villages they ranged between 1.2-9.5% and increased with time. Inbreeding coefficients F are always higher than alpha values, but show the same trend with time. They were between 0.0006-0.0045 in past malarial towns, and between 0.0017-0.024 in non-malarial villages. In non-malarial villages Fn displayed noticeable negative values in two situations in the earlier periods. In conclusion, given the above mating patterns and the observed distribution of frequencies of G6PD deficient hemizygous and thalassemic heterozygous in the investigated villages, there is clear evidence in this area for the absence of any specific role of reproductive isolation and consanguinity on the distribution of genetic traits related to past malaria presence.

Consanguinity↗

PubMed2001

Homozygosity mapping places the acrodermatitis enteropathica gene on chromosomal region 8q24.3.

Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is a rare autosomal recessive pediatric disease characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, alopecia, and growth failure. The disease results from insufficient uptake of zinc by the intestine and can be fatal unless the diet is supplemented with zinc. To map the gene responsible for AE, a genomewide screen was performed on 17 individuals, including 4 affected individuals, in a consanguineous Jordanian family. Three markers-D8S373, D10S212, and D6S1021-had a pattern consistent with tight linkage to a recessive disease: one allele in the affected sibs and multiple alleles in unaffected sibs and parents. Two-point parametric linkage analysis using FASTLINK identified one region, D8S373, with a maximum LOD score >1.5 (1.94 at D8S373: recombination fraction.001). Twelve additional markers flanking D8S373 were used to genotype the extended family, to fine-map the AE gene. All five affected individuals-including one who was not genotyped in the genomewide screen-were found to be homozygous for a common haplotype, spanning approximately 3.5 cM, defined by markers D8S1713 and D8S2334 on chromosomal region 8q24.3. To support these mapping data, seven consanguineous Egyptian families with eight patients with AE were genotyped using these markers, and six patients from five families were found to be homozygous in this region. Multipoint analysis with all consanguineous families, by Mapmaker/Homoz, resulted in a maximum LOD score of 3.89 between D8S1713 and D8S373. Sliding three-point analysis resulted in a maximum LOD score of 5.16 between markers D8S1727 and D8S1744.

Acrodermatitis↗

PubMed2005

Comparative genomics and gene expression analysis identifies BBS9, a new Bardet-Biedl syndrome gene.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive, genetically heterogeneous, pleiotropic human disorder characterized by obesity, retinopathy, polydactyly, renal and cardiac malformations, learning disabilities, and hypogenitalism. Eight BBS genes representing all known mapped loci have been identified. Mutation analysis of the known BBS genes in BBS patients indicate that additional BBS genes exist and/or that unidentified mutations exist in the known genes. To identify new BBS genes, we performed homozygosity mapping of small, consanguineous BBS pedigrees, using moderately dense SNP arrays. A bioinformatics approach combining comparative genomic analysis and gene expression studies of a BBS-knockout mouse model was used to prioritize BBS candidate genes within the newly identified loci for mutation screening. By use of this strategy, parathyroid hormone-responsive gene B1 (B1) was found to be a novel BBS gene (BBS9), supported by the identification of homozygous mutations in BBS patients. The identification of BBS9 illustrates the power of using a combination of comparative genomic analysis, gene expression studies, and homozygosity mapping with SNP arrays in small, consanguineous families for the identification of rare autosomal recessive disorders. We also demonstrate that small, consanguineous families are useful in identifying intragenic deletions. This type of mutation is likely to be underreported because of the difficulty of deletion detection in the heterozygous state by the mutation screening methods that are used in many studies.

Alleles↗

PubMed1998

A genetic aetiological survey of severe childhood deafness in the United Arab Emirates.

The aim of this study was to provide a genetic aetiological survey of children attending classes for the deaf in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in whom a known acquired cause for their deafness had been excluded. Four schools in four different Emirates participated in the study (Sharjha, Khor Fakan, Dubai and Al-Ain). In each child a detailed history was obtained. This included a detailed family history, the level of consanguinity between the parents, ethnic origin, and the age of onset and progression of the deafness. The deafness was classified into syndromic and non-syndromic groups. These were then subdivided into autosomal recessive (AR), autosomal dominant (AD), X-linked recessive (XR), and sporadic. A total of 74 children from 51 families were included in the study. Fourteen of these (19 per cent) had syndromic deafness and 60 (81 per cent) had non-syndromic deafness. Overall there was a high prevalence of AR deafness (92 per cent) with AD deafness constituting 7 per cent and sporadic deafness 1 per cent, and no X-linked cases. In the syndromic group AR syndromes comprised 57 per cent of cases, AD 43 per cent, with no X-linked or sporadic cases. In the non-syndromic group almost all cases were AR (98 per cent), with no AD or X-linked cases, and one sporadic case. The level of consanguinity in the study group was 74 per cent with a high number of complexly consanguineous families (34 per cent). Eighty-six per cent of the children had a positive family history, 54 per cent of those had affected siblings, 50 per cent of which had more than one affected sibling. However, almost all the parents were not aware that the deafness in their children was genetic in origin.

Age of Onset↗

PubMed1997

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis among the Arab population in Israel.

BACKGROUND: Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, which constitutes a heterogeneous group of imperfectly delineated syndromes and appears to be inherited as an autosomal recessive condition, has not been hitherto reported from the Middle East, in spite of the high rate of consanguineous marriage in this region. METHODS: Sixteen affected children from six Israeli Arab families were evaluated over 30 years. All were born to consanguineous parents. RESULTS: Jaundice appeared during the first 3 weeks of life in 15 babies. When first referred, 10 had hepatomegaly and nine had splenomegaly. A progression toward cirrhosis was the rule. Serum levels of conjugated bilirubin, liver enzymes, and alkaline phosphatase were raised; gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels were normal in all three infants in whom it was examined, but elevated in two siblings of another family at ages 2 and 3 years. No abnormal bile acids were detected in the serum and urine of patients. Histologic examination of the liver showed giant-cell transformation, paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts, cholestasis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis. The pattern of liver pathology differed at times among affected members within the same family. Therapeutic trials with phenobarbital, cholestyramine, or ursodeoxycholic acid were ineffective. Survival of the patients was from 5 to 18 months in four families; in the other two families, three children received liver transplants, and one is awaiting liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of infants with cholestatic jaundice of unknown etiology, especially those born to consanguineous Arab parents.

Arabs↗

PubMed2004

Frequency, distribution, and outcome of keratoplasty for corneal dystrophies at a tertiary eye care center in South India.

PURPOSE: To report the frequency, outcome, and atypical histology in corneal dystrophies. METHODS: Corneal buttons of patients diagnosed with corneal dystrophy as noted in the records of the ophthalmic pathology register over a period of 6 years were included in this study. The sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were reviewed specifically for the type of deposits, associated degenerations such as amyloid and spheroidal deposits, inflammation, and vascularization. Special stains including Masson trichrome, Congo red, and Alcian blue staining were used whenever required. The medical records were evaluated for demographics, clinical presentation, history of consanguinity, family medical history, and clinical outcome of keratoplasty, which was recorded as clear, recurrence of dystrophy, or graft failure. A clinicopathologic correlation was attempted. RESULTS: A total of 144 patients contributed 181 buttons, accounting for 8.1% of keratoplasties performed during the study period. The mean age of the patients was 34 +/- 19 years (range 3-72 years) with a male:female ratio of 1.6 (89):1 (55). Consanguineous parentage was noted in 26% of cases. History of a similar problem in siblings and other family members was elicited in 33 (22%) and 14 (9.7%), respectively. Dystrophies included macular (29.3%), congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (34.8%), Fuchs (16.6%), and lattice (15%); the remaining 11% included granular, gelatinous drop-like, Reis-Bucklers, and posterior polymorphous dystrophy. Associated histologic changes were degenerations (15%), vascularization (4%), and inflammation (2%). At a mean follow-up of 42 months, the graft remained clear in 148 eyes (81.7%), failed in 33 eyes (18.2%), and recurred in 5 eyes (2.8%). Graft survival for all dystrophies at the end of 1 year was 94.3 +/- 1.7%, and at the end of 5 years was 74.4 +/- 4.5%. Atypical histologic features did not affect graft survival. CONCLUSION: Consanguineous marriages possibly contributed to the increase in macular dystrophy and CHED in South India. The degenerative changes seen could possibly be related to late presentation or unknown environmental factors and do not have an effect on the ultimate graft outcome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Clinico-epidemiological features of primary hereditary ichthyoses in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: A total of 10 455 new dermatology patients were seen in the dermatology clinics of King Fahad Hospital of the University (KFHU), Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, between January 1990 and December 1995. We identified 71 patients with a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of specific forms of primary hereditary ichthyoses (PHI). We have reviewed the epidemiological and clinical features of these patients. OBJECTIVE: To document the epidemiological and clinical features of patients with PHI in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: We used the dermatology out-patient department (OPD) logbooks to identify cases of PHI from new patients presenting with different dermatological problems over a 6-year period. We used specifically designed protocol forms to extract epidemiological and clinical data from the study patients' medical records. These were entered into a computer database and analyzed using standard statistical software. RESULTS: A total of 71 patients, 44 males and 27 females (male : female sex ratio of 1.63 : 1), were identified from a total of 10 455 new patients seen in our dermatology clinics between January 1990 and December 1995. The occurrence rate of PHI, in our clinics, was 0.67% or 7 per 1000 new dermatology cases. The clinical pattern of PHI showed that Icthyosis Vulgaris was the most common form seen, followed by Nonbullous Ichthyosiform Erythroderma. Thirty-one patients (44.7%) with Ichthyosis Vulgaris (IV) were seen: 12 patients (16.9%) with X-linked Recessive Ichthyosis (XLRI), four patients (5.6%) with Lamellar Ichthyosis (LI), three patients (4.2%) with Bullous Ichthyosiform Erythroderma (BIE) and 21 patients (29.6%) with Nonbullous Ichthyosiform Erythroderma (NBIE). There was a significantly high consanguinity rate in our patients (85%), and the family history was positive in 53 cases out of the 71 (75%). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study is the first report of its kind from Saudi Arabia and documents the clinico-epidemiological features of PHI patients in the Eastern Province. The high rate of parental consanguinity among our Saudi patients may account for the high proportion of patients with a positive family history. Consanguinity also probably explains why the most severe forms of PHI were seen in a significant number of new patients' siblings. These severe forms of PHI (Nonbullous Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Bullous Ichthyosiform Erythroderma and Lamellar Ichthyosis) together constituted nearly 40% of all cases.

Age of Onset↗

PubMed1980

The spectrum of frontonasal dysplasia in an inbred pedigree.

An inbred pedigree is described in which three members were affected with FND (Frontonasal Dysplasia). Two of these individuals were products of a consanguineous mating with an inbreeding coefficient of F = 0.0391. The third affected individual (propositus), was born to a marriage in which the coefficient of inbreeding was 0.0742. The mother of the propositus, whose inbreeding coefficient was 0.0625, had borderline hypertelorism and a broad nose. Several other members of the pedigree who had hypertelorism were products of consanguineous matings. The presence of consanguinity in all individuals affected with a variety of manifestations of FND suggests a genetic mechanism for this malformation.

Consanguinity↗

PubMed2005

Extended family studies for the identification of allogeneic stem cell transplant donors in Jewish and Arabic patients in Israel.

HLA-identified donors are the best source of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants, and are available in approximately 40% of cases. If no HLA-identical core family member is found, an extended family search may be performed. The aim of the study was to summarize the 10-year (1990-1999) experience of our tertiary care center with extended family donor search. During this period, 356 patients and 2659 of their family members were tissue-typed; 239 patients were Jewish (67%) and 117 were Arabic (33%). An HLA-identical core-family donor was identified for 168 patients (47%): 95 Jewish (40%) and 73 Arabic (62%) (p < 0.0001); 49 patients (14%) had more than one potential donor. An extended family search (grandmother/grandfather, aunts, uncles, etc.) was performed in 38 of the remaining families, which were found to be consanguineous: five Jewish and 33 Arabic. One HLA match was found in the Jewish families (20%) and 21 in the Arabic families (64%). The odds ratio for an Arabic patient to find a donor in the extended family search was 8.75, as opposed to a Jewish patient. Overall, HLA-matched donors were found by core and extended family search for 53% of the patients. The rate for Arabic patients was 80% and for Jewish patients, 40% (p < 0.001). This difference may be explained by the greater number of siblings and higher rate of consanguinity in the Arabic population. In conclusion, an extended family search for potential HLA-matched donors is worthwhile, especially in distinct ethnic populations with high consanguinity, such as Israeli Arabs.

Arabs↗