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PubMed1999

A software agent model of consciousness.

Baars (1988, 1997) has proposed a psychological theory of consciousness, called global workspace theory. The present study describes a software agent implementation of that theory, called "Conscious" Mattie (CMattie). CMattie operates in a clerical domain from within a UNIX operating system, sending messages and interpreting messages in natural language that organize seminars at a university. CMattie fleshes out global workspace theory with a detailed computational model that integrates contemporary architectures in cognitive science and artificial intelligence. Baars (1997) lists the psychological "facts that any complete theory of consciousness must explain" in his appendix to In the Theater of Consciousness; global workspace theory was designed to explain these "facts." The present article discusses how the design of CMattie accounts for these facts and thereby the extent to which it implements global workspace theory.

Cognition↗

PubMed1989

Adequate protection of the public against food-transmitted diseases of microbial aetiology. Achievements and challenges, half a century after the introduction of the Prescott-Meyer-Wilson strategy of active intervention.

No dramatic change in the approach to supplying microbiologically safe foods and meals to the consumer occurred immediately upon the introduction, in the 1930's, by S.C. Prescott and K.F. Meyer in the U.S. and Sir Graham Wilson in the U.K. of the principle of taking preventive remedial measures rather than merely examining final product samples. Thus morbidity and the economic impact of food-borne disease of microbial aetiology continued to rise and new food-transmitted pathogens continued to be identified. The 1930 strategy was not implemented until 1970 when food processing specialists in the U.S. launched a similar approach under the new acronym 'HACCP' (hazard analysis: critical control points). This relies on (i) identification, by meticulous ecological studies, of hazardous practices and locations, termed 'critical points' by the new generation; (ii) elimination of such hazards by developing processing techniques designed to control contamination and colonization of foods--also given an innovative term, viz. GMP; (iii) validation of the elaborated procedures by a new stem to the Science of Public Health: risk assessment, perhaps better termed Safety Science; (iv) upon introduction of the validated GMP's monitoring limited numbers of samples--which have become fully representative because of process management--for ecologically valid marker organisms, indicating incidental going-out-of-control of manufacture or distribution. This implementation of the Prescott-Meyer-Wilson maxim has been given the name longitudinally integrated safety assurance, charmingly acronymized to LISA. Introduction of LISA eliminates all previously existing or perceived difficulties about microbiological target values ('standards') for foods. These can henceforth be empirically assessed from surveys on samples obtained from factories or catering establishments previously inspected for adherence to LISA, deficiencies having, where necessary, been rectified prior to the examination of samples. Unfortunately, a more general adoption of the LISA maxim in food technology occurred at almost the same time as people became concerned about the perceived negative health impact of processing food for safety. This culminated in widespread rejection of foods decontaminated by low dose gamma irradiation. While behaviourial scientists seriously attempt to identify the mechanisms of this anxiety and devise means of reassurance, food scientists should continue to elaborate innovative LISA procedures. In this context three promising areas of research and development are briefly discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Influence of practice on response-selection and response-implementation processes involved in the response-interference effect.

In a choice reaction-time task, the response-interference effect is an increase in reaction times when the two possible responses are from the same hand compared to when the two possible responses are from different hands [Psychonomic Science 2 (1965) 55-56; Human Motor Control, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1991]. Although the influence of practice on other reaction-time effects (i.e., the complexity effect and precuing) has been examined, research evaluating the influence of practice on the response-interference effect is limited. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of practice on the response-interference effect. In Experiment 1, a bilateral transfer task was used to assess the influence of practice on the response-selection processes associated with the response-interference effect. The practice results indicated decreased reaction times, but did not influence the response-interference effect. In Experiment 2, a priming task was used to assess the influence of practice on response-implementation processes associated with the response-interference effect. The reaction time results indicated a change in the response-interference effect. The results of these two experiments suggest that with only two fingers on response keys, practice alters the mechanical constraints affecting the response-implementation processes and thereby decreases the response-interference effect.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Interpretive pedagogy in action: design and delivery of a violence and health workshop for baccalaureate nursing students.

This article presents the planning and implementation of a Violence and Health Immersion Workshop for undergraduate nursing students. Given the enormous personal and economic costs of violence, the central importance of addressing violence issues in nursing curricula is emphasized. The application of three key interpretive pedagogical strategies is described: choosing critical social science as a conceptual framework for the workshop; placing specific emphasis on the decentering of content; and creating space for learners to explore this difficult issue. Formative and summative evaluations of the workshop indicated that the majority of students found the workshop to be helpful in providing the opportunity to examine and shift their own values, attitudes, and beliefs regarding violence and health. Recommendations for future research include the need for increased knowledge regarding barriers to the implementation of interpretive pedagogies, and for greater insight regarding the process of attending to differences in the participants and the facilitators.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2003

[Nursing in the framework of long-term care insurance as a basic principle of a specific nursing approach of rehabilitation?].

Activating nursing based on the criteria of the long-term care insurance may be understood as a second specific and nursing approach of rehabilitation beneath medical rehabilitation. Activating nursing is unspecific, characterized by the norms and guidelines of the long-term care insurance, but defined as the general norm of practical nursing. A professional nursing definition for a specific concept is lacking just as funding of nursing science. Adhering to activating nursing as a nursing complement to medical rehabilitation in the framework of long-term care insurance requires professional development and funding. Furthermore, more support of social law is necessary, which depends on professional nursing and nursing science-based indication and the intervention approach. The article develops an approach--based on a study about rehabilitation of people in need for care--and reflects on implementation and acceptance by people in the need of care.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Manufacturing, regulatory and commercial challenges of biopharmaceuticals production: a Finnish perspective.

Biopharmaceuticals product development is a broad and multidisciplinary field. Science and technology are combined with new manufacturing, regulatory and commercial challenges. However, although there is ample literature on the molecular biology and biochemistry of products, the implementation of processes from test tube to commercial scale has not received similar attention. Consequently, the present study aims to highlight, from practical point of view, some of the key issues involved with manufacturing technologies of biopharmaceuticals at a commercial scale. Regulatory requirements and investments are also addressed based on the practical experiences of start-up and small companies. Finland is used as a case-example of such companies as this is a EU-member state with strong technological growth and rapidly increasing number of biotech companies.

Biopharmaceutics↗

PubMed2006

Indigenous community-based fisheries in Australia.

The commercial sea cucumber species known as Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) occurs intertidally and subtidally in the Northern Territory of Australia, on or adjacent to Aboriginal land. A 4-yr program of community-based fisheries research with Aboriginal Australians was implemented to assess the viability of indigenous Australians' involvement in the wild-stock fishery. The research involved extensive and intensive indigenous participation, unusual in Australian biophysical sciences research, during field survey and habitat mapping, complemented by commercial catch data modelling and discussion of its implications. Field surveys produced Sandfish distribution and site-specific density, and revealed some areas that were not commercially fished. Catch data modelling results suggested that no additional effort could be sustained, however commercial fishers increased their effort, expanding their operations into the newly mapped areas. These actions effectively precluded indigenous peoples' aspirations of entry into the commercial fishery. The efficacy and outcomes of participatory program design with indigenous Australians need critique in the absence of the political will and statutory backing to provide equitable access to resources.

Australia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The role of computation in modeling evolution.

Artificial life uses computers and formal systems to model and explore the dynamics of evolution. A fundamental question for A-Life concerns the role of computation in these models, and how we are to interpret computer implementations that do not have actual contact with physical systems. In this paper I will discuss how models are seen to explain and predict in philosophy of science and how these ideas apply to A-Life. I will also explore how the notion of an epistemic cut, as defined by H. Pattee, can be realized in a computational model with an artificial physical world.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2006

Prioritizing patient safety interventions in small and rural hospitals.

BACKGROUND: A study was conducted in 2004 to determine if 26 interventions--distributed among nine patient safety areas and as recommended by an expert panel as relevant to rural hospitals--would be validated in terms of relevance and implementability for small and rural facilities. METHODS: The chief executive officers (CEOs) and/or key managers responsible for patient safety activities in a diverse group of 29 small and rural hospitals assessed the potential effectiveness and feasibility of the 26 interventions. Representatives of 25 hospitals participated in structured, follow-up phone discussions. RESULTS: Adverse drug events were the highest-priority area for 14 hospitals, followed by patient falls (selected by 5 hospitals). Some hospitals had already implemented intervention 1 (use at least two patient identifiers) and intervention 6 (read back of verbal orders) and thus ranked them highly, especially for implementability. Intervention 3 (24-hour pharmacist coverage) was ranked low, especially on implementability. Interventions involving health information technology were ranked lower by the hospitals than by the expert panel. DISCUSSION: Safety interventions should reflect the general state of the science of safe practices while incorporating relevant contextual issues unique to rural hospitals. The results have important implications for survey and accreditation activity, and the focus of technical assistance and research efforts.

Consensus↗

PubMed1993

Managing the integration of technologies. Development of the immunoassay.

Many factors, including cultural, economic, technical, and regulatory influences, affect how different technologies come together for today's medical diagnostic products. An analysis of the development of automated immunoassay systems reveals that companies used a variety of approaches to access needed technologies, that mature technologies play an important role in the development of new products, and that implementation seemed more important in these companies than strategy.

Diffusion of Innovation↗

PubMed2006

Comprehensive integration of nutrition into medical training.

Nutrition must be integrated into the medical school curriculum to train physicians who can effectively provide nutrition care for the prevention and management of chronic diseases. This article describes the comprehensive nutrition curriculum developed at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. Two fundamental principles have guided the school's approach to medical nutrition education: 1) nutrition content must be broad in nature and be vertically integrated across the preclinical and clinical years and continued through postgraduate training, and 2) active adult learning (eg, "learning by doing") should be practiced whenever possible. From our experience, we have identified several key elements important for the successful integration of nutrition into the curriculum. First, identifying a core group of committed faculty to advocate for nutrition and serve as role models and having a physician nutrition specialist at the helm provides constant momentum for the advancement of nutrition education. Second, establishing a network of linkages with other elements of the existing curriculum creates the opportunity to add nutrition content without necessarily adding time. The third key element is an emphasis on incorporating nutrition in clinical training. Students must be routinely exposed to physicians practicing nutrition for nutrition to become part of standard patient care. This can be accomplished through multiple exposures to nutrition throughout the curriculum (ie, vertical integration). Finally, a coordinator is needed to monitor the many "fronts" of the integrated nutrition curriculum and to continue networking and program implementation.

Colorado↗

PubMed2001

BioLayout--an automatic graph layout algorithm for similarity visualization.

UNLABELLED: Graph layout is extensively used in the field of mathematics and computer science, however these ideas and methods have not been extended in a general fashion to the construction of graphs for biological data. To this end, we have implemented a version of the Fruchterman Rheingold graph layout algorithm, extensively modified for the purpose of similarity analysis in biology. This algorithm rapidly and effectively generates clear two (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) graphs representing similarity relationships such as protein sequence similarity. The implementation of the algorithm is general and applicable to most types of similarity information for biological data. AVAILABILITY: BioLayout is available for most UNIX platforms at the following web-site: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/research/cgg/services/layout.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2002

Enhancing palliative care education in medical school curricula: implementation of the palliative education assessment tool.

The authors report the results of a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation-funded project that catalyzed New York State medical schools to develop and implement strategic plans for curricular change to enhance palliative care education. The project used the Palliative Education Assessment Tool for curricular mapping of palliative care education throughout each school's four-year curriculum and used site visits to facilitate strategic planning within each institution. Of the 14 New York State medical schools, 13 participated in the project. Ten provided strategic plans for change, with a total of 71 specific goals (median = 5 per school). Of these goals, 67 (94.4%) had been implemented or were in the active-planning process one year after the plans were created. Overall, palliative care content was enhanced in four curricular areas: basic science courses, ethics and humanities courses, clerkship rotations, and faculty development in palliative care. The process of self-assessment, curriculum mapping of a specific thematic area, and strategic planning for change appears to have successfully enhanced the palliative care content in the medical schools' curricula.

Curriculum↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Martha Rogers' model in associate degree education.

This article describes the first associate degree nursing program in the country to adopt Martha Rogers' science of unitary humans as the conceptual model for the program. The authors discuss the rationale for choosing the model, the curriculum design, the special challenges to implementation, and student and faculty reactions to the model.

Attitude↗

PubMed2006

Teaching medical education principles and methods to faculty using an active learning approach: the University of Michigan Medical Education Scholars Program.

The Medical Education Scholars Program (MESP) at the University of Michigan Medical School was established in 1998 to develop educational leadership, improve teaching skills, and promote educational scholarship among medical school faculty. The Department of Medical Education designed and implemented the program. Eighty-one scholars have completed the MESP, with 15 more currently enrolled. While most scholars have been clinical faculty, some have been basic science faculty or from other allied health fields. The selection process emphasizes potential for contributing to the educational mission of the medical school. Each cohort is limited to two participants per department. The curriculum of the MESP is designed to provide an overview of a wide range of topics in education. It is divided into five broad domains: principles and theories of education, teaching methods, educational research methods, assessment and evaluation, and educational leadership. During the sessions, active learning of content is expected and encouraged. For instance, scholars share responsibility with the session presenters for planning and evaluating individual program sessions. To graduate, scholars are expected to attend the sessions regularly, and to make a final presentation of their project, which demonstrates near-completion or substantial progress toward that goal. Over its eight years, the MESP has evolved in response to environmental changes and ongoing evaluation of the program. Overall, the Medical Education Scholars Program has proven effective in developing faculty skills and educational leadership locally at the University of Michigan Medical School and nationally.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Quantum-classical transition of photon-Carnot engine induced by quantum decoherence.

We study the physical implementation of the photon-Carnot engine (PCE) based on the cavity quantum electrodynamics system [M. O. Scully, M. Suhail Zubairy, G. S. Agarwal, and H. Walther, Science 299, 862 (2003)]. Here we analyze two decoherence mechanisms for the more practical systems of PCE, the dissipation of photon field, and the pure dephasing of the input atoms. As a result we find that (i) the PCE can work well to some extent even in the existence of the cavity loss (photon dissipation) and (ii) the short-time atomic dephasing, which can destroy the PCE, is a fatal problem to be overcome.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1986

A critical look at our adolescence: notes on turning 18 (and 75).

Within the contexts of both the American Association of Suicidology's (AAS's) history and the history of associating suicidologists, an integrative identity based on the tenets of science is urged for the AAS. Two propositions are made: first, that we must promote and adopt more discriminative, standardized terminology; second, that we must promote and implement standards of informational competency for professionals and paraprofessionals alike.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Advances in cancer epidemiology: understanding causal mechanisms and the evidence for implementing interventions.

In a worldwide population of 6 billion, in the year 2000, approximately 10 million cancers were diagnosed, and there were an estimated 6.2 million cancer deaths. Whereas the universality of cancer incidence and mortality is established, the burden of cancer by type or organ site is distributed unequally between developing and industrialized nations. Populations in developing countries are disproportionately affected by cancers in which infectious agents are causal. Our review of advances in cancer epidemiology underscores the complexity of pathogenic mechanisms mediated by chronic inflammation, obesity, and gene-environment interactions as in tobacco and alcohol carcinogenesis. Ultimately, the implementation of effective cancer control interventions that will serve to alleviate the cancer burden must integrate basic and applied research in the behavioral, social, biomedical, and population sciences.

Alcoholism↗