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PubMedDate not supplied

Fine needle aspiration cytology of cystic parathyroid lesions. A cytomorphologic overlap with cystic lesions of the thyroid.

Three cases of palpable cystic parathyroid nodules examined by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology are reported. Two of the three aspirates were incorrectly identified as thyroid neoplasms due to the presence of papillary clusters or microfollicles and grossly golden-brown cyst fluid. Histologic examination of these two nodules revealed partially cystic parathyroid adenomas. Aspirated material from the third patient yielded clear watery fluid, which was correctly identified as consistent with a parathyroid cyst. The diagnostic difficulties in the differentiation of parathyroid adenoma from thyroid carcinoma or adenoma are discussed, as is the utilization of assays for parathyroid hormone in making the FNA diagnosis of parathyroid lesions.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1989

Chromogranin A and B messenger ribonucleic acids in pituitary and other normal and neoplastic human endocrine tissues.

The distribution of the messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) for chromogranin A and B was analyzed by in situ hybridization in normal and neoplastic endocrine tissues using frozen and paraffin tissue sections. Combined in situ hybridization and immunochemical staining was also done on tissue sections from the same cases using a monoclonal antibody against chromogranin A (LK2H10). Most endocrine tumors expressed chromogranin A and B mRNAs as well as chromogranin A protein. Normal pituitary expressed chromogranin A and B mRNAs and chromogranin A protein in the anterior pituitary gland. Most of these cells were gonadotropic hormone-producing cells. Prolactinomas (5/5) did not express chromogranin A mRNA or protein, but contained chromogranin B mRNA. Null cell or nonfunctional adenomas (8/8) expressed chromogranin A and B mRNAs and reacted with antibody LK2H10. In some tumors such as Merkel cell carcinomas, insulinomas, and parathyroid adenomas, a stronger signal for chromogranin A mRNA was detected than for the immunoreactive proteins. These results indicate that in situ hybridization complements immunochemical techniques in the analysis of endocrine cells and neoplasms. The gene products for chromogranin A and B are widely distributed in many endocrine cells and tumors, but some neoplasms such as prolactinomas have a differential distribution of chromogranin A and B mRNA and proteins.

Blotting, Northern↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sipple's syndrome (author's transl)].

Presentation of a case of Sipple's syndrome with bilateral malignant pheochromocytoma, bilateral thyroid medullary carcinoma and two parathyroid adenomas. The principal characters of the syndrome, the diagnostic tests, the necessity of a prospective survey of family relatives are discussed.

Adenoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical and therapeutic features of MEN II].

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 is a genetically transmitted poliendocrinopathy, in which pheochromocytoma (PCC), medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and parathyroid disease may occur and coexist with different rates. Although the clinical behaviour of each component is well known and usually predictable, controversies still exist on the most appropriate therapeutical strategy when patients exhibit synchronous lesions; many elements may influence this choice: the evidence of bilateral (PCC) or multicentric (MTC) lesions, the evaluation of their malignancy, the adoption of therapies other than surgery (alpha receptor blockers in PCC). In this paper the Authors report their experience in diagnosing and treating MEN 2; it is based on 5 patients operated from 1972 to 1993 and on the screening of their relatives for thyroid and/or adrenal lesions. The individual manifestations of the disease, with regard to time and extent of organ involvement, are considerably variable; however, an aggressive approach of MTC, even in presence of a synchronous PCC, as well as a unilateral adrenalectomy (with a close follow up of the patient) when surgical exploration does not show an involvement of the remaining gland, is suggested.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

[Primary hyperparathyroidism. Concept, classification and symptomatology].

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a chronic, multi-system disease due to an overproduction of PTH from adenoma, hyperplasia or carcinoma of the parathyroid. Classical disease type classification consisted of bone type, kidney type and latent or chemical type. Though a longer course is usually associated with more severe involvement of especially the skeletal system and larger tumor size, the progression of the disease is not always uniform. Rapid tumor growth may be associated with shorter course and more extensive involvement. The role of PRAD1, a DNA sequence near the PTH gene on chromosome 11 possibly related to tumor growth, should further be investigated with reference to the disease types and courses of the disease.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

Latent hypoparathyroidism in patients with autotransplanted parathyroid glands.

Eighteen patients had undergone radical surgery for thyroid carcinoma. In all of them four parathyroid glands had been verified by frozen-section biopsy and removed. Thereafter two, three or four glands wereautotransplanted into muscle tissue. At least 1 year after the operation the patients underwent a calcium deprivation test. Before the test they all had normal serum calcium values without treatment. During the test seven patients remained normocalcemic, seven became hypocalcemic, and four had occasional low serum calcium values. After the test all were normocalcemic again. Patients with only autotransplanted parathyroid glands left after surgery should be tested for latent hypoparathyroidism.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Persistent and recurrent sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: histopathology, complications, and results of reoperation.

BACKGROUND: Our purpose was to analyze the causes of persistent and recurrent sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (PD and RD). METHODS: The histopathology, complications, and results of reoperation were studied. Five hundred sixty-eight patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were operated on initially by one surgeon and underwent follow-up examination for 3.7 +/- 3.8 years. During the operation, all parathyroids were sought and confirmed by biopsy. Enlarged glands were resected, and subtotal parathyroidectomy was done for multiglandular disease (hyperplasia). RESULTS: The cure rate after the initial surgical procedure was 96.4%, PD = 2.8% (16 of 568). At reoperation (10 of 16), nine of 10 were cured (90%) (two adenomas, six hyperplasias, one lung carcinoma). RD was documented (at years 4, 4, 10, 15, 16) in five (0.9%) patients, one with parathyroid carcinoma and four with hyperplasia. Thirty-five patients with PD and two patients with RD were referred for reoperation: 17 with adenomas (eight mediastinal) and 18 with hyperplasias (one mediastinal gland). Preoperative calcium level was higher for PD (12.57 mg/dl) and RD (13.89 mg/dl) versus all cases (12.19 mg/dl) (p < 0.03 and p < 0.0005, respectively). After reoperation, normocalcemia was achieved in 47 (92.%) of 51 patients with PD or RD. Transient hypocalcemia occurred in 22% of patients (permanent, 2.0%) and transient hoarseness in 2.0% of patients (no permanent nerve damage). Permanent hypocalcemia and nerve damage after 568 initial operations were 0% and 0%, respectively. Two perioperative deaths occurred. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that inadequate neck exploration or resection of hyperplastic tissue accounts for most cases of PD and RD. Optimal results necessitate intraoperative identification of all parathyroids whenever possible, with minimal morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Human renal carcinoma cells produce hypercalcemia in the nude mouse and a novel protein recognized by parathyroid hormone receptors.

When grown in nude mice, cultured renal carcinoma cells from a hypercalcemic patient produced marked hypercalcemia that was reversed by resection of tumor. Conditioned medium from this cell line contained a protein with activity in a renal adenylate cyclase bioassay for parathyroid hormone (PTH) which was blocked by the competitive PTH antagonist [8norleucyl, 18norleucyl, 34tyrosinyl]bPTH (3-34)amide. However, the biologically active protein was eluted from gel filtration columns as a larger molecular size component that PTH and was not recognized by any of four region-specific PTH antisera. The properties of this factor resemble those of the postulated PTH-like substance(s) in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

Endocrine tumors.

Because of the diverse nature of endocrine organs, and their vast range of physiologic functions, endocrine tumors encompass a wide range of origination sites and disease entities. The clinical picture of affected individuals is highly dependent on the tissue of origin, and the presence or absence of functional hormone secretions. Identification, localization, and therapeutic strategies, as well as prognosis can vary greatly. Many endocrine tumors have been described in human as well as veterinary patients. This article focuses on endocrine tumors of dogs and cats. Various tumors affecting the pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands are described, including insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, and thyroid carcinoma, as well as parathyroid hormone- and growth hormone-secreting tumors. The syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia is also described.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

Histopathology of the parathyroid glands.

The paper describes the histology of the normal parathyroid gland and the histopathology of parathyroid adenoma, hyperplasia and carcinoma. The possibilities and limitations of intraoperative frozen sections are discussed. Finally the use of immunochemistry and other special studies in parathyroid pathology is mentioned.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1994

Proliferative effect of parathyroid hormone-related protein on the hypercalcemic Walker 256 carcinoma cell line.

The rat Walker 256 carcinoma is an animal model for humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. This tumor produces and secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein (PTHrP), a likely mediator for this syndrome. In this study, we investigated the effect of PTHrP on Walker 256 tumor cell proliferation. We found that [Tyr36]human (h)PTHrP (1-36)NH2 and hPTHrP (1-86), unlike hPTHrP (38-64)NH2, stimulate DNA synthesis dose-dependently in these cells. A similar mitogenic effect was also observed with bovine (b)PTH (1-34) or (Nle8.18, Tyr34)bPTH (3-34)NH2. Moreover, addition of anti-hPTHrP (1-34) neutralizing antibodies decreased tumor cell growth. Conversely, 10(-4)M dibutyryl cAMP or Sp-cDBIMPS (a cAMP analogue) inhibited DNA synthesis in these cells, being incompetent at lower doses. PTHrP or PTH failed to stimulate cAMP production, but they induced a cytosolic calcium transient increase in these cells. These findings support an autocrine role of PTHrP in the regulation of this tumor growth.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗
PubMed1976

Multiple endocrine adenomatosis of mixed type.

A case of multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA) of mixed type is presented. The syndrome, observed in a 65 year-old female, consisted of multiple neurofibroadenomatosis, medullary thyroid carcinoma, multiple adenomata of the parathyroids, adrenal cortical adenoma and small cell anaplastic bronchogenic carcinoma. Thus, it was composed of type 1 as well as of type 2 MEA. On the basis of another seven cases, collected from the literature, the MEA syndrome of mixed type is reviewed with special reference to the phylogenetic origin of the cells of the APUD system.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1986

Histiocytic appearance of metastatic lobular breast carcinoma.

Autopsy findings in a case of widely disseminated lobular breast carcinoma showed an unusual histiocytoid appearance in metastases to the uterus and parathyroid gland. This morphology for breast carcinoma has been previously reported in eyelid metastases. Recognition of this pattern in other metastatic sites has important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Problems might have arisen if the polypoid uterine mass had been the presenting lesion during life. We also review the occurrence of metastatic breast carcinoma in the uterus and parathyroid gland.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis associated with hypercalcemia and the presence of parathyroid hormone-like substances in the tumor.

A case of hypercalcemia associated with documented squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis without bone metastasis is reported. High levels of cross-reacting parathyroid hormone-like material in serum and its presence in tumoral tissue were detected. To our knowledge this is the fourth case described in the literature and the first in which tumoral production of parathyroid hormone-like material is demonstrated.

Calcium↗