SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “sensory function”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources

PubMed2022

Improving risk indexes for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias for use in midlife.

Knowledge of a person's risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) is required to triage candidates for preventive interventions, surveillance, and treatment trials. ADRD risk indexes exist for this purpose, but each includes only a subset of known risk factors. Information missing from published indexes could improve risk prediction. In the Dunedin Study of a population-representative New Zealand-based birth cohort followed to midlife (N = 938, 49.5% female), we compared associations of four leading risk indexes with midlife antecedents of ADRD against a novel benchmark index comprised of nearly all known ADRD risk factors, the Dunedin ADRD Risk Benchmark (DunedinARB). Existing indexes included the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia index (CAIDE), LIfestyle for BRAin health index (LIBRA), Australian National University Alzheimer's Disease Risk Index (ANU-ADRI), and risks selected by the Lancet Commission on Dementia. The Dunedin benchmark was comprised of 48 separate indicators of risk organized into 10 conceptually distinct risk domains. Midlife antecedents of ADRD treated as outcome measures included age-45 measures of brain structural integrity [magnetic resonance imaging-assessed: (i) machine-learning-algorithm-estimated brain age, (ii) log-transformed volume of white matter hyperintensities, and (iii) mean grey matter volume of the hippocampus] and measures of brain functional integrity [(i) objective cognitive function assessed via the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV, (ii) subjective problems in everyday cognitive function, and (iii) objective cognitive decline measured as residualized change in cognitive scores from childhood to midlife on matched Weschler Intelligence scales]. All indexes were quantitatively distributed and proved informative about midlife antecedents of ADRD, including algorithm-estimated brain age (β's from 0.16 to 0.22), white matter hyperintensities volume (β's from 0.16 to 0.19), hippocampal volume (β's from -0.08 to -0.11), tested cognitive deficits (β's from -0.36 to -0.49), everyday cognitive problems (β's from 0.14 to 0.38), and longitudinal cognitive decline (β's from -0.18 to -0.26). Existing indexes compared favourably to the comprehensive benchmark in their association with the brain structural integrity measures but were outperformed in their association with the functional integrity measures, particularly subjective cognitive problems and tested cognitive decline. Results indicated that existing indexes could be improved with targeted additions, particularly of measures assessing socioeconomic status, physical and sensory function, epigenetic aging, and subjective overall health. Existing premorbid ADRD risk indexes perform well in identifying linear gradients of risk among members of the general population at midlife, even when they include only a small subset of potential risk factors. They could be improved, however, with targeted additions to more holistically capture the different facets of risk for this multiply determined, age-related disease.

Alzheimer’s disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Functional neuroimaging applied to the study of neuropsychological rehabilitation].

OBJECTIVE: We review the main aspects of functional recovery after brain injury as well as neuroimaging characteristics that make it relevant and useful to assess these changes. We also review some issues regarding recovery of motor and sensory functions, language and visuo spatial processes, and we discuss the methods used in this field, the difficulties found, and future implications. DEVELOPMENT: One of the main aspects in the study of the brain is the capacity to reorganize different functions in order to compensate for the deficits after a lesion in the central nervous system. The study of these adaptive processes is important in a clinical field as well as for basic research, as it is a clear example of brain plasticity. All the findings show how the study of the plastic phenomena or functional reorganization will allow us to better know how the brain works after a lesion. CONCLUSION: The use and combination of the new functional neuroimaging techniques gives the opportunity to register the reorganization of the brain with a high temporal and spatial resolution. It will give also an objective measure to assess the effectiveness of the rehabilitation programs. It will allow to identify different variables related to rehabilitation outcome and will guide effectively the selection of different rehabilitation approaches.

Brain Injuries↗

PubMed2002

Effects of age, amount of advancement, and genioplasty on neurosensory disturbance after a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy.

PURPOSE: There are numerous risks for developing neurosensory deficits after a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of genioplasty, length of advancement, and age and their interactions in a group of patients undergoing BSSO advancement and followed up for 2 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were examined at multiple time intervals during the 2 years. Measuring in the mental nerve distribution assessed damage. 127 subjects were divided into the following 3 age groups: younger than 24 years, 24 to 35 years, and older than 35 years old. They also were divided into small (< or =7 mm) and large (>7 mm) advancements and genioplasty and no genioplasty. Change in tactile sensitivity from presurgical to the subsequent time periods is reported as a function of these variable and interactions among the variables. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Friedman test, all at an alpha level of 0.05. RESULTS: Older subjects had greater sensory losses than younger subjects. Patients with a genioplasty had a greater loss of sensation initially. For all subjects, the sensory function of those receiving large and small advancements was not significantly different. Among subjects receiving small advancements there was no significant difference among the 3 age groups. However, among patients receiving advancements greater than 7 mm, older patients did worse. Among patients not receiving genioplasty, there was no significant difference among the 3 age groups. In contrast, older subjects with a genioplasty had significantly greater sensory deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Age at the time of surgery and addition of a genioplasty increases the risk of a neurosensory injury. Large advancements further increase the risk of injury in older patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Facial sensibility testing in the normal and posttraumatic population.

A reliable, reproducible, simple examination of facial sensibility is described. Evaluation of 60 healthy subjects established normal values, trends, and variations of facial sensibility. Comparison of these normal values with 20 posttraumatic patients revealed that postfacial fracture sensibility testing was abnormal. Abnormalities in pressure threshold testing was most consistently associated with functional sensory complaints. Twelve of the 20 patients had significant sensory complaints at one year following the trauma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Radiologic features compared to clinical findings in a prospective study of 153 patients with metastatic spinal cord compression treated by radiotherapy.

Plain radiography, myelography and post-myelographic CT-scan are described and related to clinical findings in a prospective study of 153 consecutive patients with myelographic signs of spinal cord compression. The majority of the metastatic tumours arise in the vertebral body or the pedicles. In 80% of the patients with total blockage to the contrast medium on myelography the post-myelographic-CT showed passage of the contrast medium. Ambulatory function at time of diagnosis was correlated to the degree and the localization of the epidural block. In 64 patients who underwent a second myelography, the post-treatment findings of sensory function were correlated to radiological regression.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Neuropeptides in physiologically identified mammalian sensory neurones.

In cats, intracellular dye injection of single sensory neurones of known fibre type and sensory modality has been combined with peptide immunohistochemistry. There was no clear relationship between the sensory function of a neurone and the presence of the neuropeptides substance P, somatostatin, cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, in its cytoplasm. In particular, substance P was not detected in many nociceptive sensory neurons even though it could be demonstrated with the same technique in many sensory neurones which did not have cutaneous receptive fields. These results mean that the role, if any, of these neuropeptides in the transmission of pain, must be regarded as complex.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Assessment of regional analgesia in clinical practice and research.

Assessment of pain and sensory function during regional analgesia contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the action of drugs and techniques, and provides information on the effectiveness of regional analgesia in daily practice. Sensory tests only partially mimic clinical pain, mainly because they are artificial and reproduce only a part of the complex experience of pain. Therefore information gained by sensory tests should not be uncritically generalized to clinical pain conditions. Studies using experimental pain models are not in competition with studies performed under clinical conditions, but complement them. In order to mirror clinical pain, experimental models ideally stimulate muscles and viscera, induce peripheral and central sensitization, and evoke temporal and spatial summation. These methods are available, but are underused. Test modalities used in clinical practice have limited validity. In recent years almost no research has been performed to develop better test modalities that are suitable for daily practice.

Analgesia↗

PubMed1998

Regeneration of axons from central neurons into microchips at the level of the spinal cord.

Axons from central neurons can regenerate into the tissue matrix formed within a silicone tube capped with two pieces of peripheral nerve, one of which had been sutured to a lesion in the spinal cord. Such axons can grow through a transversely positioned microchip in the tube. These observations suggest that it is feasible to establish functional contact between external electronic equipment and regenerating central nervous axons making it possible to monitor and control their electrical activity. The findings open new perspectives for restoration of motor and sensory functions following spinal cord lesions.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Why are elderly individuals at risk of nutritional deficiency?

The older population is the single largest demographic group at disproportionate risk of inadequate diet and malnutrition. Ageing is associated with a decline in a number of physiological functions that can impact nutritional status, including reduced lean body mass and a resultant decrease in basal metabolic rate, decreased gastric secretion of digestive juices and changes in the oral cavity, sensory function deficits, changes in fluid and electrolyte regulation and chronic illness. Medication, hospitalization and other social determinants also can contribute to nutritional inadequacy. The nutritional status of older people is an important determinant of quality of life, morbidity and mortality. This review critically examines the factors that contribute to the development of poor nutritional status in older people and considers the consequences of malnutrition.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

[Is the immune system our sixth sense? Relation between the immune and neuroendocrine systems].

There is an overwhelming evidence that cytokines, peptide hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as their receptors, are present in the brain, endocrine and immune systems. The structure and pattern of synthesis of these peptides by leukocytes appear similar to those synthesized in the neuroendocrine system, although some differences exist. Once secreted, these peptide hormones may function as endogenous regulators inside of the each system and also in bidirectional communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Such communication suggest an immunoregulatory role for the brain and a sensory function for the immune system which may sense stimuli that are not recognized by the central and peripheral nervous systems (noncognitive stimuli). The plasma hormone concentrations contributed by lymphocytes usually do not reach the levels required when the pituitary gland is the source, but because immune cells are mobile, they have the potential to deposit the hormone locally at the target site. Several immunoregulatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-gama and TNF are produced not only in the immune system but in the neuroendocrine system as well. They have profound effects on neuroendocrine functions especially on hypothalamic pituitary axes. Neuroendocrine influences that modulate the immune function mainly include mental and physical stress. It can reduce the resistance of organism to infectious diseases and malignancies by compromising the immune system directly or indirectly. The brain is not an immunologically privileged site and therefore may become the target of immunologic attacks resulting in neuroimmunological diseases with an autoimmune component. The impact of psychological and psychosocial factors on the immune system is studied by psychoneuroimmunology whereas neuroendocrine immunology is generally interested in the interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems under physiological and pathological conditions. The recognition of the identity of ligands and receptors in the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems suggest a radically altered view of the immune systems impact on other tissues and organ systems, and vice versa. This will undoubtedly change our understanding of physiology, and consequently should profoundly impact the practice of medicine. (Tab. 5, Fig. 4, Ref. 85.)

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Response properties of hypogastric afferent fibers supplying the uterus in the cat.

The present study was undertaken to examine the sensory function of uterine afferent fibers in cats at unknown stages of the estrous cycle. Single unit activity was recorded from strands of the hypogastric nerve of the anesthetized cat. Once a unit was found, the conduction velocity was determined and the mechanical receptive field localized on the uterus. The response properties of the unit to mechanical stimuli applied to the receptive field and to chemical stimuli applied by intra-arterial injection of algesic chemicals (bradykinin, KCl and capsaicin) into the uterine artery were studied. Single unit activity from a total of 52 units was examined in this study. Based on the conduction velocities, about 2/3 of these fibers were found to be unmyelinated C fibers and the remaining 1/3 were thinly myelinated A delta fibers. The receptive fields of most of these fibers were located at different parts of the uterine horn and body while a few were at the uterine cervix. Mechanical thresholds, as determined by von Frey filaments applied to the external surface of the uterus, varied more than 150-fold among mechanically sensitive units, ranging from extremely low to high thresholds. In addition, most of these afferents were activated by intra-arterially injected algesic chemicals, often by more than one chemical. The data in the present study suggest that a large portion of the cat uterus is innervated by the hypogastric nerve and that these afferents originate from sensory receptors that have potentially a wide range of functions. Their potential functions as low threshold mechanoreceptors and nociceptors are discussed.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1996

Exercise-induced changes in local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat.

In exercise, little is known about local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU), which is an index of functional neurogenic activity. We measured LCGU in resting and running (approximately 85% of maximum O2 uptake) rats (n = 7 in both groups) previously equipped with a tail artery catheter. LCGU was measured quantitatively from 2-deoxy-D-[1-14C]glucose autoradiographs. During exercise, total cerebral glucose utilization (TCGU) increased by 38% (p < 0.005). LCGU increased (p < 0.05) in areas involved in motor function (motor cortex 39%, cerebellum approximately 110%, basal ganglia approximately 30%, substantia nigra approximately 37%, and in the following nuclei: subthalamic 47%, posterior hypothalamic 74%, red 61%, ambiguous 43%, pontine 61%), areas involved in sensory function (somatosensory 27%, auditory 32%, and visual cortex 42%, thalamus approximately 75%, and in the following nuclei: Darkschewitsch 22%, cochlear 51%, vestibular 30%, superior olive 23%, cuneate 115%), areas involved in autonomic function (dorsal raphe nucleus 30%, and areas in the hypothalamus approximately 35%, amygdala approximately 35%, and hippocampus 29%), and in white matter of the corpus callosum (36%) and cerebellum (52%). LCGU did not change with exercise in prefrontal and frontal cortex, cingulum, inferior olive, nucleus of solitary tract and median raphe, lateral septal and interpenduncular nuclei, or in areas of the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Glucose utilization did not decrease during exercise in any of the studied cerebral regions. In summary, heavy dynamic exercise increases TCGU and evokes marked differential changes in LCGU. The findings provide clues to the cerebral areas that participate in the large motor, sensory, and autonomic adaptation occurring in exercise.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Soft tissue reconstruction of the forehead and temple.

Soft tissue reconstruction of the forehead and temple challenges facial plastic surgeons to balance esthetic goals with functional concerns. Understanding the muscular and neurovascular anatomy is essential to achieve these ends. Reconstructive considerations include maintaining hairlines and eyebrows, minimizing scarring, using relaxed skin tension lines, and preserving motor and sensory function. Reconstructive options range from healing by secondary intention to primary closure, skin grafts, local flaps, island flaps, or any combination of these techniques.

Facial Injuries↗

PubMed2004

Gastric motility disorders: management that optimizes nutritional status.

Gastric motility disorders are relatively common, and treatment is often challenging. Various etiologies account for numerous clinical sequelae, with weight loss and severe protein-calorie malnutrition often seen in advanced stages of these disorders. In addition to gastrointestinal motor function, an appreciation of visceral sensation is essential to better understand the symptoms found in these patients, as well as possible therapeutic alternatives. This article provides an overview of gut motor and sensory function, techniques available for diagnosing motor disorders, and the principles of nutritional and medical management. Specific nutritional recommendations and a review of pharmacologic agents and novel treatment modalities are provided.

Antiemetics↗

PubMed1999

Neural and vascular anatomy of the menisci of the human knee.

STUDY DESIGN: Review of literature. OBJECTIVES: To review the general anatomy, vascular anatomy, healing potential, neural anatomy, and sensory functions of the menisci of the human knee. BACKGROUND: Recent research has revealed important roles and functions of the menisci of the human knee. METHODS AND MEASURES: A Medline search was performed using the following title and key words: menisci, meniscus, meniscal, vascular, blood, neural, nerve, anatomy, healing, sensory, mechanoreceptors, proprioception, nociceptors, surgery, meniscectomy, repair, and rehabilitation. The references from each article obtained were then reviewed in order to find additional articles not already located through the Medline search. RESULTS: In adults, the blood supply to the menisci of the knee reaches the outer 10% to 33% of the body of the menisci. This portion of the menisci is capable of inflammation, repair, and remodeling. Neural innervation with nociceptors and type I, II, and III mechanoreceptors reaches the outer 66% of the body of the menisci. The anterior and posterior horns of the menisci have a rich supply of both blood vessels and nerves. CONCLUSIONS: The menisci of the human knee are an important source of proprioceptive information regarding the position, direction, velocity, and acceleration and deceleration of the knee. Rehabilitation following injury or surgery to the menisci of the knee should, therefore, incorporate a proprioceptive retraining program that respects both the abilities and inabilities of different portions of the menisci to follow through with repair and remodeling.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

A new scale for the clinical assessment of spinal cord function.

The systems currently used for grading the severity of neurologic injuries have serious limitations. The authors have developed a neurologic grading system to assess spinal cord function. This is a new, functionally oriented scale which can be used at the bedside and requires no special tests other than those done in a routine clinical neurological examination. This scale includes assessment of motor and sensory function, rectal tone, and bladder control. A major advantage of this scale is that motor function is assessed on a functional rating system. To evaluate the usefulness of this scheme, patients who have been previously entered into a prospective study on the surgical treatment of burst fractures were re-evaluated. A significant number of patients under our new reclassification system were noted to have had significant improvement which had been overlooked using the Frankel Grade system. The authors conclude that their new spinal cord assessment technique has many advantages and suggest that it be used by spinal cord injury centers.

Anal Canal↗

PubMed1991

Peripheral nerve function in persons with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic HIV disease: absence of zidovudine neurotoxicity.

Nucleoside-induced neuropathy characteristically appears as a painful, symmetric, distal polyneuropathy. To evaluate the neurotoxic potential of zidovudine (ZDV, or azidothymidine), in persons with little confounding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) neuropathy, we evaluated peripheral nerve function in persons completing placebo-controlled studies of ZDV in early HIV disease. Participants had been receiving placebo or ZDV at doses of 800-1,200 mg daily for a median 52 weeks at the time of evaluation. Neuropathic symptoms and abnormalities of motor and sensory function were present in fewer than 10% of both treatment groups. Depressed reflexes were found in 19% of the ZDV group and 18% of the placebo group. Quantitative sensory testing for vibration was abnormal in fewer than 10% of participants and the absolute scores favored the ZDV group. We thus found a low prevalence of peripheral nerve abnormalities and no evidence of ZDV neurotoxicity in this population.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1998

Neuropeptide FF in the lateral spinal and lateral cervical nuclei: evidence of contacts on spinothalamic neurons.

Neuropeptide FF (NPFF, F8Famide) is best known for its modulating effect on opioid analgesia and morphine tolerance. However, the exact mode of action of NPFF in sensory transmission is not known. We compared the distribution of NPFF-immunoreactive (ir) fibers and terminal-like thickenings with the retrograde, tracer-filled spinothalamic (ST) neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) and lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) of rat, areas where NPFF-containing nerve terminals are abundant. We injected fluorescent latex microspheres into the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus and more medial thalamic nuclei, which are innervated by ST neurons. We found NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings and fibers apposing the tracer-filled neurons in the LSN and LCN. ST neurons filled with the retrograde tracer making contacts with NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings, were found to terminate not only in the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus but also in more medial thalamic nuclei. The highest number of tracer-filled ST neurons having NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings and fibers in apposition were found at the cervical level. Our results suggest that NPFF-containing systems in the spinal cord of rat are not limited to the substantia gelatinosa, and the sensory functions of NPFF may be mediated at least partly through the modulation of the ST system. NPFF-ir contacts in the LSN and LCN might play an important role in the somatic sensory transmission system. This study shows evidence for the first time that the spinal NPFF-containing system may be involved in mechanisms that control sensory input to the supraspinal levels.

Animals↗