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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

Twelve-month abstinence from alcohol and long-term drinking and marital outcomes in men with severe alcohol problems.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical and research data suggest that drinking behavior during the first year following treatment for alcohol problems may predict longer term drinking and functioning in other areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between abstinence from alcohol during the first year following group behavioral marital therapy (BMT) for alcohol problems and drinking and marital functioning through 30 months post-group BMT. METHOD: The subjects were 73 white male veterans with severe alcohol problems who participated in a clinical trial of group BMT and individual BMT aftercare. All subjects who entered the clinical trial were classified as either abstinent from alcohol for the full first 12 months following completion of group BMT, or not. Following completion of group BMT, subjects were reevaluated on drinking, marital functioning and related behaviors at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months later. RESULTS: Outcome analyses, taking into account baseline differences between drinker groups on age, marital functioning and number of days light drinking, showed better alcohol use (18, 24 and 30 months) and marital functioning (6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months) for the first-year abstainers. Furthermore, fewer first-year abstainers than drinkers reported they were hospitalized for alcohol-related reasons at the 18-, 24- and 30-month follow-ups, and the abstainers showed a greater degree of self-efficacy not to drink heavily at each of the 6-, 18- and 30-month follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS: The data are consistent with the literature in showing the prognostic value of first-year post-alcohol treatment abstinence for drinking and functioning in other life areas in the longer term. The findings suggest that at least shorter term abstinence should be considered as an outcome goal for individuals who present to alcohol treatment settings.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Initiation of ethanol self-administration in the rat using sucrose substitution in a sipper-tube procedure.

RATIONALE: The concepts of appetitive and consummatory behaviors provide a framework for examining ethanol-drinking behavior. However, traditional studies of ethanol self-administration using dipper procedures make separating the appetitive from the consummatory components difficult. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the ability to initiate ethanol self-administration using a new sipper-tube self-administration procedure with the older established sucrose-substitution initiation model that employed dipper presented reinforcement. The new model was developed to allow for an assessment of the appetitive and consummatory components in ethanol self-administration. METHODS: For the sipper-tube procedure, the rats were initiated to self-administer ethanol using a sucrose-substitution procedure that provided limited access to a sipper tube containing ethanol. This procedure required the completion of a fixed ratio requirement (FR4) in order to gain access to a sipper tube for 20 min. Initially, a 20% sucrose solution with no ethanol was provided in the sipper tube. Over sessions, the concentration of sucrose was reduced and the ethanol concentration increased, until 10% ethanol in water was the solution presented. A second group of animals was initiated to self-administer ethanol using the dipper-presentation procedure employed in our laboratory for many years. This group was used for comparison of the effectiveness of initiation in the sipper-tube procedure. RESULTS: Following initiation, the sipper-tube rats self-administered 10% ethanol in water with intakes averaging 0.75 g/kg during the 20-min drinking period. Increasing the ethanol concentrations as high as 20%, increased intakes as high as 1.5 g/kg. The ethanol intakes observed were similar to those obtained with the dipper initiation procedure but occurred in one-third of the time. CONCLUSIONS: The sipper-tube procedure employed here results in similar ethanol self-administration behavior as has been found with a dipper presentation procedure. More importantly, however, it allows for a separation of the appetitive and consummatory components of ethanol self-administration. This separation may prove useful for examining the strength of ethanol-seeking behaviors without the confound of increasing levels of ethanol interacting with the appetitive seeking behaviors.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1997

Peer and parental influences on male adolescent drinking.

Using data from males aged 16-19 in Buffalo, NY, the present study examines two social mechanisms by which parents and peers influence adolescent drinking--behavioral and attitudinal transmission--and compares the patterns of behavioral and attitudinal transmission for parents and for peers. The study also assesses the relative importance of parents and peers in accounting for adolescent alcohol behavior. The findings indicate that both alcohol behavior and attitudes of parents and peers are significant predictors of adolescent drinking. However, the prediction patterns are reversed. Parental attitudes are more important than parental alcohol behavior, while peer alcohol behavior is more important than peer attitudes. Overall, peers have more influence on adolescent drinking than parents. There is a significant interaction of parental alcohol-related attitudes and age, which indicates that parental alcohol-related attitudes exert a greater effect on younger (i.e., age 16-17) males' alcohol use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Dimensions of adolescent problem drinking.

Issues involved in defining and measuring adolescent problem drinking have occupied the attention of alcohol researchers since the mid-1970s. However, appropriate definitions and measures of problem drinking remain important and unanswered conceptual and research questions. The research reported in this study was designed to address these issues by identifying multiple dimensions of adolescent problem drinking and examining correlates of these dimensions using multivariate regression models. A longitudinal sample of 2,771 students who had tried alcohol was used in these analyses. The sample was followed over three waves of data collection, between 1985 and 1990, in middle and high schools located in a southeastern U.S. county. Data from the third wave were used to characterize problem-drinking behavior. Results of exploratory factor analyses supported the conclusion made by others that adolescent problem drinking is a multidimensional phenomenon. Three dimensions measuring (1) level or frequency of alcohol use, (2) problems related to drinking and (3) symptoms of dependency were identified and were only moderately intercorrelated. The independent measures used to model the three problem-drinking measures were the same for each model, and the significant predictors and proportions of variance explained by the predictors differed widely across models. Results of the regression models confirmed the uniqueness of the three measures and suggested that the potency of specific risk factors varies for different types of problem drinking. Prevention implications and recommendations for this area of research are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor.

The apelin peptide was recently discovered and demonstrated to be the endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor, APJ. A search of the GenBank databases retrieved a rat expressed sequence tag partially encoding the preproapelin sequence. The GenBank search also revealed a human sequence on chromosome Xq25-26.1, containing the gene encoding preproapelin. We have used the rat sequence to screen a rat brain cDNA library to obtain a cDNA encoding the full-length open reading frame of rat preproapelin. This cDNA encoded a protein of 77 amino acids, sharing an identity of 82% with human preproapelin. Northern and in situ hybridization analyses revealed both human and rat apelin and APJ to be expressed in the brain and periphery. Both sequence and mRNA expression distribution analyses revealed similarities between apelin and angiotensin II, suggesting they that share related physiological roles. A synthetic apelin peptide was injected intravenously into male Wistar rats, resulting in immediate lowering of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which persisted for several minutes. Intraperitoneal apelin injections induced an increase in drinking behavior within the first 30 min after injection, with a return to baseline within 1 h.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Disturbed vasopressin release in 4 dogs with so-called primary polydipsia.

Primary polydipsia is characterized by a marked increase in water intake and secondary polyuria, and in dogs often is described as a behavioral problem or a psychological disorder. We describe 4 dogs with primary polydipsia, diagnosed on the basis of a modified water deprivation test, in which further examination included serial measurements of urine osmolality (UOsm) and plasma vasopressin (VP) measurements during water deprivation and hypertonic saline infusion. The dogs, ranging in age from 4 months to 4 years, all were presented for evaluation of polyuria and polydipsia. Physical examination, routine blood chemistry, and urinalysis disclosed no specific cause for the polyuria and polydipsia. During serial measurements UOsm spontaneously reached high concentrations in 2 dogs, whereas in the other 2 dogs UOsm also fluctuated but on no occasion exceeded 1,000 mosm/kg. Primary polydipsia was diagnosed when UOsm exceeded 1,000 mosm/kg at the end of the modified water deprivation test and plasma osmolality did not exceed the upper limit of the reference range during testing. During water deprivation, plasma VP concentrations remained relatively low. The VP response to hypertonic saline infusion was abnormal, with an increased threshold value in 3 dogs, an increased sensitivity in 2 dogs, and an exaggerated response in 1 dog. It is concluded that some dogs fulfilling current criteria for primary polydipsia produce concentrated urine spontaneously throughout the day in a pattern similar to what has been observed in healthy pet dogs. This finding can be regarded as diagnostic and precludes the need for a water deprivation test. During water deprivation testing, all 4 dogs produced highly concentrated urine in the face of low basal plasma VP concentrations. The observed abnormal VP release in response to hypertonic stimulation may be interpreted as a primary disturbance in the regulation of VP secretion, although it might also be the result of overhydration caused by a primary abnormality in drinking behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

The rate and pattern of alcohol consumption among Chinese adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption and its relation to participation in other social activities and problem behaviors among adolescents residing in the People's Republic of China. METHODS: Data were collected from a sample of 1,040 students in 6th, 8th, and 10th grades from five public schools in Beijing, China by using a self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square statistics and two-way ANOVA were used to assess the gender and grade difference in lifetime alcohol use of various alcoholic beverages. The age-adjusted and grade-adjusted odds ratio was used to assess the association between alcohol use and selected social activities and problem behaviors. RESULTS: Approximately 70% of the study sample reported prior alcohol consumption. The rate of drinking among males was significantly higher than among females (78% vs. 61%, p < .00001), and the rates among both genders increased with advancing grade (54%, 72%, and 84%, respectively, p < .001). Beer was the most commonly consumed alcoholic beverage. The results also suggested a progression from beer to wine and/or liquor. Drinking behavior was positively associated with participation in unstructured social activities and other problem behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol use was prevalent among adolescents residing in China. The findings underscore the need for and importance of intervention efforts targeting alcohol consumption among early adolescents in China.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Differential effects of brain lesions on thirst induced by the administration of angiotensin-II to the preoptic region, subfornical organ and anterior third ventricle.

(1) The possibility that water intake elicited by the administration of angiotensin-II to the preoptic region (POA), subfornical organ and anterior third ventricle is mediated by separate neural systems was investigated in 58 male Wistar rats using electrolytic lesion techniques. (2) Lesions of the midlateral hypothalamus and paramedial rostral midbrain produced a significant reduction in water intake to angiotensin-II microinjected into the POA but did not affect drinking following administration of angiotensin-II to the subfornical organ or anterior third ventricle. (3) Ablation of the midlateral hypothalamus, paramedial rostral midbrain, habenular nucleus or interpeduncular nucleus had no significant effect on water intake elicited in response to microinjection of carbachol or hypertonic saline into the preoptic region, subfornical organ or anterior third ventricle. (4) In a second series of 12 animals lesions of the subfornical organ attenuated water intake in response to a peripheral injection of renin or isoproteronol without disrupting drinking to peripheral administration of hypertonic saline or polyethylene glycol or to 24 h water deprivation. (5) It is concluded that separate neural systems mediate water intake elicited by administration of angiotensin-II to the preoptic area, subfornical organ and anterior third ventricle. The possible physiological significance of independent and parallel peripheral and cerebral renin-angiotensin systems for the control of drinking behavior mediated by angiotensin-II is discussed. (6) The present results are in agreement with previous work which indicates that water intake induced by central administration of angiotensin-II, carbachol and hypertonic saline is subserved by different neural substrates.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed1986

Maternal suprachiasmatic nuclei are necessary for maternal coordination of the developing circadian system.

During late fetal and early neonatal life, the maternal circadian system coordinates the timing of a circadian clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) to the prevailing light-dark cycle. The role of the maternal SCN in the process of maternal coordination was investigated in rats. Complete lesions of the maternal SCN on day 7 of gestation disrupted rhythms of SCN glucose utilization in fetuses and pineal N-acetyltransferase activity in 10-d-old pups. This disruption was probably due to the desynchronization of individually oscillating fetal SCN, because individual pups born to and reared by SCN-lesioned dams under constant conditions exhibited normal circadian rhythms in drinking behavior. Cross-foster studies showed that the maternal circadian system can coordinate developing circadian rhythmicity during either the pre- or postnatal period. The results indicate that the maternal SCN are a necessary component of the mechanism of maternal coordination during both the pre- and postnatal periods.

Acetyltransferases↗

PubMed2006

Salt consumption increases blood pressure and abolishes the light/dark rhythm in angiotensin AT1a receptor deficient mice.

Experiments were performed to study the role of angiotensin (Ang) AT1a receptors in dietary sodium-induced changes in blood pressure (BP). We measured light/dark rhythms in BP, heart rate (HR) and drinking behavior in Ang AT1a deficient (AT1a -/-) and wild type (AT1a +/+) mice with arterial telemetric catheters. Mice were given ad libitum access to a high salt diet (8% NaCl, HSD for 8 days) and tap water. The major finding was that the Ang AT1a -/- mice showed enhanced sodium sensitivity. This was seen by a greater percentage increase in BP (+21% vs. +12%) and an earlier onset of BP change (increase on day 5 vs. day 8) in AT1a -/- vs. AT1a +/+. The normal light/dark BP rhythm was abolished in AT1a -/- after 5 days of HSD. HSD produced an increase in water intake (drinking activity and volume consumed) in both groups with no difference in the percentage increase or the light/dark drinking rhythm. HSD produced no changes in plasma osmolality, hematocrit or body weight in either group. Evidence shows that a deficiency of Ang AT1a receptors results in an enhancement in sodium sensitivity along with a disruption of the normal light/dark BP rhythm. The data combined with previous findings suggests that activation of other components of the renin angiotensin system and/or sympathetic pathways may be responsible for the cardiovascular changes in AT1a deficient mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Genetic differences in the establishment of ethanol as a reinforcer.

Ethanol, self-administered orally, has been shown to serve as an effective reinforcer in several species. Self-administration studies have also illustrated that ethanol-drinking behavior can be conceptualized as a specific type of operant behavior. The use of inbred and selectively bred animals in other areas of alcohol research has provided valuable information about the contribution of genetic factors to ethanol-related behaviors. Our research was designed to study genetic differences in oral self-administration in the ALKO AA (Alcohol Accepting) and ANA (Alcohol Non-Accepting) rat lines, selected for ethanol preference. Thus, we applied a behavior genetic analysis to aid in determining the contribution of genetic factors to behavior, specifically drug-seeking behavior. The results of our experiments indicate that genetic differences are important factors contributing to the establishment of a drug as a reinforcer. At least in the case of ethanol, the drug did not act as a reinforcer in non-preferring animals. Conversely, in preferring animals, ethanol was readily established as a reinforcer.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1982

Volumetric measure and lick count of liquid food intake of rats.

A simple and relatively inexpensive lick counter-volumeter is described which automatically records liquid intake and drinking behavior of rats. It counts lick contacts while accurately measuring the rate of volume intake in constant unit volumes. The unit volumes are adjustable over a wide range. For a unit volume on the order of 60 microliter, the precision was 1.2% over a range of withdrawal rates from 1 to 10 ml/min. The average lick volume of rats consuming a liquid food was systematically lower by 18% during the second meal following a 15 hr fast when compared to that of the first. This change in average lick volume appears to reflect a change in the rat's motivation to drink the liquid food.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effect of intravenous administration of apolipoprotein A-IV on patterns of feeding, drinking and ambulatory activity of rats.

To characterize the anorectic effect of apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV), we examined the effect of apo A-IV on the patterns of feeding, drinking and ambulation of rats fed ad libitum. A single dose of 200, 135 or 60 micrograms was infused intravenously through a chronically indwelling right atrial catheter just before the dark period. Apo A-IV suppressed food intake by decreasing meal size, but did not affect the interval between meals, the speed of eating, or the latency to eat the first meal after infusion. The anorectic effect of apo A-IV was dose-dependent and was effective for about 3 h after the infusion. The anorectic effect of apo A-IV is specific because inactivation of apo A-IV abolishes its anorectic effect. The anorectic effect of apo A-IV is not shared by apo A-I. Apo A-IV had no effect on drinking behavior or ambulatory activity. The results seem to indicate that apo A-IV specifically decreases the meal size, which supports our hypothesis that apo A-IV may act as a physiological signal for satiation after the ingestion of a lipid meal.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Prenatal alcohol exposure and depressive features in children.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and self-report of depressive symptoms in 5- to 6-year-old children. Higher levels of prenatal alcohol exposure were hypothesized to be associated with endorsement of a greater number of depressive symptoms in children. It was also hypothesized that maternal depression, although associated with drinking behavior, would contribute independently to outcome. Finally, the mother's behavior toward the child, as well as current drinking practices, were postulated to mediate the relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure and child depressive symptoms. METHODS: Participants were 41 mother-child dyads who had been followed longitudinally since the children were 1 year of age. Self-report questionnaires for maternal and child depression were used. RESULTS: Results revealed that prenatal alcohol exposure, maternal depression, and child gender seemed to be highly associated with child depressive symptoms. Girls who had higher levels of prenatal alcohol exposure and whose mothers acknowledged higher levels of depression endorsed the highest number of depressive symptoms. Neither the mother's behavior in interaction with the child nor her current level of alcohol consumption mediated the relationship. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of considering prenatal alcohol exposure as a risk variable in the prediction of childhood-onset depression and the possible neurological mechanisms underlying depression in children with alcohol exposure in utero are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and alcohol abuse.

Angiotensin converting enzyme plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure and inhibitors of the enzyme are effective antihypertensive agents. An association between hypertension and alcohol abuse has long been recognized and manipulations of the renin-angiotensin system in laboratory animals has been shown to alter their consumption of ethanol. Procedures that decrease the renin-angiotensin system increase ethanol consumption. Paradoxically, inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme also diminish drinking. Several possible explanations for this observation have been proposed. However, observations on the relationship between stress-induced drinking and the antidipsogenic action of a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone suggest another possibility: angiotensin converting enzyme may be involved in the metabolism of this peptide and thereby exert an influence on drinking behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1999

Correction of normative misperceptions: an alcohol abuse prevention program.

Normative misperception refers to the tendency of college students to misperceive campus drinking norms to be more liberal than they actually are. Initial investigations have demonstrated the effectiveness of normative education on reduction of alcohol use in primary and secondary education settings. This study examined the utility of a group program designed to challenge seventy-one male college students' misperceptions of college drinking norms. Participants were enrolled into either a normative education group or a control group representing traditional alcohol education efforts. Participants in the normative education groups demonstrated more accurate perceptions of campus drinking norms and a significant reduction in consequences of alcohol use while those in the control group did not. Changes in normative perceptions were among the strongest contributors to a function discriminating between those who decreased their drinking and those who did not. Results suggest that normative education may be an effective approach to modifying drinking behaviors.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Teenage drunkenness: warning signal, transient boisterousness, or symptom of social change?

It is important for anyone working with youngsters, including counselors, physicians, psychiatrists, social workers, school administrators, and parents to familiarize themselves with the prevalence and characteristics of youthful drunkenness. Several attitudes toward this widespread adolescent behaviour are now current--and often in conflict--in our society, including viewing teenage intoxication as a symptom of problem drinking, a warning signal of future alcoholism, a reflection of cultural norms and social changes, and an expression of youthful boisterousness. Tentative conclusions are reached regarding the validity and usefulness of each of these different perspectives of youthful drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Surrogate phenotype definition for alcohol use disorders: a genome-wide search for linkage and association.

For the identification of susceptibility loci in complex diseases the choice of the target phenotype is very important. We compared results of genome-wide searches for linkage or for association related to three phenotypes for alcohol use disorder. These are a behavioral score BQ, based on a 12-item questionnaire about drinking behavior and the subject's report of drinking-related health problems, and ERP pattern and ERP magnitude, both derived from the eyes closed resting ERP measures to quantify brain activity. Overall, we were able to identify 11 candidate regions for linkage. Only two regions were found to be related to both BQ and one of the ERP phenotypes. The genome-wide search for association using single-nucleotide polymorphisms did not yield interesting leads.

Alcohol-Related Disorders↗