Faculty and staff health promotion: results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2000.
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Adult↗
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Results for “Health Promotion”
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Visual literacy in images used for medical education and health promotion.
Visual literacy and semiotic principles are widely used in the production of commercial promotional material but virtually ignored in health promotion campaigns. This paper reports a study in which three health promotion campaigns were evaluated against a nine-point framework based on semiotic principles. Using focus group methods the campaigns were further analysed for success in achieving their objectives of gaining and retaining attention, as well as delivering the intended message. On the evidence obtained, the correlation of the framework principles and effectiveness of the campaigns suggest that semiotic principles justify a higher profile in the design of health promotion material. The same may equally apply to other forms of visual presentation in the medical environment.
Cognition↗
Comparison of the scope of allopathic and osteopathic medical school health promotion programs for students.
PURPOSE: To compare the number and scope of health promotion programs for students in allopathic and osteopathic medical schools in the U.S. and Canada. DESIGN: A one-time cross-sectional survey design was applied in this study. SETTING: This study was conducted in 141 accredited allopathic and 17 accredited osteopathic medical schools. SUBJECTS: A total of 158 representatives from the allopathic and osteopathic medical schools participated in this study. The response rate for the survey was 100%. MEASURES: A structured telephone interview was conducted to survey representatives from the medical schools. The survey contained 85 multiple-choice questions organized into four sections: administrative characteristics, types of institutional and health promotion program policies, participation incentives and facilities, and type/scope of health promotion program activities. Chi-square analysis was used to analyze survey variables by type of medical education and level of intervention. RESULTS: Of the 158 medical schools, only 20% (n = 32) provided a health promotion program for students. Although osteopathic institutions (29.4%) had a greater percentage of programs than allopathic schools (19.2%), there was no significant difference in scope of program offerings by type of medical education. Allopathic programs offered exercise and nutrition/weight management significantly more often and at a higher level of intervention. Lastly, allopathic programs had significantly more monetary resources available for programming. Following prudent research protocol, investigators should be mindful of the limitations of this study. In this study, some school representatives chose not to answer personnel- and finance-related questions. Additionally, because of the self-report nature of the survey, the responses given to the questions may not have been accurate. CONCLUSION: Allopathic and osteopathic medical school health promotion programs for students were very similar in scope.
Canada↗
Intrusion: the central problem for family health promotion among children and single mothers after leaving an abusive partner.
Like other single-parent families, those consisting of mothers and their children who leave abusive partners/fathers are broadly viewed a deficient, high-risk structures in which children are susceptible to multiple problems. The mechanisms of strength and vulnerability in these families are poorly understood, and, consequently, their health promotion processes remain virtually unexplored. In a feminist grounded theory study of health promotion processes of single-parent families after leaving abusive partners/fathers, the authors discovered intrusion to be the basic social problem as families strive to promote health in the aftermath of abuse. The authors discuss the complex nature of intrusion, demonstrating how health is socially determined, and the challenges of health promotion in terms of the issues and dilemmas faced by study families and consider implications for health promotion knowledge and practice.
Canada↗
System-wide adoption of health promotion practices by schools: evaluation of a telephone and mail-based dissemination strategy in Australia.
Schools can potentially benefit from system-wide approaches to the dissemination of health promotion practices. This intervention study undertaken in the Hunter Region of NSW, Australia, used a pre-post design to assess whether a phone and mail intervention dissemination strategy was associated with an increase in the proportion of 218 primary schools undertaking eight health promotion practices. Health promotion practices addressed the prevention of harm associated with five agreed health issues-smoking, nutrition, playground safety, asthma and infectious diseases. The study also assessed acceptability of the dissemination strategy to schools, cost and whether intervention schools' characteristics were associated with uptake of health promotion practices. Compared to baseline a significant improvement in prevalence was observed at both 1 and 2 year follow-up for seven of the eight health promotion practices addressed. The greatest improvement occurred in the first year of the project. There was a greater uptake of the practice of providing information regarding passive smoking in urban schools. The dissemination strategy was found to have a cost per adopted practice of 121 Australian dollars and to be acceptable to the large majority (>90%) of schools. The results suggest that the dissemination strategy may represent a relatively low cost method of enhancing health promotion practices in schools and of monitoring such practices. Further research addressing the methodological issues of this study is needed to confirm these findings.
Australia↗
[Characteristics of health status of children-orphans and the effectiveness of health promotion in a preventive sanatorium].
The data are provided on the health status of 850 children-orphans and effectiveness of their health promotion under conditions of sanatorium dispensary. The following results were obtained: the abnormalities in physical development were identified in 22 percent of children, high incidence of ENT diseases (18.8%), visual disturbance (18.8%), deviations in the somatic status (18.7%) and in neuropsychic development (12%). The children of the I group health constituted 7 percent. The experience is summarized of health promoting activities among children from 4 boarding schools. It is indicated that health promotion has a favourable effect on child neuropsychic status, with the rate of acute diseases per year being declined by 2.2 times and the incidence of chronic diseases aggravations--by 1.5. The high efficiency of health promotion under conditions of sanatorium-dispensary permits to recommend this method for wide introduction into the practical performance of curative and preventive institutions.
Adolescent↗
Effects of a corporate health promotion program.
The effects of a pilot health promotion program at AT&T Communications were evaluated. The study group was given an initial health risk appraisal and offered health education modules. A control group was given the health risk appraisal with no modules; a second control group was neither given the health risk appraisal nor offered modules. The health promotion program was found to lower health risks and improve health-related and job-related attitudes among the study group. Participants in specific intervention modules experienced gains in positive health behaviors.
Attitude to Health↗
Banning tobacco sponsorship: replacing tobacco with health messages and creating health-promoting environments.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the replacement of Western Australian tobacco sponsorship with health promotion sponsorship by the Western Australian Health Promotion Foundation (known as "Healthway"), following the Tobacco Control Act 1990. DESIGN: Process measures of performance were collected from 25 tobacco replacement projects (sponsorship by Healthway of sport, racing, and arts groups previously supported by tobacco companies) and 727 other health sponsorship projects, that is, new sponsorship provided by Healthway to these groups. Cross-sectional survey data were obtained from 917 respondents at tobacco replacement and 2352 at other sponsorship venues. SETTING: Sport, racing, and arts venues sponsored by the Western Australian Health Promotion Foundation (Healthway) in 1991-95. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Population reach, occasions of media publicity, healthy structural changes, cognitive/attitudinal impact of health messages, and the prevalence of five health-risk behaviours. RESULTS: Tobacco replacement and other sponsorship projects achieved comparable performance in publicity for health messages and in healthy structural change, but replacement projects achieved a fourfold higher level of direct population reach for a given amount of funding. Structural change towards a smoke-free environment occurred more often in tobacco replacement projects and a permanent smoke-free policy was achieved in 47% of projects, compared with 15% in other sponsorship projects. The prevalence ratio of current smoking at tobacco replacement venues was 1.86 (95% confidence interval 1.62 to 2.04) relative to other sponsorship venues. There was evidence of higher cognitive resistance to health messages at venues previously sponsored by tobacco companies. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive ban on tobacco sponsorship linked to health promotion activities funded by tobacco tax delivers potential public health benefits that exceed those achieved by prohibition of tobacco sponsorship alone. Tobacco replacement venues offer opportunities for environmental modification, promotion of anti-smoking messages, and targeting groups that are hard to reach.
Advertising↗
Acculturation and interrelationships between problem and health-promoting behaviors among Latino adolescents.
PURPOSE: To examine: (a) the effects of acculturation on a healthy lifestyle including problem behaviors (substance use and sex acts) and health-promoting behaviors (e.g., seat belt use, vitamin intake, hours of sleep per night) and (b) the interrelationships among problem and health-promoting behaviors among Latino adolescents. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with Latino adolescents (n = 609) with questions covering the following areas: acculturation, sociodemographics, problem behaviors, and health-promoting behaviors. The participants ranged in age from 11 to 19 (mean = 15) years. Bivariate correlations and factor analyses were used to examine the relationship between problem and health-promoting behaviors. A combination of one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs), Chi-square tests, and Student's t-tests were used to analyze the effects of acculturation on problem and health-promoting behaviors. RESULTS: Higher levels of acculturation were associated with an increased likelihood of exhibiting problem behaviors and a decreased likelihood of exhibiting certain health-promoting behaviors. Foreign-born Latinos were significantly less likely to engage in problem behaviors. Problem behaviors were likely to co-occur; however, the co-occurrence of health-promoting behaviors was not evident. The results also revealed the co-occurrence of problem behaviors with selected health-promoting behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Among Latino adolescents, there seems to be evidence that problem behaviors and certain health-promoting behaviors do co-occur. To the extent that "healthy lifestyles" are conceptualized as the presence of health-promoting behaviors and the absence of problem behaviors, less acculturated Latino adolescents seem to fare better than those that are more acculturated. Interventions to promote "healthy lifestyles" among Latino adolescents should be tailored to take into consideration the effect of acculturation.
Acculturation↗
Perceived health status and health-promoting behaviors of African-American and White informal caregivers of impaired elders.
Caregiving and its consequences are major concerns for nurses. Many studies have examined health-promoting behaviors in general (Duffy, 1993; Walker, Volkan, Sechrist, & Pender, 1988), but few studies have explored health-promoting behaviors of caregivers. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of age, gender, race, and length of caregiving on perceived health status and health-promoting behaviors of African-American and White informal caregivers of impaired elders. Data from a larger study was used to examine a conceptual model linking perceived health status and health-promoting behavior. A sample of 136 (n = 136) African-American and 257 (n = 257) White caregivers was recruited from northeastern Ohio through random digit dialing and interviewed face to face. English-speaking caregivers were selected for study who provided unpaid assistance or care for a minimum of five hours a week to an impaired person 60 years of age or older living in the community. The Health-Promoting Behavior Questionnaire, perceived health status, and a demographic profile were used to measure the study variables. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. Findings from this study suggest that the overall fit of the conceptual model was significant, and that moreover, the relationship found between perceived health status and health-promoting behaviors supported Pender's model of health promotion (Pender, 1987). The relationship between perceived health status and health-promoting behaviors has not been documented in prior studies of caregivers, or in studies comparing the two racial groups of African-Americans and Whites.
Adult↗
Health promotion in the Scottish workplace: a case for moving the goalposts.
The workplace provides an important opportunity for health promotion, both in terms of allowing access to a large proportion of the adult population and encouraging developments within the workplace structure to improve health. This paper reports on the findings of a survey of Scottish workplaces carried out in 1996 for the Health Education Board for Scotland to assess the state of health promotion activity in the Scottish workplace setting. The results echo those from previous surveys in that most health promotion effort was centred around health and safety, smoking, and alcohol issues, particularly for the smaller and less well-resourced businesses. Under one-fifth of businesses surveyed addressed areas such as stress and mental health, which are being seen as increasingly important in terms of their contribution to the well-being of the employee and the organization. The main implication of these findings is that it is smaller businesses who potentially have the most to gain from workplace health promotion. In this context, the construction of relevant and sustainable health promotion programmes requires an organizational development perspective in order to encourage such businesses to regard workplace health promotion as part of good business practice.
Adult↗
Correlates of the sustainability of community-based heart health promotion interventions.
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated factors related to the perceived sustainability of 189 heart health promotion interventions initiated by a public health department or research initiative and implemented in a variety of organizations across Canada. METHODS: Data were collected in a telephone survey of key informants from schools, restaurants, grocery stores, health care facilities, and sports facilities that had implemented a heart health promotion intervention (risk factor screening, courses for smoking cessation, healthy eating or physical activity, support groups to promote healthy lifestyles, environmental modification, dissemination of information) in the past 8 years. RESULTS: Overall, 43.6% of 189 interventions were perceived to be very permanent, 34.8% were somewhat permanent, and 21.5% were not permanent. Independent correlates of perceived sustainability included intervention used no paid staff (odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (95% Cl) = 3.7 (1.8, 7.5)), intervention was modified during implementation (OR (95% Cl) = 2.7 (1.4, 5.0)), there was a good fit between the local provider and the intervention (OR (95% Cl) = 2.4 (1.2, 5.0)), and there was the presence of a program champion (OR (95% Cl) = 2.3 (1.2, 4.4)). CONCLUSION: Consideration of these factors by health promotion program planners could increase the potential for sustainability of health promotion interventions implemented in the community.
Adult↗
Social capital and health promotion: a review.
Interest in social capital and health has emerged at an exciting time. In public health, there is a renewed interest in mechanisms that link social inequalities and health. In epidemiology, there has been a critical interrogation of methods and a call for a more explicit use of theory. In health promotion over the last 20-30 years, social health interventions have been somewhat marginalised in an era dominated by interest in traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. Now that social hypotheses are being reborn in health, there is a risk that the sophistication that has developed in social health promotion and the literatures that have informed it could be overlooked. In this paper, we present a brief history of social capital and how it has come into recent prominence through the debate linking income inequality and health. We present the background to this, the earlier literatures on social environmental influences on health and the possible processes thought to underlie this relationship. Social capital has relational, material and political aspects. We suggest that, although the relational properties of social capital are important (eg, trust, networks), the political aspects of social capital are perhaps under recognised. The paper also reviews how complex social processes at the community level have come to be operationalised by social theorists and intervention agents in other fields. We suggest that social capital research so far has inadequately captured the underlying constructs, in particular the qualitative difference between the macro/context level and the micro/individual level. While being cautious about the science, we conclude that social capital's power as rhetoric and as a metaphor may be of value. We conclude by suggesting that the coalescence of interests in context-level influences on health now invites a revitalisation of theories and interventions inspired by diverse fields, such as geography and ecological community psychology.
Canada↗
Health promotion or community development? Health communication or DevCom? Who's confused?
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Advertising↗
Marketing health promotion to corporations: overcoming the cost/benefit problem through a customer orientation.
Many corporations are reluctant to offer health promotion programs for their employees because there is no concrete evidence that the financial benefits will be greater than the capital outlays necessary for implementation and operation. This presents a major problem when marketing health promotion programs. The problems with cost/benefit analysis in the health promotion field are first identified. Then, the weaknesses in the health promotion research are outlined. Finally, marketing philosophy and strategies which avert these problems are presented. Health promotion programs offered at the worksite are increasing in number (Forouzesh and Ratzker, 1985). Much of this growth is a response on the part of corporations to the causes of death in the United States and the increases in health care costs. In 1987 diseases of the heart and blood vessels were the leading cause of death in the U.S. with an estimated 976,706 deaths (American Heart Association, 1989). This figure is more than twice the second leading cause of death, cancer. It was also determined that more than one-fourth of the American population suffered from some form of cardiovascular disease. However, death is not the only expense to society. It was estimated that cardiovascular disease cost $94.5 billion in 1990 (American Heart Association, 1989). U.S. corporations directly or indirectly were responsible for paying much of this cost. Therefore, corporations are searching for solutions to these problems. Health promotion programs offered at the worksite are one potential approach to decrease health care costs and deaths due to cardiovascular disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cost Savings↗
Helminth control as an entry point for health-promoting schools in KwaZulu-Natal.
OBJECTIVES: To use a health promotion model to investigate the risk factors (predisposing, enabling and reinforcing) for geohelminth and schistosomiasis infections, in order to develop and implement effective intervention strategies. DESIGN: Phase 1: Qualitative study using focus group discussions (FGDs) with parents, pupils and teachers; and interviews with health workers. Phase 2: Quantitative study using a semi-structured questionnaire to investigate whether the determinants identified in phase 1 were generalisable. SETTING: Rural primary schools in Vulamehlo magisterial district, southern KwaZulu-Natal. STUDY POPULATION: Qualitative study: 9 schools with 179 pupils, 93 parents and 82 teachers; and local clinics (4 fixed, 1 mobile), with 7 professional nurses. Quantitative study: 2 other schools, with 730 pupils. RESULTS: Predisposing factors: Respondents were familiar with symptoms, but did not know the cause or mode of transmission of helminth infections. Many respondents perceived food to be the cause of geohelminth infection and swimming in the river to be the cause of schistosomiasis. Although 649 (88.9%) pupils had toilets at home and at school, only 218 (29.9%) were motivated to 'always' use the toilet for faecal disposal (rural communities previously did not have toilets). Six hundred and seventy-eight pupils (92.9%) understood that it was necessary to wash their hands after using the toilet, but many schools lacked water. Personal cleanliness was a problem despite the emphasis on hygiene by health workers and teachers. Few pupils admitted to eating soil, but it was agreed that geophagia affected young children between the ages of 8 months and 6 years. Enabling factors (positive/negative): Barriers to health promotion frequently included inadequate toilet facilities at school and home, and river-water contact resulting from a lack of clean water. A dearth of recreational facilities resulted in children swimming and playing in the river. Positive factors were the health-seeking behaviour of the majority of the target group, who identified helminth infections as a health problem and sought treatment. Parents and pupils in the FGDs unanimously supported health education and 655 (89.8%) questionnaire respondents indicated that they wished to learn how to avoid helminth infections. CONCLUSIONS: Although the Government strategy is to provide clean water and adequate sanitation, provision of services does not necessarily ensure usage. A comprehensive approach to health promotion is required and the complementary development of the 'health-promoting school' would support, reinforce and sustain a helminth control programme.
Adolescent↗
Incorporating socio-political health promotion activities in clinical practice.
A criticism laid at the door of many nurses in relation to their health promotion activity is that they almost exclusively adopt a biomedical/preventative health education approach. When it comes to adopting socio-political health promotion approaches, there is scant evidence that nurses implement these activities in clinical practice. This article is designed to raise awareness and signpost the types of activities that nurses could be involved with if they wish to influence the broader social and political health promotion agenda. In doing so, it has developed an 'effect' programme model for socio-political health promotion practice as a framework for those practitioners who wish to review their current health-related activities and/or who are seeking to extend their range of health promotional practice. This article draws upon a critical review of the literature in order to develop an evolving theoretical perspective for health promotion practice. The proposed model was developed from this new perspective as were recommendations for practice.
Health Behavior↗
From risk-based health surveillance to health promotion: an evidence-based experience in a health care setting.
In the European countries the health surveillance may be provided as a part of the national health system intervention. In Italy, the legislative Decree (626/94) makes the health surveillance compulsory for all those workers who are exposed to occupational risks. The aim of this study was to describe the introduction of preventive and protective measures, according to the new regulations, in the teaching hospital of the University of Modena. The population examined in 2000 included 1523 workers. Specific health surveillance protocols were prepared on the grounds of the risk characteristics based on the scientific evidence and on the risk perception. The intervention was oriented towards health promotion. The subjects were classified into 10 groups according to the risk characteristics. The percentage of workers ranged from 4% to 42%, depending on the exposure-related health changes. Moreover, the study explored some of the health surveillance benefits: an improvement in worker's satisfaction, an improvement in relationship between stakeholders, an early detection of health changes and a sickness absence reduction after the influenza vaccination program.
Evidence-Based Medicine↗