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Results for “Immunity, Humoral”

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PubMed1981

Cell-mediated and humoral immune response in swine after vaccination and natural infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Litters of pigs were vaccinated with inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae organisms in Freund's complete adjuvant. The cell-mediated and humoral immune response following vaccination was investigated, and the protective effect of the induced immunity was assayed. The cell-mediated immune response to whole M hyopneumoniae organisms was determined as incorporation of tritiated thymidine, using a microculture system. After vaccination, detectable sensitization of peripheral blood lymphocytes was induced. The inoculations induced considerable antibody titers in the animals. The animals were challenged exposed by natural infection and protective effect of the cell-mediated or humoral response could not be detected.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Co-immunization with plasmids coding the full length and a soluble form of glycoprotein D of HSV-2 induces protective cellular and humoral immune response in mice.

At present, the significance of antibody for protection of the female genital tract against infection with HSV-2 remains controversial. In the present study, the ability of a DNA vaccine encoding different forms of glycoprotein D (gD) of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) to induce simultaneously cellular and humoral responses was evaluated. Mice immunized with a plasmid encoding full length gD (pgD) developed a strong cellular immune response but weak antibody titers in serum and vaginal washings. On the other hand, mice immunized with a plasmid encoding soluble form of gD (pdeltagD) showed high titers of antibodies but a very weak cell-mediated immune response. When mice were immunized simultaneously with both plasmids, cellular and humoral immune responses were elicited. This mice showed neutralizing antibodies in serum and vaginal washings as well as a high number of IFN-gamma secreting cells in spleen. When challenged with 50 lethal doses of virus, mice immunized with pgD along with pdeltagD showed a more complete protection than mice immunized with pgD alone. Collectively these results suggest that neutralizing antibodies help cell-mediated immune response for the protection against HSV-2 infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Effect of boar seminal immunosuppressive component on humoral immune response in mice.

PROBLEM: The effect of seminal immunosuppressive component (ISF) on the primary and secondary antibody response, induced by soluble and/or corpuscular antigens, was evaluated in the sera obtained at different intervals before and after immunizations. The duration of the immune suppression induced by ISF treatment within the primary and secondary immunizations was also determined. METHOD OF STUDY: The ability of the seminal immunosuppressive component to suppress the primary and secondary antibody response was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) in the sera of mice treated in vivo with the immunosuppressor before and after immunization with antigens. Likewise, the duration of the immune suppression induced by the seminal immunosuppressor administered before the primary and secondary immunizations was tested by ELISA with antisera to keyhole limpets hemocyanin. RESULTS: Intravenous and rectal deposition of ISF led to a suppression of the primary and secondary antibody response to soluble and corpuscular antigens. The most effective suppression of the immune response was achieved in mice treated with immunosuppressor 3 days before the immunization with antigens. Also the secondary antibody response to the challenging antigen was significantly suppressed by ISF. The production of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA to keyhole limpets hemocyanin was depressed for a relatively long period in mice treated with the immunosuppressor. The results indicated that the preexposure is needed for maximal immunosuppression of the primary antibody production. The treatment with ISF led to a prolonged immunosuppression but not to permanent tolerance to the challenging antigen. CONCLUSIONS: The in vivo deposition of semen may compromise some aspects of the immune system and may be an important factor in the development of viral and bacterial infections. The suppression of humoral immune response suggests potential uses of seminal immunosuppressor for the animal model study in the therapy of antibody-mediated diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

A study of cellular and humoral immune responses in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) following vaccination against Plasmodium falciparum.

VACCINATION OF ANIMALS AGAINST MALARIA PARASITES IS THOUGHT TO INDUCE TWO BASIC IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES: (i) specific recognition of parasite antigens by the host, and (ii) a generalized immune enhancement due to the presence of adjuvant. Immunological techniques were used in this study to monitor cellular and humoral immune changes in owl monkeys prior to and following immunization with a vaccine consisting of merozoite-enriched schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum and one of three adjuvants: N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide), Freund's complete adjuvant, or 6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine. The results showed that most of the immunized animals responded specifically to malarial antigens as demonstrated by the fact that peripheral blood lymphocytes underwent blast transformation in vitro in the presence of parasite antigens and that substantial antibody titres were produced as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. By use of the in vitro inhibition test, it was found that sera from immunized owl monkeys collected after challenge greatly inhibited merozoite reinvasion. Generalized nonspecific immune responses observed in owl monkeys following vaccination included an increase in the number of white blood cells and the proportion of T and B cells in the peripheral blood. Responses to mitogen stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen, however, did not appear to be appreciably affected by immunization.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Immunologic findings in the newborn infant. II. Studies of humoral immunity, reference values of immunologic studies in the newborn infant].

After dealing with cellular immune aspects in the first part of the paper the authors describe in the second part the state of humoral immunity in healthy full-term newborns aged one to three days. The number of complementreceptor lymphocytes was 17.0 +/- 8.9% or 0.75 +/- 0.51 (mean +/- S.D.) respectively, with the EAC-rosette method. The percentage value equalled that of adults but the absolute count is higher. Using the immunodiffusion method IgA was detectable in 4 out of 132 newborns only 8.86 +/- 2.52 g/l (mean +/- S.D.) was measured as an average IgG concentration. With regard to the IgM content the values often exceeded 0.30 g/l in newborns of mothers who had been suffering from pre-eclampsia. Their mean value of 0.35 +/- 0.21 g/l, too, was significantly higher than 0.13 +/- 0.08 in the resting infants. Raised IgM values frequently coincided with high spontaneous transformation activities in lymphocyte cultures. The possible causes are discussed. Complement C3-component was measured on average with 0.78 +/- 0.18 g/l and C4-component with 0.34 +/- 0.11 g/l. When calculating reference values for newborns the results of infants with maternal pre-eclampsia have been omitted.

Complement C3↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Parameters of cellular and humoral immunity in patients with diabetes mellitus in the early stages of disease development; experience in treatment with the immunosuppressant azathioprine].

A total of 40 patients with type I diabetes mellitus, in whom the disease was diagnosed 1 to 12 months previously, were examined. An imbalance between the T and B cellular components of the immunity was found in the patients with the early stages of the disease, as was an elevated titer of the complement C1 component as against the reference group. The degree of the immunologic shifts was in direct correlation with the HLA A9 antigen expression, this relationship being the most marked in cases with the HLA DR3 and DR4. The incidence of these antigens expression was significantly higher in the patients with marked immunity shifts, than in those with negligible immunity changes. Therapy with an immunosuppressant azathioprine was associated with a noticeable reduction of the initially elevated cellular immunity parameters (total T and B lymphocyte counts, T helpers-inductors, DR carriers) and a trend towards a reduction of all the components and total activity of the classical route of the complement activation predominantly at the expense of the C1 and C5 components. The efficacy of this drug in therapy of new cases of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was confirmed, and the indisputable relationship between the efficacy of immunity suppression, that helped achieve a clinical remission, and the disease duration, was demonstrated. Monitoring of the cellular and humoral immunity parameters, of the activity of the classical route of the complement activation permitted an indirect judgement on the usefulness of immunity suppression for the correction of immunity disorders as factors contributing to the development of microvascular disturbances in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Effects of the route of infection on immunoglobulin G subclasses and specificity of the reovirus-specific humoral immune response.

Reovirus serotype 1, strain Lang (T1/L), a well characterized enteric virus, elicits humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Although orally and intradermally induced infections generate comparable reovirus-specific serum antibody titers, little is known about the effects of the route of infection on the systemic immunoglobulin G (IgG) response. To assess whether the route of exposure affects virus-specific humoral immunity, we infected various strains of mice with reovirus T1/L by the oral or intradermal routes. At day 10 following infection, virus-specific serum antibody titers and IgG subclasses were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies were detected in all mouse strains independent of the route of infection. Mice of the H-2d haplotype that received an intradermal infection also had high levels of reovirus-specific serum IgG1. This dichotomy of responses was not associated with differences in the types of cytokine produced by draining peripheral lymph nodes. However, peripheral lymph node lymphocytes from C3H mice produced significantly higher levels of gamma interferon than did BALB/c, C57BL/6, and B10.D2 mice. Additionally, peripheral lymph node lymphocytes from all strains of mice produced only low levels of interleukin-5, with no detectable level of interleukin-4 or interleukin-6. Analysis of specific antibody at inductive sites of the immune response showed that orally infected Peyer's patches produced predominantly IgA and intradermally infected peripheral lymph nodes produced predominantly IgG2a. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis showed that virus-specific IgA, IgG1, and IgG2a reacted with reovirus structural proteins. These data suggest that the route of infection affects the isotype and IgG subclasses, but not the antigen specificity, of the local antibody response. In addition, virus-specific IgG1 generated following an intradermally induced infection is linked to the H-2d major histocompatibility complex haplotype.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Humoral immune response in a marsupial Monodelphis domestica: anti-isotypic and anti-idiotypic responses detected by species-specific monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin reagents.

We examined the humoral immune response of the laboratory opossum (Monodelphis domestica) as a model marsupial species. To evaluate antibody responses, IgM and IgG preparations were purified from the sera of naïve Monodelphis. These two immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations were used to generate specific murine monoclonal antibodies for use in ELISA-based serology. Individual Monodelphis were then immunized with a multideterminant protein antigen, a murine monoclonal antibody (Mab) IgG preparation designated Pab 405. In contrast with the primary IgM response of eutherian mammals, the primary response of Monodelphis to mouse IgG involved both IgG and IgM. The specificity of this anti-mouse IgG response appeared isotypic in nature, specifically, the immune sera recognized Ig determinants common to both Pab 405 and a control IgG Mab. Further, to evaluate the antibody responses to mouse IgG, immune sera were adsorbed against a control IgG Mab to remove the anti-isotypic reactivity. The adsorbed Monodelphis sera recognized idiotope specificities expressed on Pab 405. Based on an inhibition ELISA, the anti-idiotype (anti-Id) response recognized an idiotope on Pab 405 associated with its antigen combining site. These results demonstrate that Monodelphis respond to a multideterminant protein antigen such as murine IgG, similarly but not identically to eutherian mammals, and can serve as a useful marsupial model for additional comparative immunological studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Significance of cell-mediated and humoral immunity in the acute and chronic phase of antigen-induced arthritis in rabbits.

In the course of antigen-induced arthritis of rabbit cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were repeatedly tested in order to prove their significance for the acute and chronic phase of inflammation. The arthritis was monitored during the progression of the inflammation by means of the joint swelling and at the end of experiments by histological evaluation of synovitis and cartilage degradation. Following the arthritis induction a strong increase of specific antibodies and of circulating immune complexes was evident. The correlations between antibody levels and joint swellings confirmed that the local formation of immune complexes is responsible for the initiation and perpetuation of arthritis. In the early phase after immunization the responsiveness of lymphocytes to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation was increased, in the late chronic phase of arthritis proliferative responses of lymphocytes to cartilage matrix components were revealed. No direct correlations could be demonstrated between any cell-mediated immune response and the severity of arthritis. The hyperreactivity of cell-mediated immunity is suggested to be responsible for the transition of the acute arthritis into the chronic stage. The deficiency of an effective suppression results in the activation of B-lymphocytes with increased production of antibodies, maintaining the inflammatory process for a long time. Under these conditions the release of cartilage matrix components during the acute joint reaction induces autoimmune responses against cartilage, which could contribute to the chronification of arthritis and to cartilage degradation.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1989

Effect of Santoquin on humoral immune function in mice: lack of interference with selenium utilization.

Santoquin (0.25% by weight) in the diets of mice receiving adequate dietary selenium (1.0 parts/10(6] reduced the humoral immune response, as monitored by the plaque-forming cell assay, to levels exhibited by mice maintained on selenium-deficient diets (0.005 parts/10(6)). Mice exhibiting this suppression of immunity had levels of blood glutathione peroxidase, serum selenium, and liver DNA, RNA and protein similar to mice receiving selenium only. Therefore, it was concluded that Santoquin is not immunosuppressive by interfering with selenium metabolism or general tissue function, but by other unknown mechanisms.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effect of dietary probiotic on performance and humoral immune response in layer hens.

1. The effects of dietary supplementation of a commercial probiotic (Protexin) on daily feed consumption, egg yield, egg weight, food conversion ratio and humoral immune response in layer hens were investigated. In 7 replicates, a total of 280 40-week-old layers were given diets containing either 0, 250, 500 or 750 parts per million (ppm) for 90 d. 2. When compared with the controls, the food consumption, food conversion ratio and the proportions of damaged eggs were lower in the group consuming 500 ppm probiotic (P<0.05). 3. There was no significant difference between the controls and the groups receiving 250 and 750 ppm probiotic in food consumption, food conversion ratio and proportion of damaged eggs. Similarly, the egg yield, egg weight, specific gravity, and peripheral immune response showed no statistically significant differences between the groups.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Humoral immune response to outer surface protein C of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme disease: role of the immunoglobulin M response in the serodiagnosis of early infection.

We determined the humoral immune response to outer surface protein C (OspC) of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with early or late manifestations of Lyme disease and investigated the use of this antigen in the serodiagnosis of early infection. The ospC gene from the low-passage human isolate 297, a North American B. burgdorferi strain, was used to make a recombinant maltose-binding protein (MBP)-OspC fusion protein for serologic tests. This gene showed 84 to 85% nucleotide sequence identity and 76 to 79% amino acid identity with ospC of B. burgdorferi B31 and 2591. The antibody responses to MBP-OspC were determined in serial sera from 15 patients with Lyme disease who were monitored for 4 to 12 years of illness, in single-serum samples from 189 patients with early or late manifestations of the disorder, and in serum samples from 106 control patients. Early in the infection, patients with erythema migrans or meningitis commonly had weak to strong immunoglobulin M (IgM) responses to OspC and sometimes weak to moderate IgG responses. Months to years later, weak to strong IgG reactivity with this protein was often apparent in patients with arthritis, but this response was weak or absent in patients with chronic neuroborreliosis. When acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples from patients with erythema migrans were tested for reactivity against MBP-OspC, the sensitivity of the IgM test was 73% and the specificity was 98%, with either enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Western blotting. We conclude that the majority of patients with Lyme disease have a prominent IgM response to OspC early in the illness, which is often followed by a prominent IgG response in patients with arthritis. For the serodiagnosis of early infection, the sensitivity and specificity of IgM ELISA and Western blotting were comparable or slightly improved when MBP-OspC was used as the antigen compared with tests in which spirochetal lysates were used.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

Humoral immune responses in human HIV-1 infection clearance of initial burst of virus replication and protection against disease progression.

An attempt is made to summarize the evidence that humoral immune responses in natural HIV-1 infection play a role in clearance of the initial burst of replication as well as in protection against rapid disease progression. Therefore, the so-called "asymptomatic carrier state" was defined on the basis of immunological characteristics, such as CD4+ cell number, CD45RA-CD29+ cell number, CD4+ proliferative responses to anti-CD3 mAbs and soluble activation markers, as well as virological characteristics such as the state of the viral genome in the cell, levels of genomic RNA production, antigenemia, viremia and virus phenotype. During natural infection two major classes HIV-1 neutralizing and cell-fusion inhibiting antibodies are elicited. One population directed against mostly continuous epitopes localized in the third variable domain (V3) of the envelope and one against discontinuous epitopes of the envelope. The last population blocks gp120-CD4 attachment, the first does not. The role of each of these populations of functional antibodies, in the clearance of viremia and the maintenance of the asymptomatic carrier state is discussed.

AIDS Vaccines↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of low doses of ionizing radiation on thymus-dependent humoral immune response and the polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes].

The exposure of mice to low dose of gamma-rays (10 cGy, 1 cGy/min) increased thymus-dependent humoral immune response and polyclonal activation of B-cells. Injection of hydroquinone eliminated radiation-induced augmentation of polyclonal response of B-lymphocyte. Thymogen decreased significantly the radiation-induced immunostimulation. The study of the dynamics of primary immune response showed that the period of radiation-induced elevation was followed by the phase of profound reduction of antibody formation. Possible negative consequences of action of low doses of ionizing radiation on immune system is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

In vivo effects of OK-432, inosine pranobex and its salt components on macrophage subpopulations in spleen and peritoneum of mice during the primary humoral immune response.

Subsets of macrophages (BM 8-, la- and esterase-positive subtypes) in the spleen and the peritoneum of mice were affected differently by immunomodulators during the humoral immune response. I.p. application of inosine pranobex (INPX), as well as of its salt moiety (DIPPACBA) and its dimethylaminopropanol (DIP) and acetamidobenzoic acid (PACBA) components, increased the number of nonspecific esterase-bearing cells in the peritoneum on day 3. INPX and DIPPACBA stimulated the la+ macrophage on day 3, DIPPACBA the BM 8+ macrophage only on day 1 and DIP on day 5. In spleen, DIP and PACBA had marked effects on the la+ subset in addition to a marginal effect on the BM 8+ phenotype on day 1. DIPPACBA also influenced the BM 8+ macrophage slightly on day 1. In contrast, the microbial product OK-432 stimulated BM 8+ and la+ macrophages in spleen markedly on day 1, but only marginally on days 3 and 5. However, it exerted a strong effect on both subtypes in peritoneum on days 3 and 5. OK-432 was found to be without any influence on esterase-bearing macrophages. The results show that the heterogeneity of macrophages is not only represented by subset markers, but also by their susceptibility to immunomodulators in different organs and stages of the immune response.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of cellular and humoral immunity and individual sensitivity of T-lymphocytes to immunocorrectors in patients with diabetic retinopathy].

Patients with diabetic retinopathy were studied for parameters characterizing cell-bound and humoral immunity. Revealed in the course of our study was T-cell immune insufficiency affecting processes of proliferation of T-lymphocytes and warranting adoption of immune correction therapy. Administration of immune correctors was individualized judging from sensitivity of T-lymphocytes to the drugs being employed (splenin, thymalin, erbisol, and thymogen).

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1980

A systematic study of the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the humoral immune response in ascorbate-dependent mammals. I. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells (a T-dependent antigen) in guinea pigs.

We have investigated the humoral immune response to Sheep Red Blood Cells (S.R.B.C.--a T-dependent cellular antigen) in two groups of random-bred guinea pigs. A control group of animals was maintained on "minimal" ascorbate intake, while the test group animals received supplementary vitamin C in their drinking water. Serum haemolytic antibody levels were monitored at various intervals subsequent to immunization with S.R.B.C. The primary antibody response of the ascorbate-supplemented animals differed statistically significantly from that of the controls in two respects. The peak antibody titre was both higher and occurred earlier in the test animals. No significant difference in the antibody response to a secondary injection of antigen was manifest. Our observations suggest that vitamin C stimulates the elaboration of Ig M-type antibodies in particular.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Microcirculation and humoral immunity in patients with alcoholic hepatopathies].

Evaluation of 165 patients with chronic alcoholism presenting with affection of the liver of alcoholic genesis revealed pronounced disturbances in microcirculation and humoral immunity, manifested by rise in the levels of the circulating immune complexes (CIC), dysbalance in the blood serum immunoglobulins and increase in the concentration of natural inhibitory factor. There has been established correlation between CIC level and degree of disturbances in microhemodynamics, which fact suggests common pathogenetic mechanisms of disturbances in the immune system and microcirculation.

Adult↗