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PubMed1977

Further studies on interviewer training and inter-rater reliability of the Present State Examination (PSE).

The Present State Examination (PSE) is discussed with regard to its use in surveys of subjects who are not psychiatric patients. Although the PSE was originally developed for use by psychiatrists with patients with obvious mental illness, the interview also contains sections dealing in considerable detail with the commoner and less severe complaints and symptoms that are found in a significant proportion of 'normal subjects'. A shortened version of the PSE (8th edition) is described, limited to these sections, which has been used in population surveys, by interviewers who are not psychiatrists, The training of such interviewers is described, and information on a reliability and repeatability study is presented. This shows that with proper training, non-psychiatric interviewers can achieve standards of inter-rater reliability that are comparable to those previously reported between psychiatrists.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The National Survey of Early Childhood Health .

OBJECTIVES: The National Survey of Early Childhood Health (NSECH) is a new survey that was designed to provide nationally representative data on the health and development of children and to fill an information gap in the pediatric literature on parents' views of the delivery of health care to their young children. DESIGN: The selection of topics was guided by previous studies conducted to examine parents' expectations and needs in child health supervision visits. The NSECH is a random-digit-dial telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of 2068 children aged 4 to 35 months. This sample includes an oversample of black and/or Hispanic children so that results for these minority groups could be estimated with greater precision. The sampling frame for NSECH is from the State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey (SLAITS), which is a program of surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics that makes economical use of the large sampling frame of the National Immunization Survey (NIS). SLAITS takes advantage of the NIS screening effort by fielding interviews on other health topics with households screened for the NIS. The respondent was the parent or guardian identified as the person most responsible for the sampled child's medical care. Spanish-language interviews composed 19% of all completed interviews. The Council of American Survey Research Organizations response rate was 65.6%. CONCLUSION: The NSECH provides a unique data set that allows a well-rounded picture of the health, health care utilization, health care content, and interpersonal quality of health services received by young children in the United States. It also contains important information about family characteristics, patterns of health-promoting behaviors, and family routines that are associated with promoting the developmental health of young children. NSECH results can also help national policy makers understand the health needs of families with young children and how well the health system is meeting those needs.

Child Development↗
PubMed2001

The Memorandum of Good Practice: theory versus application.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the quality of investigative interviews in England and Wales since implementation of the Memorandum of Good Practice (MOGP), which specified how forensic interviews of alleged child abuse victims should be conducted. METHOD: Transcripts of 119 videotaped interviews of alleged victims between the ages of 4 and 13 years were obtained from 13 collaborating police forces. Trained raters then classified the types of prompts used by the investigators to elicit substantive information from the children, and tabulated the number of forensically relevant details provided by the children in each response. RESULTS: Like their counterparts in the United States, Israel, and Sweden, forensic interviewers in England and Wales relied heavily on option-posing prompts, seldom using open-ended utterances to elicit information from the children. Nearly 40% of the information obtained was elicited using option-posing and suggestive prompts, which are known to elicit less reliable information than open-ended prompts do. CONCLUSION: Despite the clarity and specificity of the MOGP, its implementation appears to have had less effect on the practices of forensic interviewers in the field than was hoped. Further work should focus on ways of training interviewers to implement the superior practices endorsed by the MOGP and similar professional guidelines.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How frequent is unintentional childlessness in Germany?

A representative sample of 1,019 married men and 1,133 women of reproductive age was interviewed and revealed that 21.5% had no children. Of these, 20% stated that their childlessness was deliberate. Of those who had not conceived about two thirds (men: 31%, women: 60%) had already sought medical advice. The men surveyed tended to delay seeking medical advice for longer than the women do, who do so within one or two years. This indicates that there is a deficit in the data on men which results in a lack of knowledge concerning the possible reasons for infertility.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Are patients talking to their physicians about AIDS?

We conducted a nationwide telephone survey of a random sample of United States adults in summer 1988 (n = 2000, response rate = 75 percent) to find out if physicians were providing education and counseling to the public about AIDS and AIDS prevention. Within the previous five years, 94 percent had seen a physician but only 15 percent had discussed AIDS even though most said they would not object to discussing the topic. AIDS-related conversations are not commonplace in physician's offices and in most cases (72 percent) patients are the initiators of such conversations.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Occupational physicians: what are their questions in daily practice? An observation study.

BACKGROUND: To enable occupational physicians (OPs) to make use of scientific information in the decision-making process, evidence-based occupational health practice is stimulated. AIMS: To study the questions which arise in daily practice of OPs, and to evaluate the possible contribution of evidence-based medicine (EBM) strategies to answer these questions. METHODS: Observation of 20 OPs during two consecutive half-day periods, followed by an interview to explore the topics that arose during the preceding period. The conscious or manifest and unconscious or latent questions by OPs were analysed, and the number of questions suitable for performing a search in scientific medical literature databases was assessed. RESULTS: After 40 half-day periods, the OPs had asked 26 manifest questions and 348 latent questions; the latter were voiced during the interview. Of all the questions, 40% were clinical in nature and considered suitable for a literature search. The emphasis of these questions was on prognosis, susceptibility and diagnosis following individual consultations. A lack of time or 'no necessity to look for an answer' were the most important reasons for leaving the questions unanswered. CONCLUSIONS: OPs spontaneously formulated less than one question per working day. However, after an observation of their daily practice followed by an interview, many latent questions were formulated. A substantial number of these questions could be answered by EBM strategies. If OPs were encouraged more to improve the quality of their decision making, they might formulate more answerable questions and feel more inclined to search for answers.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A conceptual model of the food and nutrition system.

The food system is a widely used concept, but few systematic frameworks model the full scope and structure of the food and nutrition system. Bibliographic searches, a modified Delphi technique, focus groups and interviews with experts on the topic were conducted to identify existing models of agriculture, food, nutrition, health and environmental systems. These models were examined, classified and synthesized into an integrated conceptual model of the food and nutrition system. Few existing models broadly described the system and most focused on one disciplinary perspective or one segment of the system. Four major types of models were identified: food chains, food cycles, food webs and food contexts. The integrated model developed here included three subsystems (producer, consumer, nutrition) and nine stages (production, processing, distribution, acquisition, preparation, consumption, digestion, transport, metabolism). The integrated model considers the processes and transformations that occur within the system and relationships between the system and other systems in the biophysical and social environments. The integrated conceptual model of the food and nutrition system presents food and nutrition activities as part of a larger context and identifies linkages among the many disciplines that deal with the food and nutrition system.

Agriculture↗