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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Individual differences in human circadian rhythms.

Research into individual differences in circadian rhythms is reviewed, particularly morningness-eveningness. It was hypothesised that extraverts would be inclined towards eveningness and introverts towards morningness. Forty-eight subjects took regularly their oral temperature. Peak times were identified from smoothed temperature curves. Results showed that extraverts had a peak time insignificantly later than introverts. Re-grouping of the data into the morningness-eveningness dimension, based upon the results of a self assessment questionnaire, showed that evening types had significantly later peak times than morning types. Morningness-eveningness was not significantly ocrrelated with extraversion-introversion, although there was a trend. No significant differences were found for sleep lengths with either groupings, or for sleep-wake habits within extraversion-introversion. Morning types retired and arose significantly earlier than evening types. Although sleep-wake habits and extraversion-introversion help to determine peak times there are other contributory factors to peak time which appear to be partly covered by the questionnaire.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[The personality of the teacher as a patient type in psychological diagnosis].

The report concerns the questioning of 200 pedagogues using the questionnaire concerning introversion, neuroticism, rigidity and autonomic instability. All the patients are teachers and pupils in working relationships who were chosen from medical dispensary care with present symptoms of exhaustion and conflicting reactions, and who were transferred to psychological supervision. From the resulting data in the scales investigated, a configuration frequency analysis of the symptoms of introversion, neuroticism, rigidity and autonomic instability is given. Three oft-occurring typical configurations of scale can be found. From this a configuration type (with stikingly rigid behaviour and an otherwise unobtrusive scale constellation) can be interpreted as the "typical tacher" product of lengthy pedagogic activity.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Structural equation model of intellectual change and continuity and predictors of intelligence in older men.

This study examined the effects of abilities as a young adult, an engaged lifestyle, personality, age, and health on continuity and change in intellectual abilities from early to late adulthood. A battery of measures, including a verbal and nonverbal intelligence test, was given to 326 Canadian army veterans. Archival data provided World War Two enlistment scores on the same intelligence test for this sample: Results indicated relative stability of intellectual scores across 40 years, with increases in vocabulary and decreases in arithmetic, verbal analogies, and nonverbal skills. Young adult intelligence was the most important determinant of older adult performance. Predictors for verbal intelligence were consistent with an engagement model of intellectual maintenance but also indicated the importance of introversion-extraversion and age. Nonverbal intelligence in late life was predicted by young adult nonverbal scores, age, health, and introversion-extraversion.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Introversion and individual differences in middle ear acoustic reflex function.

A growing body of psychophysiological evidence points to the possibility that individual differences in early auditory processing may contribute to social withdrawal and introverted tendencies. The present study assessed the response characteristics of the acoustic reflex arc of introverted-withdrawn and extraverted-sociable individuals. Introverts displayed a greater incidence of abnormal middle ear acoustic reflexes and lower acoustic reflex amplitudes than extraverts. These findings were strongest for stimuli presented at a frequency of 2000 Hz. Results are discussed in light of the controversy concerning the anatomic loci (peripheral vs. central neuronal activity) of the individual differences between introverts and extraverts in early auditory processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The impact of Eysenck's extraversion-introversion personality dimension on prospective memory.

Prospective memory (PM) is memory for future events. PM is a developing area of research (e.g., Brandimonte, Einstein & McDaniel, 1996) with recent work linking personality types and their utilisation of PM (Goschke & Kuhl, 1996; Searleman, 1996). The present study compared 28 extraverts and 28 introverts on their short- and long-term prospective memory using the Prospective Memory Scale developed by Hannon, Adams, Harrington, Fries-Dias & Gibson (1995). The main finding was that extraverts reported significantly fewer errors on short- and long-term PM than introverts, and this difference could not be explained in terms of the number of strategies used to support prospective remembering. These findings are discussed in relation to differences between the personality types.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Extraversion and alcohol: Eysenck's drug postulate revisited.

Within the framework of Eysenck's drug postulate alcohol is frequently used as an example for a depressant drug that should shift a person's position on the extraversion-introversion axis in the direction of lower arousability. However, only little experimental evidence for differential effects of alcohol on extraverts and introverts appears to exist. Therefore, a placebo-controlled study was designed to investigate the effects of 0.65 g/kg alcohol on temporal discrimination, time estimation, reaction time, movement time, critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF), as well as feelings of activity, alertness, drowsiness, joyfulness, and relaxation in introverts and extraverts. While a main effect of alcohol could be shown for temporal discrimination (p < 0.05), reaction time (p < 0.05), CFF (p = 0.01), and feelings of alertness (p < 0.001) and joyfulness (p < 0.01), significant interactive effects of alcohol and extraversion were only found for time estimation (p < 0.001) and feelings of relaxation (p < 0.01). Extraversion-related differences in movement time (p = 0.05) proved to be insensitive to alcohol. Results are discussed with regard to the pharmacological profile of alcohol and the validity of the drug postulate.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Feedback and self-efficacy, arousal, and performance of introverts and extraverts.

Research has suggested that introverts and extraverts differ in their responses to performance feedback. The present study examined the effect on introverts and extraverts of a short-term memory task. Subjects (ns = 8) were randomly assigned to one of three feedback conditions: positive, negative, or control. On posttest, introverts performed better than extraverts regardless of feedback condition. These findings suggest that individual differences in introversion-extraversion mediate differences in performance through subjective arousal, namely, state-anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Personality predicts brain responses to cognitive demands.

Eysenck (1981) proposed that the personality dimension of introversion- extraversion (E) reflects individual differences in a cortical arousal system modulated by reticulothalamic- cortical pathways: it is chronically more active in introverts relative to extraverts and influences cognitive performance in interaction with task parameters. A circuit with connections to this system, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate (AC) cortex, has been identified in studies applying functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to a broad range of cognitive tasks. We examined the influence of E, assessed with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1991), in fMRI activity during an "n-back" task involving four memory loads (0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-back) and a rest condition in healthy men. To confirm the specificity of E effects, we also examined the effects of neuroticism and psychoticism (P) scores. We observed that, as predicted by Eysenck's model, the higher the E score, the greater the change in fMRI signal from rest to the 3-back condition in the DLPFC and AC. In addition, E scores were negatively associated with resting fMRI signals in the thalamus and Broca's area extending to Wernicke's area, supporting the hypothesized (negative) relationship between E and resting arousal. P scores negatively correlated with resting fMRI signal in the globus pallidus-putamen, extending previous findings of a negative relationship of schizotypy to striatal activity seen with older neuroimaging modalities to fMRI. These observations suggest that individual differences affect brain responses during cognitive activity and at rest and provide evidence for the hypothesized neurobiological basis of personality.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Assessment of chronic back pain patient characteristics using factor analysis of the MMPI-2: which dimensions are actually assessed?

Guided by the study of Deardorff et al. (Pain, 54 (1993) 153-158), the MMPI-2 data from 240 chronic back pain patients were factor-analyzed in an attempt to discern the most important dimensions for this patient population. Principal components analysis with an oblique rotation revealed four underlying factors: Psychological disturbances, Extraversion-introversion, Passivity, and Somatic complaints. The factor structure reported by Deardorff et al. was thus successfully replicated. The stability of the factors was also supported using random split subsamples. External measures relevant to pain were used to investigate the external validity of Somatic complaints in a subsample of patients (n=93). Relations were found to number of painful sites, Waddell signs, fear of movement (maximal isometric flexion and extension performance by dynamometry, and cardiovascular fitness (VO2-max). Substantial differences emerged across genders. The derived MMPI-2 dimensions appear to constitute important characteristics associated with chronic pain. It is concluded that MMPI-2 research into chronic pain may become more productive when the instrument and its clinical correlates are examined within a clear conceptual framework of distress and personality relevant for chronic pain and its treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Analysis of personality dimension of the children with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome].

196 children with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome were tested by using Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). The result indicated that the introversion personality and high psychological defense level were the main psychological personality characteristics of those children. It suggested that the psychological support and positive guide could decrease the psychological depression and lower the psychological defense levels of patients and then reduce the symptoms.

Child↗
PubMed1983

The varieties of wellbeing.

Well-being in older people may be represented in the sectors of behavioral competence, perceived quality of life, psychological well-being, and objective environment. Research findings are presented, which show that two dimensions of psychological well-being, negative affect and positive affect, are among the important domains in this sector. Negative affect was more strongly related to inner aspects of the person while positive affect was more strongly related to external, interactive aspects of the person's world. Bradburn's two-factor theory is thus supported. These two aspects of well-being are discussed in relation to life events, personal causation, neuroticism, and introversion-extra-version.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Self regulation of electrocortical activity in schizophrenia and schizotypy: a review.

Contrary to the belief that schizophrenic patients will be unable to learn self control of electrocortical activity due to attentional and motivational deficits, the two studies which have investigated this, both involving operant conditioning of slow cortical potentials, have demonstrated that self regulation can take place. This was particularly true of a study of interhemispheric control. Learning difficulties were found to be more to do with sustaining motivation towards the end of sessions or training programs, rather than in initial learning. Schizotypical features in the normal population have in the case of anhedonia been associated with slower learning, while withdrawn introversion has been associated with faster learning. In view of the affirmative evidence and advances in understanding the functional significance of electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms, the undertaking of therepeutic regimens with electrocortical operant conditioning is warranted in the schizophrenia spectrum.

Attention↗
PubMed1985

[Maladjustment signs of employees in the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). I. Psychological maladjustment].

We investigated a relation between occupational maladjustment and personality traits of 669 employees (354 males and 315 females) in 4 stores randomly selected from 35 stores of a distribution business company Firm I. The subjects were classified into 3 adjustment groups; "poor," "average" and "good" as a result of their self-evaluations for occupational maladjustment in each item on the check list comprising 3 major categories of vocational aptitude, human relations to superior and those to colleagues. And we studied the characteristics of the profiles of MMPI according to the 3 categories. The difference between the "poor" and "good" groups was the clearest in the relation between occupational maladjustment and MMPI profiles. Generally speaking, in the validity scale F is higher, and K is lower in "poor" groups, while in the clinical scale Pa, Ma and Si go higher. In conclusion, the personality traits of psychologically maladjusted persons are sensitivity, introversion, lack of suppression, lack of consideration and defense, and lack of plasticity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗