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PubMed2002

Antipyretics in children.

Fever is an important symptom of underlying disease condition and in general is considered harmful in pediatric age group as it may lead to febrile seizures, stupor, dehydration increase work of breathing, discomfort and tachycardia. The increase metabolic demands stress the patient with marginal cardiac and cerebral vascular supply. The hypothalamus controls the body temperature. The fever results due to resetting of the hypothalamus that occur from the prostaglandins produced by the pyrogens. Fever is treated variedly by the pediatricians. The physical therapy offers a simple and cost effective way of lowering the body temperature. The drugs as paracetamol, nimesulide and ibuprofen lower the temperature by inhibiting the prostaglandin synthesis. Paracetamol is considered the safest of all the antipyretic drugs. It is recommended that a combination of physical therapy such as tepid sponging and paracetamol is best way of controlling temperature.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1980

The objective evaluation of dysmenorrhea therapy.

Past attempts to obtain objective evaluation of dysmenorrhea therapy have been severly limited by the lack of accurate, reliable intrauterine pressure data. The development of the catheter-tip microtransducer has made accurate, error- and artifact-free intrauterine pressure recording a reality. This information has made assessment of uterine effects of drug therapy feasible. The combination of this type of information with the use of mathematical processing of data has finally made truly objective assessment attainable. A description of the current technique and the findings made possible by its use are presented.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1984

A preliminary study of factors influencing perception of menstrual blood loss volume.

Sixty-nine women with a convincing complaint of menorrhagia took part in a double-blind treatment trial. Menstrual blood loss was measured and the subject's own perception was carefully recorded. Only 38% had objective menorrhagia with a measured loss greater than 80 ml although 59% would qualify with an upper limit of normal of 60 ml. Overall the measured loss in the "heaviest" periods (69.6 +/- 7.3 ml; mean +/- SEM) were significantly greater than that of the "lightest" periods (42.7 +/- 4.7 ml; p less than 0.001), but there were many major errors in perception by individuals. Perceived daily blood loss volume on a 4-point rating scale gave the following group means and ranges: spotting, 2.5 ml (0.1 to 15.5); light, 5.7 ml (0.1 to 63.1); moderate, 16.1 ml (0.5 to 108.6); very heavy, 22.0 ml (1.4 to 215.8); very wide individual ranges of assessment are illustrated. As a whole the group was also able to distinguish between a day-to-day volume increase or decrease, but again there were many major errors. Some subjects who experienced a reduction in measured blood loss from one day to the next actually perceived this as a large increase. Menstrual pain and duration of bleeding were not found to influence perception of blood loss volume, whereas younger subjects (26 and under) were significantly more likely than older women (37 and over) to regard a moderate loss as very heavy. There was no significant correlation between the number of pads/tampons used and the measured menstrual loss, and some individuals showed extreme variations between blood loss and pad usage. This study suggests that the only reliable assessment of menstrual blood loss volume and changes in volume in women complaining of menorrhagia is obtained by objective measurement of blood loss by a technique such as alkaline hematin extraction.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Distribution analysis of intrauterine pressure in nonpregnant dysmenorrheic women.

Very few attempts to describe, codify , and implement analysis of intrauterine pressure data have occurred in the past. With a growing interest in intrauterine pressure during dysmenorrhea, the need for new ways of evaluating pressure data have become more acute. The availability of fast, compact microcomputers to process these data provides a tool which may make this goal attainable. In addition to purely mathematical analysis, graphic representations of the changing relationships of pressure and time are also possible. This type of graphic display of data may convey information more rapidly and allow subtle relations to be appreciated more easily. One such display technique, pressure distribution analysis, has been developed and appears to be useful in monitoring dysmenorrhea therapy. The method of the display's development along with examples of its use are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Peripherally acting analgesics.

The therapeutic effect of aspirin and the other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs derives from the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase. Aspirin produces irreversible inhibition, whereas the inhibition triggered by the other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is reversible. Despite proved analgesic efficacy, use of aspirin and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be accompanied by a wide range of side effects of a potentially serious nature. For relief of pain, there appears to be no clear-cut superiority of one nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug over another, and patients who fail to respond to one class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may respond to a representative of another class. As with aspirin, it is difficult to demonstrate the superiority of higher doses of these agents over the lower doses. The side-effect profile of non-narcotic analgesics favors acetaminophen, presumably because its inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase occurs centrally. Acetaminophen does not appear to have the same potential for toxicity that is seen with aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. At dosages up to 4 g per day, acetaminophen compares favorably in analgesic potency to aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and it should be considered the treatment of choice for mild-to-moderate pain. Safe conditions for the analgesic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children and pregnancy have not been established. Because it is virtually free of side effects, acetaminophen may be the mild analgesic of choice for the pregnant patient. It has been used safely for years in children. Only a limited number of analgesic studies have been conducted in children. The results of analgesic studies carried out in adults are generally recognized as applicable to pain relief in children.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1988

Fixed cutaneous eruptions to seminal-plasma challenge: a case report.

Reactions to human seminal plasma may present as immediate hypersensitivity, cell-mediated hypersensitivity, or fixed eruptions. There are no typical responses to semen. An abnormal skin lesion or systemic response after intercourse may be the only clue to identifying those who are reacting to semen. The use of condoms has proven to be the most consistent preventive modality. However, the use of condoms is unacceptable to some regardless of the relief provided. Although conventional therapy for hypersensitivity reactions to human seminal plasma is suboptimal, one should be aware of MA in the treatment of an atypical cause of human seminal plasma induced reactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1972

Antipyretics.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1995

Local anaesthetic on Filshie clips for pain relief after tubal sterilisation: a randomised double-blind controlled trial.

Pain during tubal sterilisation is thought to be due to either ischaemia or pressure at the site of impact of sterilising devices on the fallopian tubes. We have evaluated the effectiveness of an application of 2% lignocaine gel to Filshie clips to relieve postoperative pain. In a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study, 80 healthy women undergoing tubal sterilisation under general anaesthesia at the County Hospital, Lincoln, UK, were allocated to be sterilised by Flishie clips covered with 2% lignocaine gel or K-Y gel as placebo. Pelvic pain was assessed, with a 100 mm visual analogue scale, at 1 hour, at hospital discharge, and time of first analgesia or any other time analgesia was demanded. The lignocaine-treated group had significantly longer time to first analgesia, less pain at 1 hour, less nausea and vomiting, and shorter recovery time. Fewer lignocaine-treated patients needed additional analgesia and they required fewer opioids. There was no case of failed sterilisation or adverse reaction to lignocaine. The application of local anaesthetic gel to Filshie clips is a safe, non-invasive, and effective method of relieving postoperative pain during laparoscopic tubal sterilisation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Mefenamate, an agent that fails to attenuate experimental cerebral infarction.

BACKGROUND: Blockade of nonselective cation channels is a potential therapeutic approach that has not been attempted in cerebral ischemia, in spite of the ability of these channels to allow cellular calcium influx into neurons. Fenamates are a class of molecules that block these channels, and many congeners are also anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging. These three mechanisms may contribute to brain damage in ischemia. METHODS: Pretreatment or posttreatment with mefenamate (30 mg/kg) was evaluated in a temperature-controlled rat transient focal ischemia model. Quantitative histopathology on 26 coronal sections allowed determination of tissue necrosis and tissue atrophy at one week survival. RESULTS: Neither pre- nor postischemic administration of a dose previously shown effective in preventing epileptic neuronal necrosis was found to reduce necrosis in cortex, nor in any subcortical structures. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that nonselective cation channel blockade with mefenamate affords no neuroprotection in this model. Publication bias against negative studies exists in the literature, but we here report negative findings due to the multiple potentially positive actions of the drug. Closer examination of the effects of the molecule, however, reveals several potentially negative effects as well. We conclude there may be inherent weakness in pharmacologic monotherapy, even with molecules having protean potentially beneficial effects. This conclusion seems to have been borne out by the results of recent clinical trials.

Animals↗