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PubMed1994

Sugar chain heterogeneity of human urinary chorionic gonadotropin determined by serial lectin affinity chromatography: difference between benign and malignant disease.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein of which sugar chains are considered to show structural changes with malignancy. To study the sugar chain heterogeneity of urinary hCG in patients with gynecological disease, we employed serial lectin affinity chromatography (LAC) using concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin-E (PHA-E) which can separate N-glycoside-linked sugar chains, and Jacalin lectin which is specific for O-glycoside-linked sugar chains. The proportion of hCG which did not bind to Con A was clearly higher in patients with cervical cancer than in healthy pregnant women. The complex-type sugar chains bearing bisecting (beta 1-4) N-acetylglucosamine which bound to PHA-E increased in the early stage of cervical cancer, and tri- and tetra-antennary complex type sugar chains also increased in the advanced stages. In addition, the Jacalin-bound hCG increased significantly along with the stage of the cancer, especially in advanced cervical cancer with distant metastases. Taken together, these results show that alteration in sugar chain structures of hCG reflect the advanced stage of cervical cancer.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed1995

Effects of sugar restriction on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in saliva and dental plaque.

The effect of sugar restriction on the oral levels of mutans streptococci was studied in 20 subjects fulfilling three criteria: (1) having more than 300,000 CFU mutans streptococci/ml saliva, (2) harbouring both Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in saliva, and (3) eating sugar frequently. The subjects were randomly divided into a test group (n = 12), who were asked to refrain from using sugar-containing foods between meals and to reduce sugar in main meals for 6 weeks, and a control group (n = 8), who did not receive any dietary advice. Saliva and plaque samples were collected at baseline and at 3, 6 and 12 weeks. The results showed that the levels of S. mutans and S. sobrinus decreased in saliva and plaque during the 6-week sugar restriction period. The decrese in mutans streptococci was more pronounced on buccal than on approximal tooth surfaces. Both species seemed to react in a similar way to the sugar restriction in saliva as well as in dental plaque. At the follow-up examination at 12 weeks, i.e. 6 weeks after completing the sugar restriction period, the numbers of S. mutans and S. sobrinus had increased again, but were still lower when compared to the baseline values.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Accumulation of fermentable sugars and metabolic acids in food particles that become entrapped on the dentition.

Earlier studies (Kashket et al., 1991) showed that particles of high-starch snack foods remained longer on the teeth than those of high-sucrose, low-starch foods. The question arose whether the prolonged presence of food particles enhances cariogenicity. A study was undertaken to measure sugars, starches, and metabolic acids in retained food particles. Subjects consumed portions of different foods, and particles were removed from all bicuspids and first molars at defined times after swallowing. Dry weights, sugars, and short-chain carboxylic acids were determined. High-sucrose foods were cleared rapidly from the teeth, while high-starch foods were retained for up to 20 min. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose persisted in the retained particles. Particles of high-starch foods accumulated maltose and maltotriose, presumably from the breakdown of starch by salivary amylase. At maximum, maltose plus maltotriose constituted 94% of total sugars in particles of potato chips; corresponding values in doughnuts, peanut butter cookies, and salted crackers were 43, 51, and 61%, respectively. Total fermentable sugars in the particles of high-starch foods were similar to those for the high-sucrose confectionery products. Carboxylic acids accumulated within the particles, presumably due to the fermentation of the sugars by entrapped salivary micro-organisms. At maximum (5 to 7 min), acetic, formic, lactic, and propionic acids rose 17-, 30-, 15-, and 1.3-fold, respectively, in doughnuts, and to smaller degrees in potato chips, salted crackers, and chocolate-caramel-peanut bars. In summary, the study demonstrated the persistence of sugars, the progressive accumulation of starch breakdown products, and the fermentation of the accumulated sugars in retained food particles. The findings support the view that high-starch foods contribute to the development of caries lesions.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

Inactive enzymatic mutant proteins (phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase) as sugar binders for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration reactors.

BACKGROUND: Carbon dioxide fixation bioprocess in reactors necessitates recycling of D-ribulose1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) for continuous operation. A radically new close loop of RuBP regenerating reactor design has been proposed that will harbor enzyme-complexes instead of purified enzymes. These reactors will need binders enabling selective capture and release of sugar and intermediate metabolites enabling specific conversions during regeneration. In the current manuscript we describe properties of proteins that will act as potential binders in RuBP regeneration reactors. RESULTS: We demonstrate specific binding of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA) and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (3PGAL) from sugar mixtures by inactive mutant of yeast enzymes phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase. The reversibility in binding with respect to pH and EDTA has also been shown. No chemical conversion of incubated sugars or sugar intermediate metabolites were found by the inactive enzymatic proteins. The dissociation constants for sugar metabolites are in the micromolar range, both proteins showed lower dissociation constant (Kd) for 3-phosphoglycerate (655-796 muM) compared to 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (822-966 muM) indicating higher affinity for 3PGA. The proteins did not show binding to glucose, sucrose or fructose within the sensitivity limits of detection. Phosphoglycerate mutase showed slightly lower stability on repeated use than enolase mutants. CONCLUSIONS: The sugar and their intermediate metabolite binders may have a useful role in RuBP regeneration reactors. The reversibility of binding with respect to changes in physicochemical factors and stability when subjected to repeated changes in these conditions are expected to make the mutant proteins candidates for in-situ removal of sugar intermediate metabolites for forward driving of specific reactions in enzyme-complex reactors.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Sugar-mediated crosslinking of alpha-biotinylated-Lys to cysteamine-agarose support: a method to isolate Maillard Lys-Lys-like crosslinks.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and, specifically, protein-protein AGE crosslinks have long been studied for their potential role in aging, diabetic complications and Alzheimer disease. With few exceptions, the chemical nature of these structures remains unknown. We report here a simple approach that allows the preparation and isolation of milligram quantities of sugar-mediated AGE Lys-Lys-like crosslinks from glycation mixtures. The method is based on a sugar-dependent incorporation of N(alpha)-biotinyl-L-Lys into cysteaminyldisulfide Sepharose 6B (AE-S-S-Sepharose 6B). Glycation mixtures with six different sugars showed a time- and sugar-dependent decrease in the concentration of the support-bound primary amino groups and accounted for almost 90% loss of cysteaminyl amino groups at the end of the various incubation periods. 4-Hydroxyazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid-avidin assays indicated the incorporation of N(alpha)-biotinyl-L-Lys equal to 8% of the total support amino groups with methylglyoxal after 7 d and 1% with fructose and glucose after 1 mo of incubation. Treatment of the washed, sugar-modified supports with 2-mercaptoethanol released the bulk of the bound AGE modifications and the crosslinks. Subsequent fractionation of these preparations over a monomeric avidin column afforded a complete separation of sugar-mediated AGE modifications and the crosslinks. Depending on the sugar employed, micromolar amounts of biotinylated Lys-Lys-like crosslinks were generated by this two-step procedure from 8 mL of the original AE-S-S-Sepharose 6B.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed2002

Effects of operating parameters on countercurrent extraction of hemicellulosic sugars from pretreated softwood.

In a previous study using a continuous countercurrent screw extractor for two-stage dilute-acid hydrolysis, which was focused on the effects of liquid-to-insoluble solids (L/IS) ratio, we demonstrated that by using low volumes of wash water soluble sugars can be recovered from first-stage pretreated softwood at high yields and also at high sugar concentrations. In this study, we investigated the effects of important operating parameters other than the L/IS ratio, such as the feed rates of water and pretreated biomass and the extractor inclined angle, on the performance of the extractor using first-stage pretreated softwood. As biomass and water feed rates increased at the same L/IS ratio, the recovery yield of soluble sugars decreased, probably owing to a reduced solids residence time in the extractor, which is related to the solid/liquid contact time. The sugar recovery yield was higher at a higher extractor inclined angle. This may be attributed to the effects of increased back mixing and a longer residence time for solids at a higher extractor angle. Countercurrent extraction was also carried out with other pretreated biomass having smaller particle sizes and poor drainage rates. The countercurrent screw extractor was found to be unsuitable for these fine materials due to the slow liquid drainage rate and filter-clogging problems. In a test for stability of soluble sugars in first-stage softwood hydrolysate, irrespective of the storage temperature and storage form, the sugar concentration slowly decreased with storage time. However, storage in slurry form showed higher sugar stability compared with that in liquor form at the same conditions.

Biomass↗

PubMed1980

Sugar and fluoride content of various forms of tobacco.

Previous studies have produced conflicting reports about the possible relationship between the chewing and smoking of tobacco and the incidence of caries. This study identifies the total sugar and the fluoride concentrations of various forms of tobacco from different areas of the United States. This is the first part of an investigation of caries-promoting and caries-inhibiting substances in commercial tobacco products. The total sugar content of pouch and plug forms of tobacco was, on the average, highest, followed by decreasing concentration in the pipe, cigarette, cigar, and snuff forms of tobacco. Fluoride content of the plug and pouch forms of tobacco was highest, followed by cigar, snuff, pipe, and cigarette tobacco, respectively. Generally, nonsmoking forms of tobacco are most directly related to the potential promotion of caries. The total sugar content in the control tobacco leaves was comparable to that in cigars and snuff which have the least amount of sugar, whereas the fluoride content was similar to plug and pouch which have the highest amount of fluoride. Brands of snuff on average had the lowest concentrations of sugar (average 1.9%) and were among the products with the lowest fluoride content (average 0.26 ppm). Pouch and plug exceeded other forms in both sugar and fluoride content. Large variations in sugar and fluoride levels of tobacco products can exist form-to-form, store-to-store, brand-to-brand, and state-to-state. This may explain the diverse opinions of dental practitioners and investigators relative to the concept that tobacco increases or decreases dental caries.

California↗

PubMed1976

Growth hormone related to insulin and sugar in nocturnal blood plasma of lactating cows.

Nocturnal blood plasma samples from about 190 indoor-fed cows at varying stages of the lactation cycle showed wide variations in the concentrations of sugar (43-88 mg/100 ml) and acetoacetate (0.12-8.7 mg/100 ml). Plasma immunoreactive insulin decreased and acetoacetate increased with decreasing sugar. Plasma growth hormone (GH) was significantly correlated to insulin (r=-0.24, P less than 0.001) and to sugar (r=-0.15, P less than 0.05), but not to acetoacetate (r=+0.13). Since the plasma level of GH in bovines is known to vary widely from hour to hour, individual cows are poorly represented by single determinations of the hormone. However, in accordance with the results from the correlation tests, different GH averages, about 11 and 9 ng/ml, were found for groups of animals with plasma sugar respectively below and above 70 mg/100 ml. By subgrouping according to insulin levels within sugar ranges, categories could be singled out with GH averages as different as 12.7 ng/ml (low sugar-low insulin) and 8.3 ng/ml (high sugar-high insulin). The findings are consistent with the view that GH is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism in bovines. But no support has been provided for the hypothesis of GH hypersecretion as a cause of ketosis in cows.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Umbilical cord care in premature infants: the effect of two different cord-care regimens (salicylic sugar powder vs chlorhexidine) on cord separation time and other outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of 2 cord-care regimens (salicylic sugar powder vs chlorhexidine as a 4% detergent water solution) on cord separation time and other outcomes in preterm infants. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted on 244 preterm newborns with a gestational age of <34 weeks and a birth weight of <2500 g. All preterm newborns were enrolled, regardless of their health condition. We excluded from the study infants whose conditions during the first hours of life required the catheterization of umbilical vessels. We also excluded from the general statistical analysis all newborns who had their programmed cord-care regimen changed because of the presence or the suspicion of omphalitis. On arrival at our neonatal intensive care unit or neonatal special care unit, infants were bathed thoroughly with a soap solution (Saugella, Guieu, Italy), and the umbilical cord (UC) was treated with 1 of the 2 antiseptic products chosen for the study. The stump was then folded and covered with common sterile, dry gauze and kept in place by an elastic net. Until cord detachment and at every diaper change, the cord stump was cleaned with sterile water and treated with the same product initially used for first-time cord care. On the third day of life, we obtained an umbilical swab either from the base of the cord or from the umbilicus if the cord was already sloughed. Six weeks after birth, during hospitalization or during a follow-up visit if already discharged, all infants had a medical examination to check the umbilicus area. Cord separation time, changing of the programmed cord-care regimen, death, omphalitis, sepsis, cord bleeding, nurses' opinion on treatments efficacy, and UC colonization were measured. RESULTS: The cord separation time was significantly lower in infants who were treated with salicylic sugar powder (6 +/- 2 days) than in infants who were treated with chlorhexidine (9 +/- 2 days). The programmed cord-care regimen was changed in a significantly higher number of newborns in the chlorhexidine group (17) than in the salicylic sugar group (3). None of the newborns died, and we found only sporadic cases of sepsis (1 patient in each group) and omphalitis (1 patient in the chlorhexidine group). A significantly higher percentage of nurses were satisfied with the salicylic sugar powder treatment (98%) than with the chlorhexidine treatment (67%), notwithstanding a more frequent occurrence of slight cord scar bleeding in the salicylic sugar group (7.8%) than in the chlorhexidine group (4%). The rate of negative umbilical swabs was significantly higher in infants treated with salicylic sugar powder (73.1%) than with chlorhexidine (53%). CONCLUSIONS: In neonatal intensive care units and neonatal special care units of developed countries, salicylic sugar powder can be used effectively and safely for UC care of preterm infants.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2005

Sublingual sugar administration as an alternative to intravenous dextrose administration to correct hypoglycemia among children in the tropics.

BACKGROUND: Hypoglycemia is a common determining factor of poor prognosis for children with severe malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Intravenous dextrose administration is rarely available. Oral mucosal delivery may be an alternative to parenteral administration. A randomized, clinical trial was performed in Burkina Faso among moderately hypoglycemic children, comparing sublingual sugar administration with oral water, oral sugar, and dextrose infusion administrations. METHODS: Sixty-nine children with glucose concentrations of < 0.8 g/L were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 methods of administration, 1 with 3 different doses of sugar, as follows: oral group (OG) (n = 15): 2.5 g of sugar; sublingual group (SG) (n = 27): 2.5 g of sugar under the tongue, with 3 treatment subgroups, ie, 0.1 g/kg, 0.15 g/kg, and 0.2 g/kg; intravenous group (IG) (n = 8): 8 mL of 30% dextrose in a single bolus; water group (n = 11). Eight children received sublingual sugar twice, ie, 0.1 g/kg at baseline and 20 minutes later. Blood glucose concentrations were measured every 20 minutes for 80 minutes. Treatment failures, peak glucose concentrations, times to glucose concentration normalization, and kinetic profiles were evaluated. RESULTS: No treatment failures were observed in the SG and IG, compared with 8 (53%) and 9 (81.8%) failures in the OG and water group, respectively. SG children exhibited glucose kinetic profiles and bioavailabilities (77%, 99%, and 81% in the 3 SG groups) similar to those of IG children. Bioavailabilities were 84% and 38% in the SG and OG, respectively. Children > 7 years of age required repeated sublingual administrations to maintain normoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS: The sublingual administration of sugar proved to be effective among moderately hypoglycemic children. It is a simple and promising method to control hypoglycemia among children in both developing and developed countries. This pediatric practice should be investigated in more detail among children with severe malaria.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1994

[An analysis of the recommendations on sugar consumption p between 1961 and 1991].

It is study made an analysis of national expert reports on dietary guidelines published all over the world in the 30-year period between 1961 and 1991. The aim is to identify what the reports recommend about the consumption of sugars and their relation to chronic diseases, and also what advice should be given to the public and appropriate authorities regarding levels of sugars in the diet. Information was gathered from 115 reports published by experts committees in 36 different countries and regions of the world, including developed and developing countries. The results showed that the great majority (84.5%) of the reports analysed make recommendations on the extrinsic consumption of sugar and that there is an agreement that these sugars, especially sucrose, must be reduced in the diet. The commonest level proposed is that 10% of total calorie intake from extrinsic sugars should be considered the maximum level. Such advice is often addressed to the general population and it is offered with a view to the maintenance of general health and especially to the prevention dental caries and obesity. It was concluded that advice on the intake of sugars given by dietary guidelines in the last three decades is coherent with the existing scientific evidence on the relationship between sugars and human diseases and, therefore, they should be integrated into national food and health policies.

Dental Caries↗

PubMed2000

Dietary sugar beet fiber ameliorates diarrhea as an acute gamma-radiation injury in rats.

Gamma radiation induces diarrhea as an acute injury. We have studied whether ingestion of sugar beet fiber influences radiation-induced diarrhea. Abdominal irradiation with gamma rays induced diarrhea in male Wistar/ST rats from 2 to 7 days after a single sublethal dose. The body weight of the irradiated rats was decreased temporarily at 4 days after irradiation regardless of the ingestion of sugar beet fiber. At day 8, it returned to almost the same level as that of unirradiated rats. A change in daily food intake resulted in a pattern similar to that for body weight. Dietary sugar beet fiber had little significant effect on the changes in body weight and daily food intake, and its ingestion significantly decreased gamma-ray-induced diarrhea. Changes in biochemical and histological parameters in intestinal mucosa (small intestine, cecum and colon) were not greatly influenced by the ingestion of sugar beet fiber through the periods of diarrhea. It was concluded that dietary sugar beet fiber ameliorated the diarrhea induced by abdominal irradiation. We suggest that the inhibitory effect of the ingestion of sugar beet fiber is due to its effects on the luminal environment, such as support for bacterial function in the luminal contents in the colon of animals that ingest sugar beet fiber.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2000

Is "sugar" the same as diabetes? A community-based study among rural African-Americans.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if differing beliefs about high blood glucose exist and are associated with blood glucose control among rural African-Americans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A community-based sample of rural African-Americans completed a survey, and a subsample underwent a subsequent screening that included glucose and GHb measurement. Participants were asked if they thought they had diabetes or sugar-diabetes on the survey; "sugar" was added to the screening along with specific questions about this condition. RESULTS: A total of 1,031 people completed the survey, and 403 the screening exam. The total prevalence of diabetes was 13.6% for men and 15.5% for women. Among those who reported having one of the three conditions, 64% said they had diabetes, 7% sugar-diabetes, and 29% sugar. There was a discrepancy between the survey and screening in that 31% of subjects who answered "yes" to whether they had sugar at the screening had answered "no" to the survey question about diabetes. Subjects who believed they had sugar felt their condition was less serious and had higher glucose levels than those who said they had diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes was very common in this population. Over one-fourth of those with diabetes believed they had the condition "sugar." Efforts are needed to improve control of diabetes in this population and should consider these disparate health beliefs.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Teaching subjects with type 2 diabetes how to incorporate sugar choices into their daily meal plan promotes dietary compliance and does not deteriorate metabolic profile.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether teaching free-living subjects with type 2 diabetes how to incorporate added sugars or sweets into their daily meal plan results in a greater consumption of calories (fat or sugar) and deteriorates their glycemic or lipid profiles but improves their perceived quality of life. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In an 8-month randomized controlled trial, 48 free-living subjects with type 2 diabetes were taught either a conventional (C) meal plan (no concentrated sweets) or one permitting as much as 10% of total energy as added sugars or sweets (S). Mean individual nutrient intake was determined using the average of six 24-h telephone recalls per 4 months. Metabolic control and quality of life were evaluated every 2 months. Quality of life was assessed using the Medical Outcome Survey and the Diabetes Quality of Life questionnaire. RESULTS: The S group did not consume more calories (fat or sugar) and in fact ate significantly less carbohydrate (-15 vs. 10 g) and less starch (-7 vs. 8 g) and had a tendency to eat fewer calories (-77 vs. 81 kcal) than the C group. Weight remained stable, and there was no evidence that consuming more sugar worsened metabolic profile or improved their perceived quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Giving individuals with type 2 diabetes the freedom to include sugar in their daily meal plan had no negative impact on dietary habits or metabolic control. Health professionals can be reassured and encouraged to teach the new "sugar guidelines," because doing so may result in a more conscientious carbohydrate consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

A prospective study of sugar intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate prospectively whether intake of total or type of sugar is associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The contribution of sugar intake to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes has not been settled in the context of primary prevention because of limited prospective data. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Women's Health Study is a randomized controlled trial of aspirin and vitamin E in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. A validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was completed by 39,345 women aged 45 years and older. The main outcome was the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The predictor was sugar intake, including sucrose, glucose, fructose, and lactose. Using Cox proportional hazard models, multivariate RRs of type 2 diabetes for increasing quintiles of sugar intake compared with the lowest quintile were estimated. RESULTS: Compared with the lowest quintile of sugar intake, the RRs and 95% CIs for the highest quintiles were 0.84 (0.67-1.04) for sucrose, 0.96 (0.78-1.19) for fructose, 1.04 (0.85-1.28) for glucose, and 0.99 (0.80-1.22) for lactose, after adjustment for known risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Similar findings of no association were obtained in subgroup analyses stratified by BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Intake of sugars does not appear to play a deleterious role in primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. These prospective data support the recent American Diabetes Association's guideline that a moderate amount of sugar can be incorporated in a healthy diet.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1996

Adverse effects on risk of ischaemic heart disease of adding sugar to hot beverages in hypertensives using diuretics. A six year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study.

Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and essential hypertension (EH) are two of several manifestations of the insulin resistance syndrome. Although subjects with NIDDM and subjects with EH share a common defect in carbohydrate metabolism, only diabetics are advised to avoid sugar. We tested the theory that an adverse effect of diuretics treatment in men with EH with respect to risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) would depend on the intake of dietary sugar using sugar in hot beverages as a marker. The cohort consisted of 2,899 men from the Copenhagen Male Study aged 53-74 years (mean 63) who were without overt cardiovascular disease. Potential confounders were: age, alcohol,smoking, physical activity, body mass index, blood pressure, fasting lipids, cotinine, NIDDM,and social class. A total of 340 men took antihypertensives; 211 took diuretics (95% thiazides and related agents), and 129 used other antihypertensives. During 6 years, 179 men (6.2%) had a first IHD event. Among the 340 men taking antihypertensives, the incidence rate was 11%. Diuretics use was associated with a high risk of IHD in hypertensive men with a relatively high intake of dietary sugar; the cumulative incidence rate was 22%; in diuretics treated men with a low intake of sugar, the rate was 7%. After controlling for potential confounders, relative risk (95% ci.) was 3.1(1.3-7.6), p = 001. Among the 129 men who took other forms of antihypertensive drugs, the IHD incidence rate was 8%, and independent of the intake of sugar. The results indicate that the risk of IHD in hypertensives using diuretics is associated with intake of dietary sugar, which may explain at least some of the discouraging effects of antihypertensive agents on the reduction of risk of IHD.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Effect of acute and chronic vanadate administration on sugar transport in rat jejunum.

Vanadate is known to have an insulin-like action which stimulates sugar transport in some systems like adipocytes and muscle cells, but in other systems it inhibits sugar transport by decreasing the activity of (Na+ +K+)-ATPase. To evaluate whether these two opposing actions may influence sugar transport across the intestine, we studied the effects of acute and chronic vanadate administration on the uptake of glucose, galactose, and 3-O-methylglucose in isolated rat intestinal cells. The sugar uptake measurements were also coupled by determinations of rubidium-86 uptake as a measure of the activity of the Na-K pump. Both acute and chronic vanadate administration reduced rubidium uptake by the cells but the reduction did not uniformly influence the uptake of the three sugars in question which were stimulated by the acute exposure of the cells to vanadate. Glucose uptake was also stimulated by chronic vanadate administration, but the uptakes of galactose and 3-O-methylglucose were respectively unaffected or inhibited by chronic vanadate. The findings suggest that the effect of vanadate on sugar transport is dependent on the net difference between two actions of vanadate: (i) stimulation of a receptor site (possibly an insulin receptor site) in the intestinal cell membrane and (ii) inhibition of the Na-K pump. During acute vanadate exposure, the stimulation of the receptor site was very likely a dominant feature which overwhelms the inhibition of the pump. Chronic exposure to vanadate led, on the other hand, to only a limited degree of stimulation of the receptor site and the inhibition of the Na-K pump became evident in the uptake measurements of galactose and 3-O-methyl-glucose. Glucose uptake, however, was stimulated by chronic vanadate ingestion due, very likely, to an increase in the metabolism of this sugar which occurred only with prolonged exposure of the rat intestine to vanadate.

3-O-Methylglucose↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sugar consumption pattern of 13-year-old school children in Belgaum city, Karnataka.

To determine the sugar consumption pattern of the school children in Belgaum city and to organize for a diet-counseling program. Easy availability of sugar containing food and high consumption of these sweets if continued unabated, the dental caries among children would become a major public health problem. In this instance, Dietary counseling can be just appropriate to inhibit the carious process. 342 school children aged 13 years, from four schools in Belgaum city participated in the study. The pattern of sugar consumption was assessed using a 4-day diet diary. Analysis was done according to the method described by Nizel and Papas (Nutrition in clinical dentistry, 1989, 277) and the variables were: the sweet score, At meal sugar exposure (AMSE), Between meal sugar exposure (BMSE) and Total sugar exposure (TSE). The mean, standard deviation and/or frequency were calculated for all variables. Student's t-test was used to statistically analyze the gender difference. The mean ± SD of the recorded variables were: sweet score 31 ± 12.78/day, AMSE 0.88 ± 0.33/day, BMSE 3.95 ± 0.87/day, and TSE 4.83 ± 0.96/day. No statistical significant gender difference with respect to the variables was observed. 'Tell Show And Do' Diet counseling session will perhaps have a greater impact as compared to the most common strategy of simply exhorting the children to eat less sugar.

Adolescent↗