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PubMed1981

Glycogen reserves in the subcutaneous adipose tissue and energy metabolism in newborns of diabetic mothers.

Changes of glycogen content in the subcutaneous adipose tissue were followed in 43 infants of insulin-treated diabetic mothers, in 25 infants of gestational diabetic mothers and in 89 infants of healthy mothers. In infants of diabetic mothers and in infants of healthy mothers oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output were also examined. Newborns of insulin-treated diabetic mothers and gestational diabetic mothers exhibit in comparison with control newborns higher values and diverse dynamics of glycogen content in the subcutaneous adipose tissue as an indicator of glycogen reserves in the first hours and days after delivery. The low oxygen consumption and increased RQ indicate preferential utilization of carbohydrates possibly together with increased lipogenesis in newborns of mothers with overt diabetes.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1979

Formation of granulation tissue in subcutaneously implanted sponges in rats. A comparison between granulation tissue developed in viscose cellulose sponges (Visella) and in polyvinyl alcohol sponges (Ivalon).

A comparison was made between the granulation tissue formation in two different synthetic sponge types. Visella and Ivalon, of different sizes. The granulation tissue formed in the two sponge types did not differ qualitatively, and had the character of wound tissue and inflammatory tissue in man. The rate of tissue formation in the Visella sponges was faster and the tissue was more homogenous than in the Ivalon sponges. Fourteen-day-old Visella implants of either size contained more granulation tissue than Ivalon sponges, probably owing to the smaller pore size of the former material. This may also account for the more frequent occurrence of giant cells in the Visella implants. In contrast to the Visella sponges, the trabeculae of the Ivalon polymer showed calcification and positive staining properties with histological staining procedures, and deformation was frequent among the Ivalon implants. Thin sponges of either type closed in about 21 days, thick ones after about 42 days of implantation. Calculated per 2 cm3 of implant, thin sponges produced more tissue after 14 days of implantation than thick noes. It is concluded that the Visella sponge type is best suitable for this experimental model of inflammation.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Evaluation of the microdialysis ethanol technique for monitoring of subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow in humans.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of the microdialysis ethanol perfusion technique for monitoring nutritive blood flow in subcutaneous adipose tissue. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Microdialysis probes were inserted percutaneously into the subcutaneous adipose tissue in 15 non-obese women, and were perfused with 50 mmol/l of ethanol. The experiments were carried out during basal conditions and in conjunction with local vasodilation induced by external heating. The ethanol exchange ratio (ethanol concentration in the outgoing tissue dialysate vs ethanol concentration in the ingoing perfusate) was determined. A comparison was made with the 133Xe clearance technique to assess the adipose tissue blood flow. RESULTS: At rest, the ethanol exchange ratio in the individual subjects was inversely correlated to the adipose tissue blood flow, as measured with 133Xe wash-out (r = -0.78-0.82, p < 0.05-0.01). When the subcutaneous temperature was increased in a stepwise fashion by external heating, adipose tissue blood flow, as determined with 133Xe clearance, was increased by about 50% and 100%, respectively, above resting values (F = 26.7, p < 0.0001). At the same time, the ethanol exchange ratio was progressively and significantly (F = 24.6, p < 0.0001) reduced. In the individual subjects there was a close negative correlation (r = -0.90-0.94) between the ethanol exchange ratios and the corresponding adipose tissue blood flow values, as measured by 133Xe clearance, in response to local vasodilation. CONCLUSION: The microdialysis ethanol perfusion technique provides a valid indicator of small changes within the physiological range in adipose tissue blood flow.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2000

Tissue gas tensions in patients with necrotising fasciitis and healthy controls during treatment with hyperbaric oxygen: a clinical study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment on tissue oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in patients with necrotising fasciitis and healthy volunteers. DESIGN: Clinical study in patients and healthy controls. SETTING: University hospital, Finland. SUBJECTS: 6 patients with necrotising fasciitis and 3 healthy volunteers. INTERVENTIONS: Subcutaneous tissue PO2 and PCO2 tensions were measured directly in patients with necrotising fasciitis and in healthy volunteers during normobaric and hyperbaric conditions. Arterial blood PO2 and PCO2 tensions were measured only in the patients. Tissue gas tensions were measured with a Silastic tube tonometer implanted in the brachial subcutaneous tissue of both patients and controls as well as in the subcutaneous tissue of the patients in the immediate vicinity of the necrotising process. The diagnosis of necrotising fasciitis was made on the basis of the presence of typical clinical signs and symptoms, intraoperative findings, and microbiological observations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Arterial and subcutaneous tissue PO2 and PCO2 tensions. RESULTS: In patients with necrotising fasciitis the arterial PO2 rose about 7-fold whereas the arterial PCO2 increased only slightly during exposure to 2.5 absolute atmospheres (ATA) of oxygen. During HBO the subcutaneous tissue PO2 increased four to five fold from the baseline and CO2 tensions also increased, but to a lesser degree, in both healthy and infected tissues. In patients with necrotising fasciitis, the PO2 was higher, but not significantly so, in the vicinity of the infected area than in the healthy tissue. CONCLUSION: Under hyperbaric conditions the subcutaneous PO2 in patients with necrotising fasciitis rose higher in the vicinity of the infected area than in the healthy tissue, which may be the result of vasodilatation and increased microcirculation induced by the inflammatory process associated with infection or it may be the result of decreased local tissue oxygen utilisation, or both. The tissue PCO2 values tended to rise during HBO probably from hypoventilation or reduced CO2 washout from tissue because venous blood haemoglobin was fully saturated with oxygen.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Reaction of cells of subcutaneous connective tissue to the activation and blockade of the peptidergic system].

Changes in the quantitative composition of subcutaneous connective tissue cells were examined after activation and blockade of the peripheral peptidergic system with capsaicin. The activating dose (5 mg/kg) of the agent was found to increase the quantity of mast cells in the subcutaneous connective tissue. Its toxic dose (200 mg/kg) elevated the histiocytic and fibroblastic index while the number of mast cells reduced. The same reaction was seen in surgically impaired tissue innervation. It is concluded that peptidergic capsaicin-sensitive neurons play a role in the development of neurogenic dystrophy and this process involves connective tissue cell elements.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Comparison of beta-adrenoceptors mediating vasodilatation in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

Blood flow changes in response to various drugs in simulataneously autoperfused canine subcutaneous adipose tissue and gracilis muscle were compared to study the vascular beta-adrenoceptors. Compared to isoprenaline the beta 2-selective agonist salbutamol was 4--6 times more potent as a vasodilator in the muscle than in adipose tissue. Furthermore two beta 1-selective agonists (Tazolol and H80/62) caused vasodilatation in adipose tissue but not in the gracilis muscle. When given by close i.a. injection after beta-adrenoceptor blockade, adrenaline was a more potent vasoconstrictor than noradrenaline in both tissues. Before beta-blockade, however, noradrenaline was the more potent vasoconstrictor in the gracilis muscle whereas adrenaline was more potent in adipose tissue. Intravenous infusion of adrenaline in doses causing vasodilatation in the muscle caused vasoconstriction in adipose tissue whereas intravenous infusion of noradrenaline caused vasoconstriction in both tissues. The present findings suggest that the beta-adrenoceptors mediating vasodilatation in skeletal muscle are mainly ose tissue. Since adrenaline is a much more potent beta2- than beta1-agonist, these differences point to different roles of intravascular adrenaline in the two sites. In skeletal muscle circulating adrenaline is mainly a vasodilator whereas in subcutaneous adipose tissue it mainly acts as a vasoconstrictor.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1998

Glucose concentration in human subcutaneous adipose tissue: comparison between forearm and abdomen.

There is still controversy about the relation between the glucose concentration in the subcutaneous (sc.) adipose tissue and the blood plasma. Depending on the technique applied, the glucose concentration in sc. tissue varies between 50% and 100% of the plasma glucose concentration. In the present study the sc. glucose concentration of forearm and abdomen in seven healthy volunteers was compared with plasma glucose by applying the microdialysis technique with very low flow rates. A microdialysis probe implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of abdomen and forearm was perfused with a flow rate of 1 microl/4 min. The dialysate was sampled in three 2-h-fractions in the fasting state and in one 2-h-fraction during a hyperglycemic clamp (216.9+/-3.4 mg/dl) (mean +/- SEM). The mean recoveries of the plasma glucose were 91.1+/-4.1% in the forearm and 82.7+/-18.0% in the abdomen. The recoveries in the sc. tissue of abdomen and arm were not significantly different. However, the arm showed significantly (p < 0.014) less interindividual variance (range 73.2- 103.2%) than the abdomen (range 50.6-117.1%) and appears to be the preferable implantation site. The recovery remained constant during the investigation.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2006

Are blood flow and lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue influenced by contractions in adjacent muscles in humans?

Aerobic exercise increases whole body adipose tissue lipolysis, but is lipolysis higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) adjacent to contracting muscles than in SCAT adjacent to resting muscles? Ten healthy, overnight-fasted males performed one-legged knee extension exercise at 25% of maximal workload (W(max)) for 30 min followed by exercise at 55% W(max) for 120 min with the other leg and finally exercised at 85% W(max) for 30 min with the first leg. Subjects rested for 30 min between exercise periods. Femoral SCAT blood flow was estimated from washout of (133)Xe, and lipolysis was calculated from femoral SCAT interstitial and arterial glycerol concentrations and blood flow. In general, blood flow and lipolysis were higher in femoral SCAT adjacent to contracting than adjacent to resting muscle (time 15-30 min; blood flow: 25% W(max) 6.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.8 ml x 100 g(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.05; 55% W(max) 7.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 5.0 +/- 0.6 ml x 100 g(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.05; 85% W(max) 6.6 +/- 1.3 vs. 5.9 +/- 0.7 ml x 100 g(-1) x min(-1), P > 0.05; lipolysis: 25% W(max) 102 +/- 19 vs. 55 +/- 14 nmol x 100 g(-1) x min(-1), P = 0.06; 55% W(max) 86 +/- 11 vs. 50 +/- 20 nmol x 100 g(-1) x min(-1), P > 0.05; 85% W(max) 88 +/- 31 vs. -9 +/- 25 nmol x 100 g(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.05). In conclusion, blood flow and lipolysis are generally higher in SCAT adjacent to contracting than adjacent to resting muscle irrespective of exercise intensity. Thus specific exercises can induce "spot lipolysis" in adipose tissue.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

[Migration And Distribution Of Spargana In Body Of Experimentally Infected Mice]

The migration and distribution pattern of spargana in mouse body was observed after experimental infection through mouth. The spargana were obtained from the snake, Natrix tigrina lateralis, caught in Hoengseong-gun, Kangwon-do. A total of 28 male mice (ICR strain), 21~25g in body weight, were fed each with 5 scolices (and necks) of spargana and killed after 10 minutes to 14 days. Systemic autopsy was performed on each mouse to recover the spargana. The results are as follows: The spargana were found to penetrate into the stomach or duodenal wall of mice as early as 10 minutes after infection. They completed the penetration within 30 minutes and appeared in abdominal cavity. It was observed that spargana did not migrate tangentially along the gut wall but directly perforated the wall. After 1 hour to 1 day the majority of spargana distributed in abdominal cavity of mice except few which migrated to muscles or subcutaneous tissues. It was within 7 days that nearly all of the spargana migrated to subcutaneous tissues. Out of total 28 in number found from subcutaneous tissues, 13 distributed around neck region, 12 around trunk and other 3 on head of mice and the most common sites were submandibular and subscapular areas. There was nearly no host tissue reaction to migrating spargana. The initial length of spargana given was 4 mm in average but it increased to 12 mm after 7 days and to 35 mm after 14 days. The results suggest that spargana orally given to mice penetrate the gut wall within 30 minutes followed by escaping into abdominal cavity, and after passing through thoracic cavity or abdominal wall they finally localize in subcutaneous tissues chiefly around neck region within 7 days.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1983

The influence of protein nutrition in early life on growth and development of the pig. 2. Effects on the cellularity of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue.

The effects of feeding either high-protein (HP) or low-protein (LP) diets between 1.8 and 15 kg live weight (LW) and a low-energy (LE) or high-energy (HE) intake subsequently on the cellularity of muscle and adipose tissue in pigs growing to 75 kg LW were investigated. The effects of the nutritional treatments on muscle tissue were assessed from the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor. For adipose tissue the total DNA content and fat cell size of the subcutaneous adipose tissue contained in the left shoulder joint were determined. Feeding the LP diets in early life reduced the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor (P less than 0.01) and increased fat cell size (P less than 0.01) at 15 kg LW. Subsequent to 15 kg there was an almost linear increase in muscle DNA with increasing LW, and the difference between pigs from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished and was no longer apparent at 60 kg LW. At 30 kg LW, pigs given the LP diets before 15 kg LW contained less DNA in the subcutaneous adipose tissue from the shoulder joint (P less than 0.01) and had larger fat cells (P less than 0.05) than pigs given the HP diets initially. However, adipose DNA and fat cell size increased with increasing LW and the differences resulting from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished. On the LE and HE treatments subsequent to 15 kg these differences were no longer evident at 45 and 60 kg respectively. Pigs given the HE intake subsequent to 15 kg, contained less DNA in muscle tissue (P less than 0.05) at 60 and 75 kg LW and had larger fat cells (P less than 0.05) at 45, 60 and 75 kg LW, than pigs on the LE treatment.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2003

Breast cancer recurrence after immediate reconstruction: patterns and significance.

Local recurrence of cancer after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction is generally regarded as a poor prognostic indicator. This study was conducted to identify specific patterns of local recurrence following reconstruction and to determine their biological significance. The records of all patients who had undergone immediate breast reconstruction at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between June 1, 1988, and December 31, 1998, were reviewed. The records of patients who had local tumor recurrence were then carefully analyzed. During this 10-year period, a local recurrence of cancer was found to have developed in 39 of 1694 patients (2.3 percent). Most recurrences were in the skin or subcutaneous tissue (n = 28; 72 percent), and the remainder were in the "chest wall" (n = 11; 28 percent), as defined by skeletal or muscular involvement. Transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps were used most often in both groups, but latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps and implant techniques were also used in some patients. Patients with subcutaneous tissue recurrence had an overall survival rate of 61 percent at follow-up of 80.8 months, compared with patients with chest wall recurrence, whose survival rate was 45 percent at similar follow-up. Metastases were less likely to develop in patients with subcutaneous tissue recurrence than in those with chest wall recurrence (57 percent versus 91 percent; p = 0.044); the former group also had a greater chance of remaining disease-free after treatment of the recurrence (39 percent versus 9 percent), respectively. Metastasis-free survival was higher in patients with subcutaneous tissue recurrence than with chest wall recurrence (2-year and 5-year survival: 52 and 42 percent versus 24 and 24 percent; p = 0.04). In both groups, the time to detection of the recurrence was similar (subcutaneous tissue recurrence, 27.1 months, versus chest wall recurrence, 29.5 months). Distant disease did not develop in one patient only in the chest wall recurrence group; this patient remained disease-free at 70 months. From these results, it was concluded that (1) not all local recurrences are the same: patients with subcutaneous tissue recurrence have better survival rates, a decreased incidence of metastases, and a greater chance of remaining disease-free than do those with chest wall recurrence; (2) immediate breast reconstruction (although potentially, it can conceal chest wall recurrence) does not seem to delay the detection of chest wall recurrence; and (3) even if a chest wall recurrence develops, it is highly associated with metastatic disease, and the survival rate is not likely to have been influenced by earlier detection. These data support the continued use of immediate breast reconstruction without fear of concealing a recurrence or influencing the oncologic outcome.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The relationship between different subcutaneous adipose tissue layers, fat mass and leptin in obese children and adolescents.

We studied the relationships of subcutaneous adipose tissue layers (SAT-layers), body fat mass (FM) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with leptin in obese children and adolescents. Twenty-nine obese children and adolescents (12 boys: age: 11.3 +/- 3.7 yr; body mass index [BMI]: 28.5 +/- 4) and 17 girls (age: 12.2 +/- 2.2 yr; BMI: 29.8 +/- 4.7) (mean +/- SD) were studied. FM was estimated by bioelectrical impedance. SAT-layers were determined at 15 different body sites from 1-neck to 15-calf by the Lipometer optical device. Leptin and insulin were determined by RIA. Maturity was associated with a greater thickness of certain SAT-layers from the upper body and with a lower thickness of SAT-layers from the abdominal region and lower extremities. Significant correlations were found for all estimates of adiposity and leptin (all p<0.001). Waist and hip circumferences were not correlated to leptin after adjustment for FM. SAT-layers from the upper body were significantly and positively correlated to leptin. Multiple regression analysis revealed FM as a main contributor to the variation in leptin (R2=0.53, p<0.0001). FM together with SAT-layers 5-front chest and 13-rear thigh explained 72% of the variation in leptin (p<0.0001). In a body fat distribution model, hip circumference together with SAT-layers 4-upper back and 2-triceps explained 75% of the variation in leptin (p< 0.0001). The results suggest that SAT-layers and their topography are main determinants for leptin in obese children and adolescents. Maturity in obese children is associated with higher values of upper body SAT-layers and lower values of abdominal and lower extremities SAT-layers. Whether leptin is under the control of certain subcutaneous adipose tissue depots from the upper body remains to be elucidated by longitudinal studies.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid affects morphofunctional and chemical aspects of subcutaneous adipose tissue in heavy pigs.

We investigated the in vivo effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on subcutaneous adipose tissue from heavy pigs to clarify the involvement of possibly different causative effects in the established antiadipogenic effect of CLA. Pigs [n = 36; initial body weight, 106 kg live weight (LW)] were assigned to 1 of 2 LW-matched groups supplemented with either 0 or 0.75% of a CLA preparation containing 50% CLA isomers. The pigs were slaughtered at 155 kg LW and adipose tissue analyzed. CLA supplementation affected ash content, and decreased iodine values (P < 0.01) and adipocyte size (P < 0.05). The fat content of adipose tissue was lower (P < 0.05) in females than castrated males, and females had smaller (P < 0.01) adipocytes than castrated males. Neither CLA nor sex influenced adipocyte lipid droplet diameter or the extent of lipid peroxidation as determined by quantitation of Schiff's histochemical reaction. NADPH-diaphorase was not influenced by CLA treatment. Preadipocyte proliferation rates were lower in pigs fed CLA (P < 0.05), whereas the number of adipocyte apoptotic nuclei was greater (P < 0.05). Preadipocyte proliferation was also greater (P < 0.05) in females than castrated males. Neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activities did not differ between groups in adipose tissue vessels, but inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in adipocytes was lower in pigs fed CLA (P = 0.05). These findings suggest that the antiadipogenic effect of CLA in heavy pigs is not a direct effect but may occur by downregulation of a NO-mediated lipolytic pathway.

Adipocytes↗

PubMed1983

Evidence for a local sympathetic venoarteriolar "reflex" in the dog hindleg.

The study was performed in order to determine whether a local sympathetic venoarteriolar "reflex" is present in the dog hindleg. Femoral artery blood flow was measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter probe, and blood flow in the thigh muscle and subcutaneous tissue distally in the paw was measured by the local 133Xe washout technique. Twenty experiments were carried out in seven dogs unilaterally sympathectomized 2-4 weeks previously. Resting vascular tone did not differ in the sympathectomized and nonsympathectomized legs. In the control leg, venous pressure elevation caused a decrease in femoral blood flow of 49% corresponding to an increase in vascular resistance of 58%. In muscle and subcutaneous tissue vascular resistance increased by 81% and 35%, respectively. In the denervated leg, venous stasis caused no change in total vascular resistance. In muscle the vascular resistance increased by only 24%. In subcutaneous tissue, vascular resistance decreased by 12%. The effect of acute lumbar sympathectomy was studied in another group of seven dogs. Operation caused an immediate decrease in vascular resistance of 40%. The increase in vascular resistance during venous stasis in the total leg, as well as in muscle and subcutaneous tissue, was not affected. However, acute lumbar sympathectomy combined with injection of phenoxybenzamine into the femoral artery almost abolished the vasoconstriction induced by venous stasis. In muscle, the increase in vascular resistance was still present, but considerably attenuated. In subcutaneous tissue, the normal response was completely blocked. Finally, local suction induced vasoconstriction in an adjoining area not subjected to changes in vascular transmural pressure, an effect that could be blocked by local neural blockade at the site of suction. The results strongly suggest that a local sympathetic veno-arteriolar (axon) "reflex" is present in muscle and subcutaneous tissue in the dog hindleg.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Regional differences in interstitial glycerol concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue of women.

The aims of this study were to 1) compare two methods of determining interstitial glycerol concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) and 2) determine whether there are regional differences in interstitial glycerol concentration in subcutaneous AT of nonobese, premenopausal women. Microdialysis probes were inserted under local anesthesia into the abdominal (2 probes) and femoral (1 probe) subcutaneous AT in each subject (n = 5) and perfused with a Ringer solution containing 2.5 mM glucose and glycerol in concentrations ranging from 0 to 900 microM. Microdialysis probe relative recoveries and interstitial glycerol concentrations were determined by the no-net-flux method (NNF) and the internal reference method (IR) with the use of [13C]glycerol. Microdialysis probe relative recoveries were 57.4 +/- 3.6% by NNF and 61.2 +/- 10.1% by IR in femoral AT [P = not significant (NS)] and were 55.2 +/- 6.0% by NNF and 66.6 +/- 4.2% by IR in abdominal AT (P = NS). The calculated interstitial glycerol concentrations determined by NNF and IR were 236.4 +/- 42.7 and 241.1 +/- 39.6 microM (P = NS) in femoral AT and 151.4 +/- 29.7 and 129.4 +/- 18.7 microM in abdominal AT (NNF vs. IR, P = NS; femoral vs. abdominal, P < 0.05). It can be concluded that the interstitial glycerol concentration in the femoral AT of nonobese, premenopausal females is approximately 240 microM and is higher than in abdominal AT (140 microM). Furthermore, the use of a stable isotope of glycerol as an internal reference is suitable for determining interstitial glycerol concentrations in subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans at rest.

Abdomen↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Correlation between skinfold thickness and ultrasonography in the study of subcutaneous adipose tissue in females].

The aim of this study was to verify if there is a 1:2 correlation between subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness measured by ultrasonography and skinfold caliper and if this correlation varies in function of the degree of obesity, subcutaneous fat thickness, and the area evaluated. Forty women (age 27.9 +/- 11.7 years, body mass index 28.75 +/- 5.40 Kg/m2, waist to hip ratio 0.77 +/- 0.06) underwent ultrasonographic measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue and skinfold caliper measurement at nine different sites (bicipital, tricipital, subscapular, suprailiac, epigastric umbilical, hypogastric, gluteal, and femoral). Data analysis confirmed a significant correlation between measurements made by ultrasonography and skinfold plicometry at all sites when the patients were not subdivided according to body mass index or skinfold thickness. When they were subdivided on the basis of body mass index, a significant correlation was found for subjects with a body mass index < 30; when the index was > 30, the correlation was observed at only the subscapular and suprailiac sites, and to a lesser degree at the tricipital and femoral sites. Moreover, a highly significant correlation was found only at sites at which ultrasonographic thickness was not > 20 mm (p < 0.001) with an r value decreasing progressively from 0.685 (thickness < 10 mm) to 0.248 (thickness > 40 mm). Given the great variability of this correlation, we suggest that ultrasonography is preferable to plicometry for the measurement of fat.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1976

The role of neuronal uptake at alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor sites in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Intravascular noradrenaline infusion may cause vasodilatation or vasoconstriction in subcutaneous adipose tissue, whereas sympathetic nerve activity causes vasoconstriction only. This discrepancy may be due to a differential distribution of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in relation to adrenergic nerve terminals in the adipose tissue vessels. In order to test this hypothesis the extent of prejunctional supersensitivity to noradrenaline was studied after blockade the neuronal uptake of noradrenaline with cocaine. In the autoperfused, isolated inguinal canine adipose tissue pretreatment with coacine (200-600 mug close i.a.) increased lipolysis following sympathetic nerve stimulation or close i.a. injection of noradrenaline. Cocaine also potentiated the vasoconstriction induced by nerve stimulation (1-3 Hz) or intraarterial noradrenaline (0.2-2 nmoles) as well as the vasodilatation induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation (1-3 Hz) after alpha-receptor blockade. However, the vasodilatation following close i.a. injection of noradrenaline after alpha-receptor blockade was not changed by cocaine. The results indicate that the functionally important vascular alpha-adrenoceptors in adipose tissue are in close contact with adrenergic nerve terminals, whereas most vascular beta-adrenoceptors seem to be unrelated to the nerve terminals. Thus, the alpha-adrenoceptors in the adipose tissue vessels may be classified as innervated receptors, in contrast to the vascular beta-adrenoceptors which may be more acessible to circulating catecholamines and may be classified as humoral receptors. Furthermore at least some of the beta-receptors on the adipocytes seem to be located close to sympathetic nerve terminals.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1978

Hexokinase isozymes of normal human subcutaneous adipose tissue.

The isozymes of hexokinase in surgical specimens of human subcutaneous adipose tissue were separated by elution from DEAE-cellulose with linear KCl gradients at ph 7.4. Two peaks of activity were found: Peak 1 eluted at 0.05M KCl, and Peak 2 at 0.19M KCl. Michaelis constants (Km) for glucose were: Peak 1, 6.5 x 10-5M; Peak 2, 1.5 x 10-4M. Peak 2 was more susceptible than Peak 1 to inactivation by trypsin, 0.1 mg/ml, and was protected by 0.1M glucose. Both peaks were protected from heat inactivation (45 degrees) by 0.1M glucose. Peak 2 comprised 66 +/- 5 percent of the total hexokinase activity. No activity with the characteristics of hexokinase III was detected in human fat. In all these characteristics, the isozymes of human adipose tissue closely resemble hexokinases I and II from rats.

Adipose Tissue↗