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PubMed1984

In vivo remineralization of artificial subsurface lesions in human enamel. I.

In this paper in vivo remineralization of artificial subsurface lesions in human enamel, placed in partial prostheses of 30 patients during 3 months is presented. The patients were divided into 3 groups. Group A brushed daily with H2O: group B brushed with H2O and rinsed with a neutral 50 ppm F- solution and group C brushed with a neutral 1500 ppm F- toothpaste. Microhardness indentation measurements were carried out at the start of the experiment and after 2, 4, 16, 20, 44, 58 and 87 days. After 3 months, the indentation length reductions (in %) were for group A, B and C 16, 13 and 20%, respectively. These differences were all statistically significant at least at the p less than 0.05 level. In conclusion, subsurface lesions remineralize very slowly in vivo, much slower than in vitro situations. The remineralization rate is relatively fast in the first 2 weeks; for longer periods the remineralization rate of subsurface enamel lesions is very slow.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed2006

A new in vivo method for measuring caries activity with a colorimeter.

The aim of this in vivo study was to assess the association between caries prevalence and changes in mineralization measured with a colorimeter (Color Compare CC 400, JENOPTIK, Jena, Germany). After a clinical examination (defs/DMFS, initial caries lesions), an area of a deciduous tooth was etched in each of the 35 children (psi = 8.11+/-2.41 years) with 37% phosphoric acid gel for 1 min. Immediately after, this demineralization was stained with 2% aqueous methylene blue and the red/green/blue spectrum measured with a colorimeter. Twenty-four hours later, the remineralization of this area was measured following the same staining procedure. Color measurements were clearly reduced after 24 h, indicating remineralization, and they correlated highly with the age of the children (Spearman correlation coefficient r = -0.48, p = 0.004). Correlations between the number of initial caries lesions in the deciduous and permanent dentition and color measurements after demineralization were statistically significant (r = 0.41 and 0.37, p = 0.02 and 0.045, respectively). The difference between the first and second measurements correlated significantly with the number of initial caries lesions in the permanent dentition (r = 0.42, p = 0.02). The values after artificial demineralization correlated with the number of initial lesions for the permanent (r = 0.368, p = 0.045) and deciduous (r = 0.408, p = 0.015) dentition. This resistance to artificial demineralization had stronger correlation coefficients with the caries incidence than the caries experience and initial lesions, which are considered to be the most valid caries predictors. In conclusion, these data suggest that the degree of demineralization after etching and its changes with time could be associated with caries parameters. Its use in prospective clinical trials on caries activity could be a successful approach.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1984

Fluoride in deciduous teeth from an anti-caries clinical study.

The fluoride content of both sound and white-spot enamel was determined in deciduous teeth collected from an anti-caries clinical trial which compared a 0.243% NaF dentifrice, a 0.4% SnF2 dentifrice, and a placebo. A microdrill enamel biopsy technique was developed for the analysis of white spots. No correlations were found between caries increment scores and the fluoride content of sound enamel. The enamel in white spots from users of the 0.243% NaF dentifrice had a mean fluoride content higher than that from users of the 0.4% SnF2 dentifrice. There was a negative correlation between fluoride found in white-spot enamel and caries increment scores. It is hypothesized that fluoride affects the caries rate by its control over the rate of remineralization in previously demineralized areas.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1980

Trace fluoride and its role in enamel mineralization.

A highly reproducible seeded crystal growth method has been used to study enamel mineralization in the presence of traces of fluoride ion. The resulting increased rate of remineralization over a range of calcium phosphate supersaturation may be attributed to the formation of surface fluorapatite.

Calcium Phosphates↗
PubMed1981

The mineralization of enamel surfaces. A constant composition kinetics study.

The in vitro remineralization of acid-etched enamel surfaces offers an attractive model for simulating carious lesion recalcification and the repair of teeth in the oral environment. In the present work the influence of the extent of etching with hydrochloric and phosphoric acids has been examined. The kinetics of growth of hydroxyapatite as an exclusive phase on the pretreated enamel surfaces has been studied by means of a constant solution composition procedure. This method enables studies to be made at low constant supersaturations so that the stoichiometry of the precipitating phase may be defined. The very small rates of mineralization with HAP were determined with a precision hitherto unattainable. In addition, the influence of fluoride ion in enhancing the remineralization of damaged enamel has been investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

In vivo remineralization of human enamel and dental calculus formation.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the inorganic composition and the surface morphology of remineralized enamel areas and of dental calculus in heavy-calculus-formers (five subjects) and to compare these results with those of non-calculus-formers (two subjects). Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) was carried out on sound, acid-etched, and in vivo remineralized enamel samples from heavy- and non-calculus-formers. The mean values of Ca, P, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, and K were compared with the SEM morphology. EPMA measurements showed no significant differences in the Ca/P ratio of the surface layers of prism-oriented and/or homogeneous enamel remineralization. The variations of remineralization pattern after acid-etching are similar in teeth from heavy dental-calculus-forming patients and in teeth from non-calculus-formers. The SEM appearances of remineralized areas and of the inner surface of mature dental calculus must be considered to be totally different. The experiments carried out suggest that the remineralization of enamel is not related to the formation of calculus.

Calcium↗
PubMed1998

Rapid palatal expansion. Part 2: Dentoskeletal changes in cats with patent versus synostosed midpalatal suture.

Intercanine expansion (C-C) following rapid palatal expansion is made up of sutural displacement (Sd-Sd), tooth tip (Tt-Tt), tooth displacement (Td-Td), and alveolar process tipping and bending (At+b-At+b). The involvement of these four components was studied on 10 rapid palatal expansion treated and two control cats during an active phase (25 days), a retention phase (60 days), and a relapse phase (60 days). The midpalatal suture was analyzed for linear measurements, radiopaque versus radiolucent zones and optical density from occlusal radiographs. Nine treated cats exhibited sutural split and one treated cat showed no split as a result of synostosis of the suture. The contribution of the four constituents [(Sd-Sd):(Tt-Tt):(Td-Td):(At+b-At+b)] to the C-C expansion changed from active to relapse phase from [45%:15%:25%:15%] to [50%:25%:25%:0%] in the animals with sutural split and from [0%:40%:60%:0%] to [0%:0%:100%:0%] in the cat without sutural split, implying the major role of sutural displacement in patent suture, and tooth displacement in synostosed suture. The latter indicates the potential buccal corticalis fenestration, dehiscence or perforation in synostosed suture undergoing RPE. In patent suture (animals with sutural split), optical density increased during rapid palatal expansion (soft tissue build-up) and decreased during retention (remineralization) and relapse phases (medial convergence of the palatal processes). In the animal without sutural split, a continuous decrease in the optical density (predetermined ossification) was found. The progressive six-fold surge in coefficient of variation of C-C expansion during the relapse phase indicates limitation in predicting rapid palatal expansion stability. Clinically, the use of serial occlusal radiographs during rapid palatal expansion is recommended to evaluate patency and extent of retention period.

Animals↗