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PubMed2005

The art of scientific writing: how to get your research published!

The purpose of this article is to provide potential authors with a contemporary guide to scientific writing. It is in essence a handbook that covers the planning for a scientific publication from inception of the project or study to manuscript preparation and, ultimately, acceptance by a journal. Major topics such as manuscript formatting, data analysis, use of charts, graphs and images, reference formats, and manuscript submission are presented.

Bibliographies as Topic↗

PubMed1976

Difficulties facing a government hospital medical officer in writing medical papers.

Government Hospitals not involved with medical schools often lack the full facilities of the paramedical sector. Therefore the medical officers are faced with this difficulty when attempting to write medical papers. The government should try to improve this so as to raise the interest of all concerned in reporting interesting cases.

Hospitals, Public↗

PubMed2006

[How to write a scientific article].

Scientific articles published in science journals are the main means of communicating scientific information today. A scientific article as a type of publication is characterized by a specific design and content. It is defined as a special type of publication intended to convey scientific information. There are different types of scientific articles: original scientific article, review article, systematic review and meta-analysis, case report, etc. Original scientific article and how to write it is the main topic of this article. It is considered a primary scientific publication that brings research results that have not been published before and contains enough data for other researchers to assess the presented evidence, repeat the study, and critically assess the conclusions. Original scientific article usually follows the IMRaD structure, i.e., it consists of four main sections as follows: introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Each section has a different purpose and brings different part of information on the study that was conducted. Furthermore, other elements of a scientific article are presented and explained, such as a title, abstract, key words, and reference format. Hopefully useful suggestions are offered about the use of scientific language and style.

Publishing↗

PubMed2005

A method for assessing reflective journal writing.

Reflection is widely accepted as a learning tool and is considered integral to professional practice. Journal writing is advocated in facilitating reflection, yet little is written about how to assess reflection in journals. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a method of assessing the elements of reflection in journals and to determine whether, and to what level, reflection occurs in journals. Twenty-seven physical therapy students maintained written reflective journals throughout three of their four eight-week clinical affiliations. The students were introduced to concepts of reflective practice with definitions of terms and reflective questions before their second affiliation. A coding schema was developed to assess the journals. Three raters assessed forty-three journals. The text of each journal was analyzed for evidence of nine elements of reflection, and each journal was categorized as showing no evidence of reflection, evidence of reflection, or evidence of critical reflection. Descriptive statistics were used to demonstrate evidence of reflection. Reliability between each pair of raters was assessed using percent agreement, phi coefficients, and gamma statistics. Interrater reliability of all raters was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC[2,1]). Results showed that the raters assessed 95.3%-100% of the journals as showing at least one element of reflection. The percent agreement between rater pairs for the nine elements of reflection ranged from 65.1% to 93.0%, the phi coefficient ranged from 0.08 to 0.81, and the ICC(2,1) values used to assess reliability among the three raters on each element ranged from 0.03 to 0.72. Averaging the assessment of the three raters for the overall journal, 14.7% of the journals were assessed as showing no evidence of reflection, 43.4% as showing evidence of reflection, and 41.9% as showing evidence of critical reflection. The percent agreement between rater pairs for the overall assessment of the journals ranged from 67.4% to 85.7%, the gamma statistic ranged from 0.88 to 0.98, and the ICC(2,1) among all raters was 0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.61-0.84). These results represent an acceptable level of agreement for use of this method of assessment for educational purposes. The coding schema developed provides a mechanism to assess evidence of reflection in written journals, which will enable instructors to evaluate student competency, obtain a baseline for facilitating reflective practice, and assess their own efficacy in facilitating reflection among students.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Expressions of interest - writing for success.

Primary health care research is a growing discipline and as such needs more funds to support the increase in this research. With the competition for research funds increasing, primary health care researchers need to be astute in how they apply for funds. This article provides key points to keep in mind when writing an expression of interest to increase your chance of success.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

[Practical guidelines for writing and editing scientific articles in health sciences].

Universal guidelines for the editing of scientific results in Spanish and English in the wide fields of Health Sciences, written in a concise, practical and colloquial way are given. This article is devoted to those professionals whose main activities are the practical care of patients; however, having original results they lack enough practice and training in the complex editing process in order to send the manuscripts for consideration to the Editors of well qualified, indexed, journals. Some ways to make easy the writing of the different sections of the manuscripts, appropriate verb tenses as well as explanation of the main bibliometric parameters as Impact Factor are discussed. Others relevant issues, as authorship, letters to the editors and referees are also analysed.

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed1991

Literacy and laryngectomy: how should one treat head and neck cancer in patients who cannot read or write?

The entire population of otolaryngologists and radiation oncologists (N = 192) in active practice in the state of North Carolina were surveyed to assess their level of awareness of illiteracy among adults in the United States and to determine whether these physicians consider illiteracy in the treatment decision process for patients with head and neck cancer. Excluding respondents who did not treat patients with head and neck cancer and physicians practicing outside of the state of North Carolina, the response rate was 115 of 182, or 63%. Only 26% of respondents were able to estimate correctly the prevalence of illiteracy in the US adult population. Forty-one percent of respondents, however, stated that they did consider their patient's ability to read and/or write before making treatment recommendations for head and neck cancer. This survey and accompanying literature review suggest that physicians perceive illiteracy as a problem that may have a significant impact on patients with head and neck cancer, but lack the data needed to enable them to quantify the effect of illiteracy on treatment outcome. The study reported is the first step in examining ways in which illiteracy might negatively affect patient outcomes.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1991

The ethics of writing and publishing.

Many decisions are made during the process of writing for publication. However, nurse authors often fail to recognize the ethical implications inherent in many of their choices. To help nurse faculty and administrators address four of the more common problem areas, the author discusses the ethics of multiple authorship, conflict of interest, fraud, and salami publishing.

Authorship↗

PubMed1978

Teaching poetry writing to the old and the ill.

When people are separated from the activities and relationships that make life so passionately interesting, they are separated from real accomplishment. A poet's non-therapeutic approach to writing led a group of ill and handicapped nursing home residents, aged 59-93 years, to find new strengths of feeling and ideas. Above all, it gave them the real accomplishment of some beautiful poetry.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

American physicians' earliest writings about homosexuals, 1880-1900.

The expansion of diagnostic categories in the late nineteenth century to include behaviors not previously interpreted as medical problems raised questions about the validity of defining behaviors as disease and the role of individual responsibility for these behaviors. One instance of this medicalization of behavior was the elaboration of "sexual inversion" as a new disease in American medical writings of the period. In searching for a defining characteristic of diverse cases, clinicians described sexuality as a fundamental aspect of being rather than simply an aspect of behavior, and created an identity for their patients that altered the way they thought about themselves and were viewed by society. Although the medical diagnosis later became a central feature in the social oppression of homosexuals, it offered the possibility of construing behaviors in a new way.

History, 19th Century↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Driven to abstraction: writing an abstract for presentation or publication.

A manuscript's abstract may be the determining factor in the article's acceptance for publication or presentation. It may also be the key to the work's future as a reference article. Specific guidelines for abstract writing are offered to guide the new author through the publication process. The ultimate goal is an accepted manuscript and a prepared presenter.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMed1986

Writing epilepsy.

Two patients complained of myoclonic jerks precipitated by writing. They had suffered only sporadic seizures triggered by reading. Laboratory assessment demonstrated that typing was the most powerful stimulus in triggering spike-wave discharges associated with myoclonic seizures. Sodium Valproate (20 mg/Kg/die) led to a complete remission of seizures in both cases.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

[Historic notices of Louis braille and the development of dot-writing (author's transl)].

Louis Braille is called by his first biographer to be the "Johannes Gutenberg for the blind". Being blind himself--caused by a sympathetic ophthalmia after a perforating hurt to his eye--he invented at the age of 16 years a simple and ingenious method enabling blind people to read and write. His system consisting of six elevated and palpable dots was rejected by the teachers of these days, claiming there could be a distance between blind and fullsighted men. Despite this opposition the Braille system succeeded because of its advantages for the blind: Nowadays this method is used all over the world.

Blindness↗

PubMed1988

Environmental influence on the writing of gifted high school girls.

While the environment is recognized as having an influence on career choices of gifted adolescent girls, no attempt has been made to examine their writing from a historical perspective. Files in the Guidance Institute for the Talented (GIFTS), University of Wisconsin, Madison, contain essays on "Dominant forces that have directed my life" and "The future as I see it and my place in that future" written by most students who went through GIFTS. A comparison of essays by 21 gifted adolescent girls born in 1944 with 20 born in 1957 reflected changes in attitudes that occurred in the United States over that period. The danger of the environment influencing the thinking of gifted young women who have not established their own inner resources is stressed.

Achievement↗

PubMed1988

[Rules for the writing of scientific papers with remarks on the art of composition and nomenclature].

Students and young scientists are often helpless when writing their first paper. The author has observed over a period of time that poor style, misuse of the German language and inappropriate dermatological terminology have crept in that should be eradicated. In this paper, an attempt is made to provide constructive advice on how to organize a manuscript and how to give it better form.

Dermatology↗

PubMed1979

Behavioral techniques in the treatment of a writing phobia.

This paper presents the theoretical bases of the counterconditioning techniques of systematic desensitization and the extinction techniques of implosion therapy and flooding. A case history is presented in which progressive muscle relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, and flooding were used to extinguish and countercondition a writing phobia in a junior-year occupational therapy student. Two target behaviors were selected for modification: to increase the number of words written within a specified time period, and, at the same time, to decrease the number of self-doubting thoughts. Twenty treatment sessions were conducted in which the subject practiced these techniques and wrote an essay during a specified time period. The results support the effectiveness of these techniques in modifying maladaptive anxiety or fear arising from a situation that is not objectively dangerous.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neural mechanism of reading and writing in the Japanese language.

Three Japanese patients presenting with pure alexia showed agraphia for Kanji in addition. A left angular gyrus lesion caused agraphia for both Kanji and Kana, but Kanji reading was preserved. A left posterior inferior temporal (PIT) lesion resulted in alexia and agraphia for Kanji, while the Kana function was preserved. These results imply that the semantic processing of reading Kanji words depends upon the left PIT area, while the phonological reading of Kana is mediated by the left angular gyrus. The PIT area also plays an important role in writing Kanji words.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Research & writing basics: elements of the abstract.

Writing an abstract is a challenging skill that requires precision and care. Criteria for well-formulated abstracts and abstract guidelines for 2 types of articles (empirical studies and reviews or theoretical articles) as well as a description of the content of a structured abstract are presented. Details were gleaned from a review of the literature including the American Medical Association Manual of Style, Eighth Edition and the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fourth Edition. A good abstract is like a crystal: it is a clear, sharp synthesis that elucidates meaning for the reader.

Abstracting and Indexing↗