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PubMed2005

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of assessment instruments used in psychological research with children and families.

With the increased globalization of psychology and related fields, having reliable and valid measures that can be used in a number of languages and cultures is critical. Few guidelines or standards have been established in psychology for the translation and cultural adaptation of instruments. Usually little is reported in research publications about the translation and adaptation process thus making it difficult for journal readers and reviewers to adequately evaluate the equivalency and quality of an instrument. In this study, issues related to the translation and adaptation of assessment instruments for use in other cultures and/or languages are addressed. Existing literature on translation is reviewed and examples from the clinical child and family psychology field are given to illustrate relevant issues. Suggestions are made for avoiding common translation errors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

The late positive component of the ERP and adaptation-level theory.

Relationships between the P300 component of the event-related potential (ERP) and processes of evaluation and categorization of events have been demonstrated in numerous investigations. On the other hand, these same processes have also been studied extensively by means of rating scale procedures within the framework of the psychological Adaptation-Level Theory. Recently, it has been suggested that the P300 amplitude reflects the distance between the adaptation level and the event that elicits the ERP. In this study we explored this suggestion by examining the effects of stimulus categorization on P300. Seven healthy adult subjects had to judge the length of five letter strings which were presented equiprobably in a randomized sequence. The ERPs (Fz, Cz, Pz derivations) elicited by string presentation were selectively averaged according to the five categories of string length. U-shaped trends of P300 amplitude changes were found. Minimum amplitudes were elicited by strings of medium length consistent with the inferred adaptation level. The data provide further evidence that P300 amplitude reflects the mental distance to adaptation level.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

Crude saponin extracted from Vietnamese ginseng and its major constituent majonoside-R2 attenuate the psychological stress- and foot-shock stress-induced antinociception in mice.

Effects of Vietnamese ginseng (VG) crude saponin and majonoside-R2, a major saponin constituent, on the psychological stress- and foot shock stress-induced antinociception in the tail pinch test were examined in mice. VG crude saponin (6.2, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg, P.O.) attenuated psychological stress- but not foot shock stress-induced antinociceptive response, whereas majonoside-R2 (3, 6.2, and 12.5 mg/kg, P.O. and i.p.), as well as naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.), suppressed both psychological stress- and foot shock stress-induced antinociception. Pretreatment with the crude saponin (12.5 mg/kg, P.O.) or majonoside-R2 (6.2 mg/kg, P.O.) for 5 days followed by the treatment in combination with stress for next 5 days did not affect the development of adaptation to foot shock stress, but they significantly suppressed the antinociceptive action of the stress measured on the first, second, and third day during the stress exposure period. Majonoside-R2 (6.2 mg/kg, P.O.) but not the crude saponin (12.5 mg/kg, P.O.) significantly blocked the development of adaptation to psychological stress. These results suggest that VG crude saponin has the suppressing effect on psychological stress- and foot shock stress-induced antinociception and that majonoside-R2 is important for the action of the saponin.

Adaptation, Psychological↗