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PubMed1976

Fatal adenovirus pneumonia: Clinical and pathological features.

A review of autopsies of 107 young children with pneumonia showed that 15 children (14%) had adenovirus infections, the diagnosis being based on characteristic histopathological and ultrastructural features in the lungs. Eleven (73%) of the cases of adenovirus infection followed on measles infection, and it is suggested that some became infected with adenovirus after admission to hospital. A review of clinical aspects revealed no unique features. Histopathological examination of tissues showed a common picture of necrotising bronchopneumonia, with minor degrees of rental tubular damage, infiltrates of large mononuclear cells in spleen and nodes, and an absence of lymphoid germinal centres. On light microscopy, "rosette" and "smudge" cells were seen in these cases, and two patterns of virus particle distribution in infected cells were seen ultrastructurally. It is postulated that "smudge" cells contain numerous crystalline viral arrays.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1979

Radiology of epidemic adenovirus 21 infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children.

The radiologic features of 18 children admitted to Princess Mary Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand, in the winter and spring of 1977 with adenovirus 21 infection are reported. Attention is drawn to the severity of the disease in the respiratory tract, manifest radiologically as widespread patchy or confluent pulmonary opacification, extensive bronchial wall thickening, or peribronchial linear opacities. No hilar adenopathy was present. Prominent residual bronchopulmonary abnormalities were present in 13 of 15 patients 6--12 months after epidemic. High kilovoltage chester radiography or bronchography demonstrated bronchiectasis in five patients. These findings emphasize the role of adenovirus as a cause of chronic pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis in children.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1966

Enhanced growth of human embryonic cells infected with adenovirus 12.

Fibroblast-like cells from human embryonic lung were infected with adenovirus type 12, and they survived as an established line, with the characteristics of "transformation" following considerable cellular killing. Inclusion bodies disappeared and cells became resistant to reinfection with type 12 virus as they grew in thick multilayered strands, and giant and syncytial cells became commonplace. An induced new cell antigen demonstrable by complement-fixation and fluorescent-antibody studies persisted for at least 20 culture passages after infection.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2004

Incidence and outcome of adenovirus disease in transplant recipients after reduced-intensity conditioning with alemtuzumab.

Adenoviruses are emerging as a major cause of infectious complications after allogeneic transplantation. We evaluated the incidence and outcome of symptomatic adenovirus infection or adenovirus disease after alemtuzumab-based reduced-intensity conditioning in 86 consecutive patients. The overall probability of adenovirus disease was 18.4% (11/86 patients). Five patients died of progressive adenovirus disease, and this was the most important infectious cause of mortality in this cohort. The probability of nonrelapse mortality was 49% in patients with adenovirus disease compared with 25.5% in those without (P=.007). The severity of lymphocytopenia and continuation of immunosuppressive therapy were the most important risk factors for progressive adenovirus disease and death. In contrast, patients who were not receiving immunosuppressive therapy or had had it reduced or withdrawn cleared the virus. We also detected a correlation between the lack of preemptive anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) therapy for CMV reactivation and the risk of progressive adenovirus disease (P=.05). Our findings highlight the emergence of adenovirus as an important posttransplantation pathogen even after reduced-intensity conditioning and demonstrate the effect of the severity of lymphocytopenia, anti-CMV prophylaxis, and immunosuppressive therapy on the outcome of adenovirus disease.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1997

Rapid detection and serotyping of adenovirus by direct immunofluorescence.

Four fluorescent antibody reagents were evaluated for their suitability for the identification of adenovirus isolates by immunofluorescence. The antibodies used in the reagents consist of monoclonal antibodies against adenovirus type 3 (Ad3), Ad4, Ad8, and adenoviruses of subgroup C (Ad1,2,5,6), serotypes known to occur in outbreaks of disease. Most of the monoclonal antibodies employed were reactive against type-specific antigens found on the hexon protein. Reagents employing two noncompeting anti-hexon antibodies were more sensitive than reagents prepared with only one monoclonal antibody, although both types of reagents exhibited a high degree of specificity. Five hundred and seventeen adenovirus isolates (359 of which had previously been typed by other methods) and 46 nonadenovirus isolates were examined with all four type-specific reagents in parallel with an adenovirus group-specific reagent. The results indicate that direct typing of adenovirus isolates is feasible, leading to significant savings in time compared to other typing methods and should contribute to the management of certain adenovirus infections, particularly during outbreaks.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2005

Few but severe viral infections in children with cancer: a prospective RT-PCR and PCR-based 12-month study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of low-risk febrile episodes with oral administered antibiotics at home is a new approach in pediatric oncology and protective isolation is loosened in more centers. The impact of viral respiratory infections in febrile diseases in this population is still unclear in terms of occurrence and morbidity. PROCEDURE: A prospective follow-up study of all febrile episodes during 12 months in a pediatric oncology department with a high level of protective isolation was set-up with expanded molecular viral examinations. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and PCR diagnostics of ten viruses, two atypical bacteria, and one fungus were performed and clinical information on all infections was registered. RESULTS: A total of 250 febrile episodes in 66 patients were registered. In all, 198 respiratory secretions, predominantly oral washes, and 165 anal swabs were analyzed. Twenty-two infections were diagnosed: 7 rhinovirus infections, 4 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, 2 varicella-zoster-virus (VZV) infections, 1 influenza B virus infection, 1 parainfluenza virus type 3 infection (PIV3), 1 human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection, 1 enterovirus infection, 0 adenovirus infections, 0 influenza A virus infections, and 3 non-viral pneumonias: 1 M. Pneumonia, 1 C. Pneumonia, and 1 P. Carinii. The detected pathogens correlated well to the clinical disease. Patients with viral infections were as affected as patients with bacteria in the blood. One of 19 viral infections was lethal, a RSV pneumonia. C-reactive protein concentrations were not able to distinguish viral infections from bacteremias. CONCLUSIONS: The applied sampling method was acceptable and molecular diagnosis of viruses, atypical bacteria and P. Carinii increased the microbiological verification of infections by 35%. Viral infections were few in our protected population but caused severe infectious complications in these patients.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Amelioration of glucose tolerance by hepatic inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB in db/db mice.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Recent studies have identified the involvement of inhibitor IkappaB kinase (IKK) in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. To investigate the mechanism involved, we examined the role of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), the distal target of IKK, in hepatic glucose metabolism. METHODS: To inhibit NF-kappaB activity, db/db mice were infected with adenovirus expressing the IkappaBalpha super-repressor. RESULTS: The IkappaBalpha super-repressor adenovirus infection caused a moderate reduction of NF-kappaB activity in liver. The treatment was associated with improved glucose tolerance, reduction in the serum insulin level, and increased hepatic triacylglycerol and glycogen contents, but had no effect on insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. On the other hand, quantification of mRNA in the liver revealed marked reduction of expression of gluconeogenic genes, such as those encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase, concurrent with reduced expression of gene encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PPARGC1A, also known as PGC-1alpha). Furthermore, the production of super-repressor IkappaBalpha suppressed the increase in blood glucose level after pyruvate injection. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our results indicate that moderate inhibition of NF-kappaB improved glucose tolerance through decreased gluconeogenesis associated with reduced PGC-1alpha gene expression in db/db mice, and suggest that inhibition of NF-kappaB activity in liver is a potentially suitable strategy for the normalisation of blood glucose concentration in type 2 diabetes.

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases↗
PubMed2002

Respiratory virus infections in adults with hematologic malignancies: a prospective study.

During a 2-year period, 157 consecutive episodes of respiratory virus infections that occurred in 130 patients with upper or lower respiratory tract infection were analyzed for respiratory viruses. A respiratory virus was identified in 75 episodes (48%), and several viruses were found in 13 episodes: there were a total of 56 influenza A virus infections, 14 respiratory syncytial virus infections, 8 adenovirus infections, 8 infections with parainfluenza virus types 1 or 3, and 7 enterovirus infections. On multivariate analysis, the only variable that predicted progression to pneumonia in patients with an upper respiratory tract infection was the presence of respiratory syncytial virus, whereas lymphocytopenia had a nonsignificant trend. Also, among the 38 patients who had pneumonia at any time during the episode, both respiratory syncytial virus and lymphocytopenia were commonly found. For both epidemiological and therapeutic considerations, frequent screening for respiratory viruses should be incorporated into the routine diagnostic study of patients with hematologic malignancies.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1985

Specific detection and typing of adenovirus types 40 and 41 in stool specimens by dot-blot hybridization.

A dot-blot hybridization test was developed which allowed the direct detection of fastidious enteric adenovirus DNA in stool specimens from children with diarrhea and simultaneous typing of the viruses as adenovirus type 40 (Ad40) or Ad41. Cloned PstI fragments of Ad40 and Ad41 were used as 32P-labeled probes in the test, which allowed detection of picogram quantities of viral DNA in 20 to 40 microliter of stool suspension. Results were obtained within 48 h. The type specificity of the test was evaluated with 76 specimens known to contain either Ad40 or Ad41 by restriction enzyme analysis. Sixty-one specimens had sufficient DNA to be detected without any removal of protein. Thirty-one adenoviruses were typed as Ad40, and 30 were typed as Ad41, giving 100% correlation with the results of restriction enzyme analysis. The other 15 specimens were detected and typed as Ad40 or Ad41 only after removal of protein by a phenol extraction method. The dot-blot hybridization method is particularly useful for identifying those Ad40 and Ad41 strains which defy all attempts at culture and will be a useful tool in the epidemiology of fastidious enteric adenovirus infections.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1992

The adenovirus E3 14.5-kilodalton protein, which is required for down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and prevention of tumor necrosis factor cytolysis, is an integral membrane protein oriented with its C terminus in the cytoplasm.

We previously reported that the adenovirus type 5 E3 14.5-kilodalton protein (14.5K) forms a complex with E3 10.4K and that both proteins are required to down-regulate the epidermal growth factor receptor in adenovirus-infected human cells. Both proteins are also required to prevent cytolysis by tumor necrosis factor of most mouse cell lines infected by adenovirus mutants that lack E3 14.7K. The E3 14.5K amino acid sequence suggests that 14.5K is an integral membrane protein with an N-terminal signal sequence for membrane insertion. Here we show that 14.5K was found exclusively in cytoplasmic membrane fractions. Radiochemical sequencing of 14.5K indicated that the N-terminal signal sequence is cleaved predominantly between Cys-18 and Ser-19. With a mutant that does not express 10.4K, cleavage occurs predominantly between Phe-17 and Cys-18, indicating that the presence or absence of 10.4K affects the signal cleavage site. 14.5K was extracted into the detergent phase with Triton X-114, it remained associated with membranes after extraction with Na2CO3 at pH 11.5, and it was partially protected by membranes from proteinase K digestion; these observations indicate that 14.5K is an integral membrane protein. Proteinase K digestion followed by immunoprecipitation with antipeptide antisera directed against the N or C terminus of mature 14.5K indicated that 14.5K is oriented in the membrane with its N terminus in the lumen and its C terminus in the cytoplasm. Thus, 14.5K is a type I bitopic membrane protein. Previous studies indicated that 10.4K is also an integral membrane protein oriented with its C terminus in the cytoplasm. Altogether, these findings suggest that cytoplasmic membranes are the site of action when 10.4K and 14.5K down-regulate the epidermal growth factor receptor and prevent tumor necrosis factor cytolysis.

Adenovirus Early Proteins↗
PubMed1971

Paracrystal formation in cell cultures infected with adenovirus type 2.

Large rod-shaped structures corresponding to paracrystals were seen in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or both of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-infected cells by immunofluorescence staining with antibody prepared against purified Ad2. In exception to this, Ad2-induced crystals did not stain with either hexon or fiber antibody. The crystalline structures were first observed in Ad2-infected Vero cells at 28 hr with a maximum number at 70 hr postinoculation. The kinetics of paracrystalline formation closely paralleled the experimental synthesis of infectious progeny virus. Acridine-orange staining revealed the lack of nucleic acids associated with the crystal. Also, the paracrystals stained intensely with phenanthrenequinone, suggesting that they are composed of basic proteins. Interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus from African green monkey kidney cell cultures was used to pretreat Vero cells prior to Ad2 infection. This resulted in inhibiting the formation of viral-induced paracrystals in 97% of the cells and reduced virus yields by 95%. The African green monkey kidney cell culture interferon did not reduce Ad2 yields in HeLa cell cultures or display any virus inhibitory activity in rabbit kidney cell cultures. Staining procedures, fluorescent-antibody tests with whole virus, hexon or fiber antibody, and interferon studies suggested that the paracrystals were viral-directed and composed of basic proteins (possibly core proteins).

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1992

Determination of antibodies to non-structural and structural adenovirus antigens by ELISA.

We evaluated possibilities to analyze serum antibodies to non-structural (peptides derived from adenovirus E1b protein) and structural (hexon) adenovirus antigens by ELISA. Synthetic dodecapeptides covering a putative A-gliadin cross-reactive antigenic determinant of the E1b protein were used. The aminoterminus of the peptides appeared to be important for antibody binding but the exact sequence of a possible common B-cell epitope within the peptides remained open. Coupling of the peptides to a carrier protein was essential for ELISA analyses of serum antipeptide antibodies. IgA antibodies to both adenovirus derived E1b peptides and hexon antigen could be detected already two weeks after the onset of an acute adenovirus infection, while antipeptide IgG antibodies were seen in a restricted number of patients only.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1982

Adenoviral pancreatitis in rhesus monkeys: current knowledge.

Features and pathogenesis of adenoviral pancreatitis in rhesus monkeys were studied with an immunofluorescence staining procedure on tissues from two previously documented cases. Fluorescing adenovirus antigen in epithelial cells of the pancreatic ducts, duodenum, and jejunum suggests that under as yet undefined conditions, a primary adenovirus infection of the gastrointestinal tract ascends to the pancreatic parenchyma via pancreatic ducts. In a retrospective survey, over 3,000 microslides of pancreas taken at necropsy from several species of nonhuman primates (1,002 animals) were studied to determine the incidence of and species susceptibility to adenoviral pancreatitis. Other than the two documented cases from our files, we found comparable lesions in only one rhesus monkey. Adenoviral pancreatitis seems to be a distinct entity in rhesus monkeys, and it should be considered when pancreatitis is found in this species. Our findings also suggest a possible viral cause for some cases of pancreatitis in man.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1993

Monitoring both serum amyloid protein A and C-reactive protein as inflammatory markers in infectious diseases.

We examined serum amyloid protein A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as inflammatory markers of viral and bacterial infections. Both acute-phase reactants increased in the acute stage and thereafter decreased in the convalescent stage. In viral infections, the mean serum concentrations of SAA during the acute stage were 141 mg/L in infections with adenovirus, 77 mg/L with measles virus, 63 mg/L with influenza virus, 55 mg/L with parainfluenza virus, 31 mg/L with respiratory syncytial virus, and 31 mg/L in aseptic meningitis. The mean serum concentration of CRP was 19 mg/L for adenovirus infection and < 7 mg/L in all other viral infections. The SAA concentrations were 5- to 11-fold greater than the CRP concentrations. Both the SAA and the CRP concentrations were higher in bacterial infections than in viral infections. Changes in the concentrations of serum SAA paralleled those in serum CRP in bacterial infection; during the course of viral infection, however, serum SAA tended to disappear more quickly than CRP did. SAA appears to be a clinically useful marker of inflammation in acute viral infections, with or without significant changes in the CRP concentration.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1984

Host cell glucose metabolism during abortive infection by adenovirus type 12.

Progeny virions were not produced following infection of an established line of African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells with human adenovirus type 12. In addition, viral structural proteins were not synthesized as determined by the immunofluorescent procedure to detect those proteins in infected cells. Cytopathology was observed in the virus-infected Vero cells, but it was less pronounced and differed in some other aspects to the cytopathic effect of adenovirus type 12 during productive infection. Glucose uptake and lactic acid production were monitored as indicators of glucose metabolism over a 48 h period during abortive infection. There was a 50 to 60% increase in glucose uptake and lactic acid production by virus-infected Vero cells compared with parallel cultures of uninfected cells.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1986

Immunoglobulin class-specific serological responses to adenovirus in respiratory infections of young adult men.

Complement fixation and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were used for measuring viral antibodies in 103 military conscripts with pneumonia and 98 conscripts with other respiratory infections. Diagnostic rises in antibody to adenovirus were found in 23 (22%) patients with pneumonia and in 42 (43%) patients with other respiratory infections. EIA detected more diagnostic rises than did complement fixation (22 versus 17 for pneumonia and 42 versus 40 in other infections). Adenovirus antibodies were analyzed for different immunoglobulin classes by EIA. Diagnostic rises in immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA isotypes were observed in 89 and 77% of the cases, respectively. IgM antibodies were positive in 39% of the cases. In five cases (8%), the demonstration of adenovirus antibodies of the IgM class was the only serological evidence for adenovirus infection. The present study demonstrates that the immunoglobulin class-specific EIA is a sensitive method for the diagnosis of respiratory adenovirus infections.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1988

Abnormal expression of a late gene family L1 protein in monkey cells abortively infected with adenovirus type 2.

The drastically reduced virus yields obtained from monkey cells abortively infected with adenovirus 2 (Ad2) have been attributed primarily to a severe decrease in the accumulation of the virion protein fiber (IV), a product of the most pomoter distal late gene family, L5. Here we report that the accumulation of virion protein IIIa, a product of the proximal late gene family, L1, is also severely depressed. In contrast, the i-leader protein LO-13.6K and L1 protein(s) 52K/55K are expressed with the same time course and in equal amounts in monkey cells abortively infected by Ad2 or productively infected by the Ad2-simian virus 40 (SV40) hybrid Ad2+ND1 or by the host range mutant Ad2+ND3 hr602. L1-52K/55K is phosphorylated in abortively infected CV-1 or CV-C monkey cells as well as in productively infected human and monkey cells. As with fiber expression, the failure to produce IIIa appears to be due partly to reduced or delayed IIIa mRNA accumulation. The small amount of IIIa protein that is synthesized in monkey cells is stable. Since the accumulation of both IIIa and fiber protein is deficient, the mechanism of abortive infection cannot be attributed solely to the absence of the auxiliary fiber leader sequences (1).

Adenoviruses, Human↗