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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed1973

Solid state AgCl detectors for nuclear tracks with on- and off-response at choice: applications to life sciences.

A new concept of trackforming solid state detectors is presented. These detectors record and accumulate tracks of ionizing particles which can be revealed if they are irradiated with yellow light during the passage of the particle through the detector; otherwise the tracks are dropped by fading. Tracks stabilized by yellow light are stable for months. The detectors consist of thin layers of 200-300 micrometers of Cd-doped AgCl crystals, supported by a thin plate of quartz glass. The invisible latent tracks in these detectors are revealed at microscopically visible size by ultraviolet light. The sensitivity of the crystals against particles of different specific energy transfer depends upon the concentration of Cd; these have rather good thresholds, which permit selective recording in a well-known manner. These AgCl(Cd) crystals have a unique property amongst trackforming detectors; their response can be switched on and off at choice, for instance by electronic triggering of the stabilizing accompanying yellow light. This allows a time assignment of particle tracks, or restriction to tracks of desired particles. Examples of tracks and of applications in cosmic ray research, heavy ion physics, radiobiology and dosimetry are given.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed2001

Darwin, Cuvier and Geoffroy: comments and questions.

In writing, in the Origin of Species, of 'two great laws' on which organic beings are formed, 'Unity of Type' and 'Conditions of Existence', Darwin was referring to the famous opposition between Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, first stated publicly in the spring of 1830. After a brief statement of the chief points at issue in the debate, I raise the question of Darwin's attitude to the disagreement and the views of the two protagonists. There are numerous earlier, and some later, references to Cuvier and Geoffroy in the Darwin archives, notebooks, marginalia and correspondence. An examination of these materials suggests a shift in Darwin's sympathies, from Geoffroy to Cuvier. However, some of Geoffroy's principles are retained, and, in adopting Cuvier's phrase 'conditions of existence', Darwin partly alters its meaning. Finally, since originally, and in its adoption by such writers as Whewell and Owen, the expression 'conditions of existence' was interpreted as entailing design or final cause, I consider the vexed question of Darwin's attitude to teleology.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Humboldt as mediator: Schleiden and Mohl contra Liebig].

Justus Liebig's book Die organische Chemic in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie aroused strong opposition from scientists who felt that they were being attacked. A polarization arose particularly between Hugo von Mohl (1805-1872) and Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1805-1881) on one side, and Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) and his followers on the other side. The debate did not have the character of a purely scientific controversy, however, because social aspects also played a role. Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), who held the esteem of both parties, was able to intervene successfully to mediate this conflict. His task appeared at first difficult, but it turned out that both groups had a common enemy, the representatives and followers of the 'Romantic philosophy of nature'. Humboldt, who self-deprecatingly called himself a 'fossil', was forced to recognize that many of his friends and acquaintances, who stood nearer to, or even belonged among the founders of Naturphilosophie, for example, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775-1854) and Johann Bernhard Wilbrand (1779-1846), were also under attack. Although he had earlier been inspired by the concerns and ideas of Schelling's Naturphilosophie, he now distanced himself from them in order to mediate between modern, experimental scientists.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2000

[Toward the promotion of researches utilizing microgravity].

Although many opportunities to make experiments under microgravity conditions have been given in the recent decade, it does not seem that a dramatic or decisive result has been obtained by use of microgravity. Promising some experiments in the space station are now near at hand, but it may be necessary to reconsider what the microgravity experiment is or how the microgravity field should be effectively utilized.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2001

[The patient and medicine in contemporary Kazakhstan, attitudes towards bio-medicine and complementary medicine].

The article discusses society's attitudes towards bio-medicine and complementary medicine in Kazakhstan around the end of the 20th century. It presents the transformation of the health-care system in independent Kazakhstan and its influence on the health situation of the population as well as public opinion on bio-medicine. Presented is a broad spectrum of various fields of complementary medicine which achieved great popularity especially during the 1990s. Among the reasons for that growing popularity appears to be public disenchantment with the collapsing state health-care system which is costly and ineffective. At the same time, an important factor is the durability of traditional beliefs of a magical type which is behind the wide use of nonconventional magic-religious practices -- spells and prayers. Overall public socio-economic malaise and a fear of the future are conducive to a general increase of interest in mystical beliefs and occult practices as well as a paranormal phenomena, and the flourishing of complementary medicine naturally fits into that scheme.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2002

[Reflections about the historical development of biomedical sciences in Chile and the role of Revista Médica de Chile: an homage on 130-years old].

When Revista Médica de Chile turns to be 130 years old, the author reflects about the difficulties that scientific and technological creativity faces in Chile, considering that there was a 70 years gap between its historical origin in Chile compared to developed countries. The scientific progress erases the boundaries between Biomedicine and science and technology. This progress has resulted in an improvement in the quality of scientific publications in Revista Medica de Chile. The editorial work has also contributed to this improvement. Revista Medica de Chile has obtained international recognition and stands in a good position as a medical journal in Latin America and Chile.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2002

[P. J. Vinken's science column in the weekly Vrij Nederland: 1959-1963].

Pierre Vinken (1927) began his professional career as a consultant neurosurgeon and ended it as chairman of the Reed Elsevier publishing company. Only a few insiders have ever known, however, that, in his younger days, he was an anonymous contributor to Vrij Nederland, at the time one of the two most widely read weekly newspapers in the Netherlands. During the period 1959-1963, the paper published a total of 175 of his articles. Though dealing with the wide range of subjects, ranging from linguistics to iconology, the majority of them were devoted to aspects of medical science. In retrospect, he was remarkably modern in the focus he brought to bear: spread the net wide in the choice of subject; rely strictly on tested research; seek always to keep an open mind; think logically and attack prejudice and superstition. Vinken's name does not feature in any work on Dutch journalism. However, bearing in mind the fact that he made his debut in the field as long as 14 May 1959, he must rightly be considered to be one of the pioneers of scientific journalism in the Netherlands.

Biological Science Disciplines↗