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PubMed2002

Bodily characteristics and lifestyle of Czech children aged 7.00 to 10.99 years, incidence of childhood obesity.

In 1991-2000 in the Czech Republic a survey of the prevalence of obesity was made. The assessment was made by the transversal method in elementary schools in all regions of the Czech Republic. Children aged 7.00 to 10.99 years were investigated. The survey comprised a total of 3362 children (1668 girls and 1694 boys). A total of 12 anthropometric dimensions were recorded and questionnaires addressed to the children and parents were analyzed. From the results ensued that the ratio of obese children of both sexes in the CR (i.e. children with BMI values about the 97th percentile of the reference population) increased. This zone comprised 6.0% boys and 5.6% girls of the investigated group. An important finding was also the increase of mean values of the abdominal circumference of the children in all age groups in both sexes. The ratio of obese children in different communities is related unequivocally to the size of the community., In smaller communities there are more obese children (according to our data 6.9%) and in large towns the ratio of obese children is 2.3%. In large towns there is also a greater proportion of thin children - 12.1%, in small communities 8.6%. It was found that there is a higher percentage of obese children in families where the mother has elementary education as compared with children of mothers with secondary and university education. Mothers with elementary education have 9.6% obese children while university educated mothers have only 3.6% obese children. Analysis of the dietary questionnaires revealed that only 62.9% children in large towns eat breakfast, the position in villages is similar - 63.9%. In the group of children with excessive body weight fewer children have breakfast (only 54.1%), in the group of children with a low body weigh the majority eat breakfast (75.3%). The majority of children have a mid-morning snack at school which they bring from home. As regards school lunch the majority of children from large towns replied that they have lunch at school. the number of rural children who had school lunch was smaller. An afternoon snack is taken by less than half the children in different groups.

Body Mass Index↗

PubMed2003

Effect on postoperative pain after local application of bupivacaine in the tonsillar fossa; a prospective single blind controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect on postoperative pain after local application of bupivacaine in the tonsillar fossa. METHODS: Seventy two patients were recruited in this prospective single blind controlled trial. There were 45 females and 27 males between the ages of 7 and 35 years. After tonsillectomy the right tonsillar fossae (subject fossae) were packed with tonsillar gauze soaked in 2 mls of 0.5% Abbocaine (bupivacaine) solution and kept in situ for five minutes. The left fossae (control fossae) were packed with the similar tonsillar swab soaked in 0.9% normal saline. RESULTS: The main outcome measure was severity of pain by using visual analogue score. The measurements were taken at various intervals, i.e. after 4 hours, before bed, before breakfast, before lunch and before discharge. The mean post-operative pain scores for the subject fossa after 4 hours, before bed, before breakfast, before lunch and before discharge were 3.09 (+/- 0.85), 3.25 (+/- 0.64), 2.89 (+/- 0.72), 2.47 (+/- 0.67) and 2.37 (+/- 0.57) respectively. The mean post-operative pain scores for control fossa after 4 hours, before bed, before breakfast, before lunch and before discharge were 5.78 (+/- 1.51), 5.50 (+/- 1.29), 4.34 (+/- 1.13), 3.29 (+/- 0.91) and 2.73 (+/- 0.81) respectively. There was significant difference between subject and control fossae scores at all the stages up to discharge of patients, showing better pain relief with bupivacaine. CONCLUSION: Topical application of bupivacaine to the tonsillar fossa can reduce post-operative pain and facilitate early eating and drinking during the post-operative period.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Effects of food intake, dietary habits and life style on health status as determined by clinical blood tests of adult men].

A survey of the frequency of various kinds of foods, dietary habits, life style, and health status was performed on 2,049 men aged from 40 to 59 living in an urban area who were participants in a "human dock" medical checkup. The relationships between these factors and health status were studied in order to identify a particular life style associated with good health status. The instrument utilized in this survey was a special form of a structured questionnaire. The results are summarized below. 1. The frequency of various kinds of foods were correlated with the kind of breakfast eaten, dietary habits, physical exercise habits, daily physical activity, smoking, and occupation. The strongest correlation to frequency of various kinds of foods was found to be with the kind of breakfast eaten and dietary habits. 2. Dietary habits were also correlated to various aspects of life style: smoking, drinking, the frequency of various kinds of foods, kind of breakfast eaten, daily physical activity, sleeping hours, habits related to physical exercise, and the frequency of meals eaten away from home. Dietary habits correlated most closely with the frequency of various kinds of foods and daily physical activity. The frequency of various kinds of food and dietary habits were found to correlate with various aspects of life style, and those subjects with good overall life styles were also found to have desirable dietary life styles. The correlation of desirable dietary habits, food intake and a suitable life style with good health status was confirmed by the results of clinical blood tests used as an index of health status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Chemical Analysis↗

PubMed2006

Salmonellosis outbreak among factory workers--Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China, July 2004.

INTRODUCTION: During July 9--14, 2004, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among workers at an electronics factory in Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China; 199 cases were reported. A case-control investigation was initiated to identify the agent and the mode of transmission. METHODS: Stool samples were collected from 142 workers and food handlers and cultured for enteric pathogens. A questionnaire concerning meals and foods eaten in the factory cafeteria during July 11--13 was administered to 92 ill workers and 100 controls. RESULTS: Of approximately 2,000 workers who worked during the outbreak, 197 (10%) had illness consistent with the case definition. Salmonella enteritidis was identified from 44 (31%) of 142 stool samples collected from ill workers. Ill workers were more likely than controls to have eaten breakfast in the factory cafeteria during July 11--13. Of eight foods served at breakfast in the factory cafeteria, three were associated with illness: cake, bread (on July 12 only), and congee (i.e., rice porridge). Stratification of bread and congee exposure by cake consumption indicated that only bread eaten on July 12 was associated with gastroenteritis. The cake was baked on July 11, and a mixture that included raw eggs was poured on top; the cake was then stored at room temperature and served for breakfast on 3 consecutive days (July 11--13). The bread was stored together with the cake on July 11 and 12. No leftover food was tested. DISCUSSION: The investigation indicated that an outbreak of S. enterica serotype Enteritidis resulted from consumption of an unusual food vehicle (i.e., cake) that had been contaminated from a more typical source (i.e., raw eggs). The bread was stored at room temperature together with cake on which a mixture made from raw eggs had been poured. The bread was probably contaminated by contact with the cake. CONCLUSION: Food handlers should be instructed that intact fresh eggs can harbor S. enteritidis, foods made from eggs must be cooked, and prepared food must be stored under refrigeration.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Study on feeding behavior in school children aged 11-13 years from Barcelona].

OBJECTIVE: To know the family environment, living habits and social characteristics in 11-13 years-old school children. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive transversal study performed in 65 schools of Barcelona during the second three-month, involving 2354 school children aged 11-13 interviewed by 73 pharmacists. The questionnaire has thirty-nine questions referring to family structure, eating and drinking habits, preferences, life style parameters such as physical activity and television viewing. RESULTS: The survey revealed a family unit of two children and their parents was the most common. Only a 12% of the children surveyed lived with their grandparents. Furthermore, the findings revealed a low family presence during the three main meals on the working days, which increased on weekends, 26% on breakfast, 44% on lunch and 11% on dinner. A 24% had breakfast alone and the 46% ate what they wanted. About the afternoon snack, the 25% alone and the 55% what they wanted. A 60% never or practically never participated in decision making, when buying food. A 70% reported they did other activities while eating. Concretely, a 40, 39 and 59% of the children reported they had breakfast, lunch and dinner while watching television. The consumption frequency of trinkets, soft drinks and television viewing were lower for the children from private compared to public schools. CONCLUSIONS: This study show that food choice at shopping was mainly done by the parents, however, children had an important role in making decisions of what food they eat and the activities they do while eating. Therefore, pharmacists could have a potential role to intervene in the nutritional education to parents and children.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Studies concerning the ergogenic value of Cantamega-2000 supply in top junior cyclists.

The effects of vitamins, minerals and amino acids supply were recorded in a group of 20 top junior cyclists by a double blind, controlled trial for four weeks. Ten top junior cyclists received orally 1 tablet Cantamega-2000, daily at breakfast, as supplement of food, for four weeks, while other 10 junior cyclists (members of the same team), having the same program of training (2 hours daily on road, about 80 km), the same controlled food and being under medical supervision, received 2 tablets of Polivitaminizant S (Romanian product which contains 9 vitamins), also at breakfast. Significant and favourable changes were recorded in the group treated by Cantamega-2000 (vitamins, minerals, amino acids, selenium and others) for the total calcium, magnesium, haemoglobin and proteins in serum, comparing to the control group, which received Polivitaminizant S. At the same time we noticed a faster metabolic (urine mucoproteins) and fatigue recovery after Cantamega-2000 supply. Serum cholesterol and GPT did not change significantly in both groups. Based on these data, the authors recommend a supply of vitamins, minerals, amino acids and selenium ratio, by 1 tablet Cantamega-2000, daily at breakfast, including the days of competitions, for cyclists, in order to improve the biological potential of the body and accelerate recovery after exercise.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Smoking status and the practice of other unhealthy behaviors.

This study examined the relationship between smoking behavior and other unhealthy practices in the US. Data from the 1979 National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences were used to compare alcohol use, sleep behavior, overweight status, physical activity, and skipping breakfast with smoking status. Compared with nonsmokers, smokers were more likely to sleep fewer than six hours per night, skip breakfast, not actively exercise, and drink heavily. Smokers were less likely to be significantly overweight than former smokers or those who never smoked. These associations were present for both men and women for sleep behavior, skipping breakfast, overweight status, and alcohol use, but not for physical activity. These findings may assist physicians in understanding the association between smoking and other practices that influence morbidity and mortality.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Pancreatic hormonal function and proteolytic activity in peptic ulcer].

Blood serum insulin, glucagon, pepsinogen, trypsin was studied by radioimmunological methods in 95 patients with ulcer disease. Fasting values and values 1 and 2 hours after a standard breakfast (1212 kcal) were evaluated. It was established that all patients showed a statistically valid increase of the basal level of glucagon while patients with gastric ulcer showed an increase of the basal insulin level. Use of a test breakfast showed reserve and compensatory capacities of the hormonal pancreatic function. Patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer revealed an increase of the pepsinogen level under conditions of basal secretion and after a test breakfast.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Influence of food on steady state serum concentrations of theophylline from two controlled-release preparations.

The influence of food on the bioavailability of the controlled-release theophylline preparations Theostat and Theolair was studied in 12 healthy subjects after multiple dosing (b.i.d. for 6 days). On the morning of days 5 and 6, the volunteers took these products once after overnight fasting and once after a high-fat breakfast. For Theostat, serum theophylline levels and pharmacokinetic parameters were not affected by the intake of breakfast. For Theolair, serum theophylline concentrations were markedly lower after breakfast, with a significant decrease of Cmax and AUC. This study confirms the necessity of studying the influence of food on the bioavailability of theophylline controlled-release preparations.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma glucose, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide and glucagon before and after a carbohydrate-rich meal in hyperthyroid patients.

The function of the pancreatic B- and A- cell during a carbohydrate-rich meal was investigated in hyperthyroid patients, since these patients frequently present an altered handling of glucose. In basal conditions the plasma levels of glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), C-peptide (CPR), proinsulin were higher in hyperthyroid patients than in normal subjects, whereas plasma glucagon was similar in the two groups. Hyperthyroid patients had high post-breakfast incremental areas of glucose and IRI and those of CPR and glucagon were normal. In post-breakfast plasma, the hyperthyroid patients had high proinsulin and normal insulin levels. The molar ratio between CPR and IRI was low throughout the test in the hyperthyroid group. In conclusion, in the hyperthyroid group the plasma levels of proinsulin were high and those of glucagon were normal; in response to the standard breakfast the levels of insulin and C-peptide were normal. These findings do not explain the altered glucose handling present in these patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Meal intolerance in type 1 diabetes mellitus: influence of time interval between insulin therapy and meal intake.

Post-prandial hyperglycemia or meal intolerance has been documented in a majority of patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) receiving conventional insulin treatment. It is most marked following the breakfast meal. We hypothesized that the abnormality might result from insulin insufficiency because of the short time interval between insulin therapy and meal ingestion. To test this hypothesis a standardized breakfast was fed 30 min. after insulin on one day and 90 min. after insulin on the alternate day. Plasma concentrations of glucose, free insulin and cortisol were measured at 30 min. intervals throughout the study period. A control population consisted of healthy children who were fed the same standardized breakfast. We observed that prolongation of the time period between insulin and meal did not alter the magnitude of the post-meal rise in glucose concentration in the IDDM group. Furthermore, meal intolerance persisted despite the significantly higher pre-meal levels of insulin in the IDDM group compared to the controls. We speculate that a defect in insulin action may be responsible for the phenomenon of meal intolerance in the Type I diabetics given subcutaneous insulin injections once or twice daily.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Gastrin level in the blood serum fasting and after food intake in peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis with secretory failure].

Radioimmunoassay was used to determine the blood gastrin content in 45 patients and 14 healthy individuals. Examination was performed on an empty stomach and 20 and 40 minutes after trial breakfast. It was established that after the trial breakfast (35 g protein, 50 g fat, and 70 g carbohydrate) the greatest increment in the gastrin content, as compared to normal, was recorded in increased acid-forming gastric function (peptic ulcer with ulcer site in the duodenum). In patients with decreased acid production (peptic ulcer with ulcer site in the stomach, chronic gastritis with secretory failure), the gastrin content after the trial breakfast was lower than in healthy individuals and in duodenal ulcer patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Interaction between physical structure and amylose:amylopectin ratio of foods on postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of amylose content on postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects by serving fixed amounts of simple starchy foods with a varying but strictly controlled water, fat and guar gum content. DESIGN: A blind, randomised, balanced cross-over study. SETTING: The kitchen of the Nutrition Research Unit in the Unilever Research Laboratorium. SUBJECTS: Apparently healthy employees of Unilever Research Laboratorium. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects consumed, after an overnight fast, either a drink (12 men), a pudding (6 men and 6 women), a roll without (5 men and 6 women) or a roll with guar gum (12 men) as breakfast and the same amount of the same food as mid-morning snack. Each subject consumed the experimental food prepared in four ways: either with high- or normal-amylose starch, and with or without added fat. At 30 and 90 min after consumption of the breakfast or the snack a blood sample was taken for determination of glucose and insulin. RESULTS: Raising the amount of amylose in starchy drinks and puddings, but not in rolls, lowered postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Fat addition to starchy drinks, puddings and rolls attenuated postprandial glucose responses, irrespective of the amount of amylose or guar gum present. Addition of guar gum to rolls reduced glucose and insulin responses. Glucose tolerance tended to be less after consumption of the experimental foods as mid-morning snack than after consumption as breakfast. CONCLUSION: The physico-chemical composition of foods does influence the effect of the amylose:amylopectin ratio in starchy foods on postprandial glucose and insulin responses.

Amylopectin↗

PubMed1994

Hourly fetal urine production rate in the fasting and the postprandial state of normal and diabetic pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether maternal meal ingestion affects fetal urine production in normal and diabetic pregnancies and whether fetal urine production is increased in diabetic pregnancy. METHODS: The hourly fetal urine production rate was measured before and after breakfast in 17 fetuses of diabetic mothers and 14 of women with normal glucose tolerance. The rate was calculated by taking serial measurements of fetal bladder volume at 2-3-minute intervals by ultrasonography. RESULTS: In the control group, the hourly fetal urine production rate was significantly greater during the 2 hours after breakfast than that in the fasting state (P < .0005). In the diabetic group, the rate also tended to increase after breakfast (P = .07). In the postprandial state, the hourly fetal urine production rate was not significantly different between the groups. However, in the fasting state, it was significantly greater in the diabetic group than in the control group (P < .03). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal meal ingestion should increase fetal urine production. The increased fetal urine production in the fasting state in diabetics is assumed to be one cause of hydramnios.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[Eating habits and the frequency of food consumption in 8th-grade schoolchildren from a Basic Health Area of Mataró].

OBJECTIVE: To find the food habits and the qualitative food consumption of 8th-year school students, covered by a Base Health Area in Mataró (Barcelona), as the basis for a programme of health education. DESIGN: A descriptive study, carried out by means of an open questionnaire on the frequency of food consumption over three consecutive days in a week, on an individual basis, self-filled and of a prospective character. SETTING: The schools within the catchment area of a Base Health Area in Mataró (Barcelona). PARTICIPANTS: All the 8th-year EGB students of those schools (216). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 180 students answered the questionnaire. Four were excluded for not meeting the conditions laid out. There were 81.4% of valid questionnaires. 98.2% did not have a healthy diet. 64% consumed milk products or derivatives once or less per day. 88.6% consumed raw vegetables less than once a day. 86.9% consumed cooked vegetables less than once per day. 40% consumed fresh fruit less than once per day and 55.1% consumed animal proteins less than once per day. 34.6% consumed two or more units per day of cakes or buns and 21.6% consumed three or more units per day of sweets. 31% did not vary their breakfast and 12% took nothing solid for breakfast on at least one of the study's three days. 13.1% did not vary their evening meal and 17% took nothing solid for their evening meal on at least one of the three days. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show not very healthy eating habits, with insufficient consumption of milk products, vegetables and fruit and a an insufficient breakfast.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Duration of the inhibitory effect of calcium on non-haem iron absorption in man.

We investigated the duration of the inhibitory effect of calcium from milk and cheese (340 mg) in a breakfast meal on non-haem iron absorption from a hamburger meal eaten 2 or 4 h after the breakfast. The effect of calcium on iron absorption was studied in 21 human subjects by using paired observations and a dual-radioisotope method (55Fe and 59Fe). No duration effect of calcium on iron absorption was observed in this study. The present findings offer an opportunity for theoretical improvement of iron nutrition by a redistribution of the daily intake of calcium to the meals with a minor iron content, i.e. breakfast and the evening meal.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Nutrition survey of schoolchildren in greater Winnipeg. I. Descriptive and anthropometric data.

By sequential random numbering 10 schools in greater Winnipeg were selected for a nutrition survey. Interviews were conducted with 201 grade 3 children and 182 grade 6 children for whom parental consent was obtained. Of these, 48 in grade 3 and 51 in grade 6 were studied in further detail. There were no differences in descriptive data between the general and detailed groups or among the 10 schools. Most fathers were skilled or unskilled labourers and about 50% of the mothers were homemakers without outside employment; parental occupation did not influence eating patterns. Breakfast was the meal most often missed; 8% of the 383 children had come to school without breakfast. Since many children in grade 3 had prepared their own breakfast and since there was a relative lack of physical activity, school health programs should incorporate more than nutritional supplements and nutrition education. On the basis of body weight and height the nutritional status of the 99 children studied in detail was judged to be generally satisfactory; according to the Boston standards the boys were heavy and tall, and the girls were normal in weight but short.

Body Height↗

PubMed1996

Phenylketonuria: plasma phenylalanine responses to different distributions of the daily phenylalanine allowance over the day.

OBJECTIVE: To achieve smooth control of plasma phenylalanine concentrations in phenylketonuric patients, it is advocated to divide the daily intake of natural protein and amino acid supplements equally over the meals. However, this may be quite an encumbrance for the patient. We, therefore, investigated whether a breakfast with an unequal daily distribution results in an undue rise in the plasma phenylalanine concentration. DESIGN: Plasma phenylalanine concentrations were measured in seven patients with phenylketonuria in response to three tests with breakfast and lunch, representing an equally or unequally divided daily distribution of the individually tailored phenylalanine intake. Breakfast contained 25%, 50%, or 75%, whereas lunch contained 30% or 10% of the individual daily phenylalanine allowance, respectively. RESULTS: Plasma phenylalanine concentrations showed postprandial increases of up to 26% above baseline. Generally, phenylalanine returned to baseline during the test and remained within the target range if baseline phenylalanine was within that range. Two patients having values in the upper target range showed a rise just above the target range for 60 minutes on an unequal daily distribution of phenylalanine. In another patient treated similarly, plasma phenylalanine did not return to baseline during the test. CONCLUSIONS: Unequal distributions of the daily phenylalanine allowance are justified, provided that the patient is in good clinical condition, adjusted to the diet adequately, and the daily allowance is not exceeded. At this time, however, we cannot recommend this unequal daily distribution for daily practice.

Adolescent↗