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PubMed2006

A comprehensive open reading frame phylogenetic analysis of isometric positive strand ssRNA plant viruses.

Rigorous large-scale whole genome comparisons are capable of providing more comprehensive and potentially more accurate descriptions of viral relationships, allowing for the effective validation and modification of current taxonomy. Using a set of 5 togaviruses as an outgroup, a comprehensive phylogeny for 115 isometric positive ssRNA plant viruses was generated based on the simultaneous comparison of over 480 ORFs found within completely sequenced genomes. With the exception of a diverse group of viruses representing the family Comoviridae, the single tree generated contained well supported branches corresponding to well established groups of viruses, including Bromoviridae, Umbravirus, Sobemovirus, and Tymoviridae. In addition, evidence for specific relationships between groups were also observed, specifically Tombusviridae + Umbravirus, and Luteoviridae + Sobemovirus. Various well established subgroups of viruses were also well resolved within the tree. In addition, some recent proposals involving the creation of new genera or the inclusion of newly described viruses into established genera were supported, while others were not. The evidence for frequent gene sharing and the potential consequences to viral taxonomy are discussed.

Bromoviridae↗

PubMed2005

Toward a comprehensive strategy for effective practitioner-scientist partnerships and larger-scale community health and well-being.

This article articulates joint priorities for the fields of prevention science and community psychology. These priorities are intended to address issues raised by the frequent observation of natural tensions between community practitioners and scientists. The first priority is to expand the knowledge base on practitioner-scientist partnerships, particularly on factors associated with positive outcomes within communities. To further articulate this priority, the paper first discusses the rapid growth in community-based partnerships and the emergent research on them. Next described is an illustrative research project on a partnership model that links state university extension and public school delivery systems. The article then turns to the second, related priority of future capacity-building for diffusion of effective partnership-based interventions to achieve larger-scale health and well-being across communities. It outlines two salient tasks: clarification of a conceptual framework and the formulation of a comprehensive capacity-building strategy for diffusion. The comprehensive strategy would require careful attention to the expansion of networks of effective partnerships, partnership-based research agendas, and requisite policy-making.

Community Mental Health Services↗

PubMed2005

Translating research into improved outcomes in comprehensive cancer control.

A key question in moving comprehensive cancer control (CCC) plans into action is, to what extent should the knowledge gained from investments in cancer prevention and control research influence the actions taken by states, tribes, and territories during implementation? Underlying this 'should' is the assumption that evidence-based approaches (i.e., a public health or clinical intervention or policy that has resulted in improved outcomes when scientifically tested), when implemented in a real-world setting, will increase the likelihood of improved outcomes. This article elucidates the barriers and opportunities for integrating science with practice across the cancer control continuum. However, given the scope of CCC and the substantial investment in generating new knowledge through science, it is difficult for any one agency, on its own, to make a sufficient investment to ensure new knowledge is translated and implemented at a national, state, or local level. Thus, if greater demand for evidence-based interventions and increased resources for adopting them are going to support the dissemination initiatives described herein, new interagency partnerships must be developed to ensure that sufficient means are dedicated to integrating science with service. Furthermore, for these collaborations to increase both in size and in frequency, agency leaders must clearly articulate their support for these collaborative initiatives and explicitly recognize those collaborative efforts that are successful. In this way, the whole (in this context, comprehensive cancer control) can become greater than the sum of its parts.

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed2006

Validation of a comprehensive classification tool for treatment-related problems.

OBJECTIVE: Several drug-related problem classification systems can be found in the literature. However, it is generally agreed that a comprehensive, well constructed and validated instrument is currently lacking. The aim of this study is the development and validation of a comprehensive treatment-related problems assessment and classification tool for use in teaching, practicing and researching pharmaceutical care and to improve identification, resolving and preventing of treatment-related problems. METHOD: The development and validation involved five steps starting with literature search to define a treatment related problem and also to form a database of treatment-related problems identified in the literature. In the next step, all problems that were identified in the first step and passed the evaluation of the three authors were pooled together and then divided into groups according to their common or shared construct, in the third step a suitable assessment method was developed according to the construct of the different problems, in the next step the developed instrument was validated for content, internal and external validity. Finally the tool was finalized and tested for reproducibility and inter-rater agreement. RESULTS: The final validated version included six main categories for treatment-related problems (Indication, Effectiveness, Safety, Knowledge, Adherence and Miscellaneous). These categories include a total of nine subcategories and a total of 29 treatment related problems. CONCLUSION: The treatment-related problems assessment and classification tool introduced in this paper was applied to actual patient cases and proved to be valid. This tool also has several features that are new.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗

PubMed2026

Content validity, face validity and comprehensiveness of generic quality-of-life measures in adults and children with rare genetic conditions and their carers: a think aloud qualitative study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to assess the content validity, face validity and comprehensiveness of the: (a) EQ-5D-5L, EQ-HWB, and ASCOT SCT4, for adults with rare genetic conditions; (b) the EQ-5D-5L, EQ-HWB, and ASCOT-carer for carers of adults or children with rare genetic conditions; and (c) the EQ-5D-Y-5L carer proxy-complete for children with rare genetic conditions. METHODS: In total, 60 qualitative think-aloud interviews were conducted in Australia and England to understand individuals' thought process during the completion of the QoL measures. Participants were subsequently led through a semi-structured discussion. Transcripts were analysed for whether participants demonstrated understanding of the measures and thematic analysis was conducted on responses to the semi-structured discussion. RESULTS: The majority of participants showed good understanding and supported the validity of the measures for people experiencing rare conditions. For carers, however, a broader evaluative space than health-related QoL was preferred. Several non-health domains were identified as important to both patients and carers, including treatment availability, impact on employment and finance, information and uncertainty, medication and carer burden, impact of passing on a condition, relationships and social connection, and experience with the healthcare system. CONCLUSION: This study provides some support for the face validity and comprehensiveness of the measures for people experiencing rare conditions. However, several participants felt that the narrow health domains were inadequate to capture the breadth of their lived experience. Future research should explore the extent to which the measures capture differences and changes in the QoL domains identified as important to patients and carers.

Humans↗

PubMed1995

A comprehensive curriculum for thoracic surgery: survey of opinions from program directors and residents.

BACKGROUND: The Comprehensive Thoracic Surgery Curriculum was developed to provide program directors with a basis for planning instruction and evaluating residents, program practices, and outcomes. A survey design was selected to obtain opinions about the curriculum from a large group of people, ie, all program directors and all active residents. METHODS: Two parallel instruments were developed: one to be completed by program directors and one to be completed by active residents. Responses were collated for directors and residents, entered into a computerized database, and compared using the chi 2 statistic. RESULTS: A response rate of 93% was obtained from the directors and 79% from the residents. The survey demonstrates broad-based support for a comprehensive curriculum by the respondents. Current perceptions of and expectations for the curriculum are diverse and regionalized. Serious concerns are expressed about quality issues and particularly the environment for residency education. CONCLUSIONS: The thoughtful responses of our colleagues will guide leaders who will implement the curriculum for thoracic surgery. Strategies for change will necessarily focus on the prerequisite curriculum.

Administrative Personnel↗

PubMed1990

Verb-based versus class-based accounts of actionality effects in children's comprehension of passives.

Several studies have shown that children perform worse on tests of passive comprehension when the verb is non-actional than when it is actional. Most existing accounts focus on the semantic characteristics of the class of non-action verbs in explaining this difference. An alternative is a "verb-based" account in which passives are initially learned verb by verb, and children hear fewer non-actional passives in their language input. An analysis of the passives heard by Adam, Eve and Sarah (Brown, 1973) found more actional than non-actional passives, consistent with the verb-based account. In a second study, children tested for passive comprehension were re-tested a week later. The verb-based account predicts that children should show a consistent pattern of responses for individual verbs on test and re-test. Such consistency was found, with some inconsistency due to improvement over the re-test. Further analyses showed no effects of affectedness in explaining children's problems with passives. Finally, we discuss whether a mixed model containing both verb-based and class-based mechanisms is required to explain the actionality effects.

Child Language↗

PubMed1995

Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of "theory of mind" in story comprehension.

The ability of normal children and adults to attribute independent mental states to self and others in order to explain and predict behaviour ("theory of mind") has been a focus of much recent research. Autism is a biologically based disorder which appears to be characterised by a specific impairment in this "mentalising" process. The present paper reports a functional neuroimaging study with positron emission tomography in which we studied brain activity in normal volunteers while they performed story comprehension tasks necessitating the attribution of mental states. The resultant brain activity was compared with that measured in two control tasks: "physical" stories which did not require this mental attribution, and passages of unlinked sentences. Both story conditions, when compared to the unlinked sentences, showed significantly increased regional cerebral blood flow in the following regions: the temporal poles bilaterally, the left superior temporal gyrus and the posterior cingulate cortex. Comparison of the "theory of mind" stories with "physical" stores revealed a specific pattern of activation associated with mental state attribution: it was only this task which produced activation in the medial frontal gyrus on the left (Brodmann's area 8). This comparison also showed significant activation in the posterior cingulate cortex. These surprisingly clear-cut findings are discussed in relation to previous studies of brain activation during story comprehension. The localisation of brain regions involved in normal attribution of mental states and contextual problem solving is feasible and may have implication for the neural basis of autism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Comprehension of transitive and intransitive phrases by autistic, retarded, and normal children.

Autistic children were compared with retarded and normal control groups in a verbal comprehension task. Subjects were asked to select from four pictures the one that illustrated a two-word intransitive or three-word transitive phrase which was described verbally. Distractor pictures differed from the target picture by one, two, or all three features. Autistic children were poorer in performance than the control groups; however, the hierarchy of difficulty of discrimination was common to all three groups, with transitive phrases more difficult than intransitive phrases. Word type did not affect comprehension for the autistic children, although control children evidenced most difficulty with the verb or middle word. Results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that a severe and global language disorder is characteristic of autism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Elementary school age children's comprehension of specific idiomatic expressions.

This study explored the ability of elementary school age children to comprehend six idiomatic expressions. Eighty linguistically normal children, 20 from each of four different grade levels (kindergarten, second grade, fourth grade, and sixth grade) participated as subjects. All of the children completed a task designed to probe comprehension of specific idioms. A short story was presented, after which the subjects were required to identify events in the story, which were described using idiomatic phrases. When examined as a group, comprehension of the idioms studied improved with increasing age. However, when examined individually, performance was found to be highly variable from idiom to idiom. These results are discussed with regard to clinical implications in the assessment and management of language-disordered children.

Child↗

PubMed1985

Comprehension of neutral, melodically intoned, and affectively toned sentences by adults with aphasia.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a notable improvement in the auditory comprehension of adults with aphasia when sentences are melodically intoned or spoken with strong affect, as compared to when the same sentence materials are spoken in a neutral manner. The subjects for this study were six aphasic patients with left-brain damage and two control subjects: one patient with bilateral brain damage and one subject with no history of neurological insult. The subjects responded to a picture identification task where the same sentence stimuli were presented in three conditions: neutral, melodic intonation, and strong affect. There was no significant difference in the left-brain damaged patients' auditory comprehension scores in the three conditions. No improvement of performance was noted for the bilaterally brain-damaged patient, and the nonaphasic subject attained a perfect or near-perfect score in each condition. Results are discussed in terms of the need for future research.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Speech rate and syntactic complexity effects on the auditory comprehension of Alzheimer patients.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of speech rate and syntactic complexity on the auditory language comprehension of individuals with presumptive Alzheimer's disease, compared to healthy elderly controls. Three presentation rates and command statements of increasing syntactic complexity were used. Although rate of presentation did not significantly affect comprehension in either group, both groups demonstrated increased difficulty with stimuli of greater syntactic complexity, with Alzheimer's patients performing significantly poorer at all levels.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Lexical comprehension and grammatical deficits in children with specific language impairment.

Several accounts of specific language impairment (SLI) in children have appeared in the recent literature. One of the most explicit is that of Locke. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate some of the details of Locke's proposal. In the first of two studies, it was found that children with SLI who were limited to single-word utterances showed deficits in their lexical comprehension. In the second study, a number of children with SLI who had reached the grammatical stage of development showed age-appropriate levels of lexical comprehension. Although the first of these findings was in keeping with Locke's account, the second was not. Additional provisions for this proposal are suggested.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1987

Discrimination of normal and aphasic subjects on a test of syntactic comprehension.

An Anglophone population consisting of 37 aphasic patients and 23 normal control subjects, and a Francophone population consisting of 49 aphasic patients and 23 control subjects were given a task requiring the comprehension of syntactic structures for the correct assignment of thematic roles to nouns. Discriminant analysis was used to classify subjects into aphasic and normal groups according to their scores on the task. In both populations--Anglophone and Francophone--most of the subjects were classified into their actual groups except for an occasional normal subject classified with the aphasic group and a small number of aphasics classified as normal. A cut-off score below which performance is clearly abnormal and above which performance is clearly normal can be set for this test. Patients who performed normally on this test had lesions affecting any single lobe within the dominant perisylvian cortex and mostly consisted of patients with dysarthria, apraxia of speech, and 'mixed' aphasia types. The results have implications for the incidence of aphasic disturbances of syntactic comprehension and for the nature of language representation in the brain.

Aphasia↗

PubMed1975

Temporomandibular degenerative joint disease. Part II. Diagnostic procedure and comprehensive management.

The diagnostic procedure is given in the detail necessary to arrive at an accurate diagnosis of temporomandibular degenerative joint disease (TDJD). The differentiating clinical findings of degenerative joint disease (DJD) and rheumatoid arthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are described. Principles and modalities of comprehensive management of TDJD are presented in the manner and sequence needed to allow practical clinical application. Methods of treatment are applied to the management of patients with acute and chronic TDJD. The surgical procedure for TDJD, intracapsular high condylectomy with a preauricular incision, is described in the detail required for individual application. Case reports are presented to illustrate the comprehensive management of TDJD.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Surgical inferior repositioning of the maxilla: treatment considerations and comprehensive management.

Surgical inferior repositioning of the hypoplastic or vertically deficient maxilla is discussed with respect to various relevant treatment considerations, and a specific regimen for comprehensive management is recommended. Treatment considerations for persons with true vertical maxillary deficiency include esthetic, functional, and neuromuscular factors. Primary among these factors are the relationship between the maxillary incisor and the upper lip, the physiologic interocclusal space, and the masticatory bite force. A regimen for the comprehensive management of these factors is recommended to ensure skeletal stability. These measures include a careful surgical technique, transplantation of viable autogenous bone, critical evaluation of the physiologic interocclusal space, and elimination of destructive masticatory forces to the maxilla during healing of the graft by an intraoral skeletal fixation appliance. Adherence to these fundamental biologic principles ensures predictability to the inferiorly repositioned maxilla.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Comprehension strategies determining reference in aphasia: a study of reflexivization.

This study explored the comprehension of reference in aphasia as reflected in reflexivization. A total of 132 test sentences were used consisting of two basic syntactic frames varying in the minimal distance principle and in the type of cues available in the sentence (syntax, syntax and morphology, syntax and lexical, and syntax, morphology, and lexical) for determining pronominal reference. Fifteen patients, five Broca's, five Conduction, and five Wernicke's, were asked to point to the picture (of two) corresponding to the auditorily presented test sentence. Results indicated that aphasic patients as a whole comprehend reference; however, their performance varied depending on the nature of the cues available in the sentence. All groups were impaired when only syntactic cues were available and showed a significant decrement in performance when the test sentence violated the minimal distance principle. As additional cues other than syntactic structure were provided, performance level increased. All groups, including the Broca's aphasics, showed only slight improvement with the presence of morphological cues. Wernicke's aphasic's performance was particularly vulnerable when lexical cues were added to syntactic cues. These results suggest that evaluation of a patient's deficit in sentence comprehension requires analysis of those attributes of the sentence contributing to its overall semantic interpretation.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

The effect of semantic plausibility on sentence comprehension in aphasia.

Tested were 50 aphasic patients (16 Broca's, 15 Wernicke's, 10 global, and 9 amnesic), 13 nonaphasic brain damaged patients, and 13 normal adults to evaluate the effect of semantic plausibility on sentence comprehension in active affirmative declarative sentences with a sentence-picture matching task. A plate of two pictures was provided for each stimulus sentence, and the subject was required to choose the picture corresponding to the sentence presented auditorily. Two types of sentences in terms of plausibility were prepared, i.e., probable sentences (P) describing common events in our daily life and improbable sentences (I) describing rare events. There were four kinds of combinations of a picture with the other to make a correct/(distractor) set, i.e., P/(P), P/(I), I/(P), and I/(I) constructions. The results indicated that probable sentences were more comprehensible than improbable sentences, and that the effect of semantic plausibility did not differ among aphasic types.

Adult↗