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Results for “Desensitization, Psychologic”

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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Effects of visuospatial tasks on desensitization to emotive memories.

OBJECTIVES: Intrusive memories of extreme trauma can disrupt a stepwise approach to imaginal exposure. Concurrent tasks that load the visuospatial sketchpad (VSSP) of working memory reduce the vividness of recalled images. This study tested whether relief of distress from competing VSSP tasks during imaginal exposure is at the cost of impaired desensitization. DESIGN: This study examined repeated exposure to emotive memories using 18 unselected undergraduates and a within-subjects design with three exposure conditions (Eye Movement, Visual Noise, Exposure Alone) in random, counter-balanced order. METHOD: At baseline, participants recalled positive and negative experiences, and rated the vividness and emotiveness of each image. A different positive and negative recollection was then used for each condition. Vividness and emotiveness were rated after each of eight exposure trials. At a post-exposure session 1 week later, participants rated each image without any concurrent task. RESULTS: Consistent with previous research, vividness and distress during imaging were lower during Eye Movements than in Exposure Alone, with passive visual interference giving intermediate results. A reduction in emotional responses from Baseline to Post was of similar size for the three conditions. CONCLUSION: Visuospatial tasks may offer a temporary response aid for imaginal exposure without affecting desensitization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The use of behavior modification techniques to successfully manage the child dental patient.

Techniques of desensitization, modeling, and contingency management that can be used in the dental office for reducing anxiety and encouraging appropriate behavior in children are discussed. The "tell, show and do" approach is one desensitization technique easily applied in the private practice. Language should be at the child's level of understanding. An older sibling will frequently serve as an excellent model for a fearful child. Social reinforcers-a handshake, a smile, or praise-should be dispensed throughout dental treatment. Rewards should only follow desired behavior.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1978

Assessment of a dental anxiety scale.

A number of different sets of data concerning the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale were evaluated. The data indicate that the scale is a reliable, valid, and useful measure of dental anxiety. It can be successfully used in the dental office or in research projects.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1987

Problematic gagging: principles of treatment.

The causes of problematic gagging are discussed and a behavioral method for its treatment is recommended. Four case studies illustrating the application of this approach are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Evaluating a behavioral method to manage dental fear: a 2-year study of dental practices.

Eleven private general practices and a university clinic formed a network to treat dental fear. The practices located in four states learned a method of treating dental fear using dental staff members and audiovisual materials. This study is an evaluation of the network's effectiveness. In 15 months, 111 patients were treated by the network. The dentists reported providing substantial dental treatment to 77% (n = 86) of the patients. The study showed that private general practices can effectively treat strong dental fear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cognitive biases in anxiety disorders and their effect on cognitive-behavioral treatment.

Cognitive theorists hypothesize that cognitive biases are a major component in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. These include attentional biases toward threat-related information, distorted judgments of risk, and selective memory processing. The empirical evidence for these cognitive biases in anxiety disorder populations is reviewed. Potential deleterious effects of these biases on the process of cognitive-behavioral therapy are also discussed, as are possible ways of overriding those effects and maximizing treatment efficacy.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1975

Behavior theraphy in alcoholism. A critical review of broad-spectrum approaches.

A review of the literature in behavior therapy for alcoholism suggests that broad-spectrum approaches based on analysis of the specific stimuli which trigger excessive drinking in individual patients are more effective than conventional methods. It appears too that controlled drinking is a reasonable treatment goal for some alcoholics.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

An evaluation of in vivo desensitization and video modeling to increase compliance with dental procedures in persons with mental retardation.

Fear of dental procedures deters many individuals with mental retardation from accepting dental treatment. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of two procedures, in vivo desensitization and video modeling, for increasing compliance with dental procedures in participants with severe or profound mental retardation. Desensitization increased compliance for all 5 participants, whereas video modeling increased compliance for only 1 of 3 participants.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Smoking education programs 1960-1976.

This paper is a review of published reports, in English, of educational programs designed to change smoking behavior. Attempts to change the smoking behavior of young people have included anti-smoking campaigns, youth-to-youth programs, and a variety of message themes and teaching methods. Instruction has been presented both by teachers who were committed or persuasive and by teachers who were neutral or presented both sides of the issue. Didactic teaching, group discussion, individual study, peer instruction, and mass media have been employed. Health effects of smoking, both short- and long-term effects, have been emphasized. Most methods used with youth have shown little success. Studies of other methods have produced contradictory results. Educational programs for adults have included large scale anti-smoking campaigns, smoking cessation clinics, and a variety of more specific withdrawal methods. These methods have included individual counseling, emotional role playing, aversive conditioning, desensitization, and specific techniques to reduce the likelihood that smoking will occur in situations previously associated with smoking. Some of these techniques have produced poor results while studies of other methods have shown inconsistent results. The two methods showing the most promise are individual counseling and smoking withdrawal clinics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Biofeedback and self-control of physiological functions: clinical applications.

The parameters amenable to biofeedback learning are mentioned, including brainwaves, muscle tension, temperature, the cardiovascular system, and others. A discussion follows of the clinical application of biofeedback in the treatment of such disorders as tension headaches, neuromuscular re-education, epilepsy, "dysponesis," cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure and migraines. The usefulness of biofeedback has been demonstrated also in the field of psychotherapy for purposes of desensitization, treating anxious patients, encouraging specific personality changes, and indicating stress to patients.

Anxiety↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A behavioral approach to post-catastrophic illness work phobias.

Two patients developed work phobias following major catastrophic physical illness. A combined approach to addressing their specific fears of returning to premorbid levels of work function utilized deep muscle relaxation, imagery based desensitization, social reinforcement, and shaping techniques. A significant increase in adaptive function and decrease in depressive symptomatology resulted in both cases within six weeks after initiation of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of a novel motion desensitization training regime and controlled breathing on habituation to motion sickness.

To study whether controlled breathing, known to ameliorate motion sickness, speeds habituation to nauseogenic motion when used in a novel accelerated training regime, 30 participants (13 men, 17 women, ages 18-51 years) were randomized to either a Breathing group or a Control group. Randomization was balanced for rotation tolerance measured during a first exposure to off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR 72 degrees sec.(-1)). Participants subsequently received four exposures to OVAR in 1-hr. (accelerated training). The Breathing group followed taped instructions to control their breathing during training and when retested the next day. There was overall habituation with stimulus repetition, shown by an increase in tolerance for motion, a reduction in symptoms, and speeded recovery times on retesting. There was a tendency for greater habituation with controlled breathing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Issues in treatment efficacy research with alcoholics.

A variety of therapeutic strategies have been used in the treatment of alcoholic patients. Within this context, behavioral techniques have been widely employed with varying degree of effectiveness. This paper attempts to explore theoretically 2 widely used behavioral therapeutic methods, systematic desensitization and covert sensitization, along with traditional insight-oriented therapy. Possible merits and limitations of applying these treatment approaches to alcoholic patients are explored.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1975

Semantic desensitization: language conditioning or demand characteristics manipulation?

Previous studies in language conditioning, especially those called semantic desensitization, have shown changes in self-report, behavioral measures, and the semantic meaning of the target concept following treatment. This last has been proposed as a causal variable but experimental and control groups differed greatly in terms of their demand characteristics. The present study included a placebo group with demand characteristics similar to those of the control group. The target area was self-concept (18 male Ss, 9 female Ss). Significant changes in self-report and actual performance with a hand dynamometer were obtained but these were as great for the placebo group as for the experimental groups. It was suggested that factors other than conditioning are of importance in semantic desensitization.

Awareness↗