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PubMed1986

Complementary value of two-dimensional exercise echocardiography to routine treadmill exercise testing.

Two-dimensional echocardiograms were done during rest and after exercise in 95 patients who subsequently had coronary arteriography. Prior myocardial infarction was present in 36 patients, 35 of whom had wall motion abnormalities. There was no evidence of prior infarction in 59 patients, 44 of whom had coronary disease. In these 44 patients, the exercise electrocardiogram showed ischemia in 19, was normal in 13, and was nondiagnostic in 12. Exercise echocardiograms were abnormal in 35 of these 44 patients. In 15 patients without coronary disease, the treadmill response was nondiagnostic in 6, ischemic in 1, and normal in 8. Exercise echocardiograms were normal in 13 of these 15 patients. We conclude that exercise echocardiography is a valuable addition to routine treadmill testing. It may be of special value in patients with an abnormal resting electrocardiogram or a nondiagnostic response to treadmill testing or when a false-negative treadmill test is suspected.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Supine exercise electrocardiography compared with exercise radionuclide angiography in noninvasive identification of severe coronary artery disease.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the incremental value of exercise radionuclide angiography for identification of severe coronary artery disease. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis comparing logistic regression models. SETTING: A tertiary care referral center. PATIENTS: Three hundred and ninety-one consecutive patients who had normal resting electrocardiograms (ECGs) and no digoxin therapy within the previous week. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The exercise ECG model, consisting of magnitude of ST depression, exercise heart rate, and patient gender, was highly predictive of three vessel or left main coronary artery disease (chi 2 = 100, P less than 0.0001). The model correctly classified 60% of the study group which included 56 patients with and 179 without severe disease. The addition of radionuclide angiographic variables improved the predictive power of the model (chi 2 = 124, P less than 0.0001). However, the exercise radionuclide angiographic variables increased the number of patients who were correctly classified by only 11 and the percentage by 3% (to a total of 63% of the study group). CONCLUSIONS: The modest additional advantage provided by exercise radionuclide angiography for identification of three vessel or left main coronary artery disease in patients with normal resting ECGs would not appear to justify its routine use for this purpose. Before this conclusion is used as a guide for clinical practice, our results should be prospectively confirmed in a separate sample of patients in another institution.

Coronary Angiography↗

PubMed2000

Oral montelukast compared with inhaled salmeterol to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. A randomized, double-blind trial. Exercise Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Montelukast, an oral, once-daily leukotriene receptor antagonist, provides protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of therapy with salmeterol aerosol or montelukast on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in adults with asthma. DESIGN: 8-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind study. SETTING: 17 asthma treatment centers in the United States. PATIENTS: 191 adults with asthma who had documented exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. INTERVENTION: Qualified patients were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with montelukast (10 mg once in the evening) or salmeterol (50 microg [2 puffs] twice daily). MEASUREMENTS: Changes in pre-exercise and postexercise challenge values; percentage inhibition in the maximal percentage decrease in FEV1; the area above the FEV1-time curve; and time to recovery of FEV1 at days 1 to 3, week 4, and week 8 of treatment. RESULTS: By day 3, similar and statistically significant reductions in maximal percentage decrease in FEV1 were seen with both therapies. Sustained improvement occurred in the montelukast group at weeks 4 and 8; at these time points, the bronchoprotective effect of salmeterol decreased significantly. At week 8, the percentage inhibition in the maximal percentage decrease in FEV1 was 57.2% in the montelukast group and 33.0% in the salmeterol group (P = 0.002). By week 8, 67% of patients receiving montelukast and 46% of patients receiving salmeterol had a maximal percentage decrease in FEV1 of less than 20%. CONCLUSIONS: The bronchoprotective effect of montelukast was maintained throughout 8 weeks of study. In contrast, significant loss of bronchoprotection at weeks 4 and 8 was seen with salmeterol. Long-term administration of montelukast provided consistent inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction at the end of the 8-week dosing interval without tolerance.

Acetates↗

PubMed1992

[Exercise-induced left bundle branch block in treadmill exercise test: clinical significance and prognosis].

Exercise induced left bundle branch block (LBBB) is poorly understood. We investigated its clinical characteristics and prognosis. The records of 3,459 consecutive patients who underwent treadmill exercise testing were reviewed. Exercise induced LBBB was identified in 6 patients (0.17%). Three out of six patients had underlying cardiac disease; two had coronary artery disease and one dilated cardiomyopathy. Three out of five had redistribution on Tl-201 myocardial scintigraphy. In one of these three patients, however, coronary angiography demonstrated no significant narrowings. Tl-201 myocardial scintigraphy in patients with exercise induced LBBB may be undetermined for coronary artery disease. During follow-up, one of six patients had depressed left ventricular function and was diagnosed as having dilated cardiomyopathy. It is thus obvious that exercise induced LBBB without a specific underlying heart disease should be followed up carefully.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

Exercise-induced asthma: comparison of cromoglycate powder and aerosol four hours before exercise.

To establish whether sodium cromoglycate delivered by pressurised aerosol was more effective than sodium cromoglycate powder in preventing exercise-induced asthma four hours after drug administration, eight subjects known to be protected by sodium cromoglycate taken immediately pre-exercise, underwent delayed exercise challenge following double-blind premedication with sodium cromoglycate powder, sodium cromoglycate aerosol and placebo. The maximum fall in FEV1 induced by exercise four hours after inhaling sodium cromoglycate was modified slightly by sodium cromoglycate powder and by a smaller amount, sodium cromoglycate aerosol, compared with the unpremedicated run, but the calculated protection provided by sodium cromoglycate was not significantly different from that given by placebo. It was concluded that asthmatics should not expect significant suppression of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction four hours after the last dose of either cromoglycate powder or aerosol.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Ratings of perceived exertion at maximal exercise in children performing different graded exercise test.

The purpose of this study was to examine the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at maximal exercise in children performing three different graded exercise tests on a treadmill. Eighteen children with a mean +/- SD age of 10.3 +/- 1.4 years volunteered for this study. Each subject performed three different graded exercise test protocols on a treadmill. The protocols consisted of walking only, running only, and combination walk/run. Mean VO2max (ml.kg-1.min-1) during the walking trial (47.3 +/- 5.0) was significantly (p < 0.05) less than during the running (52.1 +/- 4.9) and combination trials (51.9 +/- 5.1). Mean HRmax (bpm) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower during the walking test (195.2 +/- 7.9) compared to the running (202.2 +/- 7.4) and combination tests (202.3 +/- 6.6). Mean RPE at maximal exercise was 18.1 +/- 2.1 in the walking trial, 16.8 +/- 3.0 in the running trial, and 16.8 +/- 2.6 in the combination trial, and was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in the walking trial compared to the other two testing protocols. These data indicate that although VO2max during a walking test is lower, effort sensation is higher compared to protocols that use running as the mode of exercise. The factors involved with RPE selection in this age-group remain to be established.

Child↗

PubMed1996

Electromyographic validation of basic exercises for physical conditioning programmes. II. Analysis of the deltoid muscle (anterior portion) and pectoralis major muscle (clavicular portion) in rowing exercises with closed grip.

The electromyographic activity of the shoulder muscles deltoid-anterior portion (DA) and pectoralis major-clavicular portion (PMC) was tested on 24 male volunteers using a 2 channel TECA TE4 electromyograph and Hewlett Packard surface electrodes during the execution of three different modalities of rowing exercises with closed grip. All rowing exercises were inefficient to determine action potential levels in the PMC but two of them were extremely efficient to the DA: the upright rowing exercise and the sitting rowing exercise. Some suggestions to the use of the tested exercises are presented by the authors.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2006

Exercise capacity in a 78 year old patient with McArdle's disease: it is never too late to start exercising.

The case is reported of a 78 year old man with McArdle's disease and a history of treated coronary heart disease. Despite the pre-exercise administration of sucrose allowing the patient to exercise with normal physiological responses, and without typical McArdle's symptoms or biochemical evidence of muscle damage, his exercise capacity was very low (V(O2)peak = 10.7 ml/min/kg), probably attributable to his lifetime of sedentary living. The data suggest that, with pre-exercise sucrose administration, such patients may be candidates for systematic reconditioning, which may improve functional capacity and quality of life.

Aged↗

PubMed2026

Multi‑omics approaches to decipher the molecular mechanisms of exercise‑mediated bone protection: From mechanistic insights to personalized exercise prescription (Review).

The global burden of bone metabolic disorders necessitates a shift from generic exercise recommendations toward personalized prescription strategies. Exercise confers skeletal protection through mechanotransduction, yet the underlying molecular networks remain incompletely understood. Multi‑omics technologies, including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and single‑cell spatial approaches, have revolutionized the capacity to decode exercise‑mediated bone adaptation at the systems level. The present review synthesizes current single‑omics landscapes and integrative multi‑omics analyses that elucidate the core regulatory networks, mechanobiological coupling mechanisms and multiorgan crosstalk that are implicated in the bone response to mechanical loading. Translational applications across clinical scenarios such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and disuse bone loss are evaluated, and the technical, analytical and translational challenges limiting clinical implementation are addressed. Finally, the present review provides a framework for translating multi‑omics molecular signatures into personalized exercise prescriptions for optimized skeletal health.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Exercise training: significance of regional alterations in serotonin metabolism of rat brain in relation to antidepressant effect of exercise.

Alterations of 5HT and its chief metabolite 5HIAA were studied in four regions of the rat brain following acute 1-h swim exercise and 4 week chronic swim exercise (30 min/day, 6 days per week). Acute exercise significantly increased the synthesis and metabolism of 5HT in brain stem. Hypothalamus also showed increased levels of 5HT. However, no changes were observed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Chronic exercise activated not only the synthesis but also the metabolism of 5HT in the cerebral cortex; this neuronal adaptation was sustained even 1 week after the termination of training. In brain stem, increased 5HT turnover was observed immediately after training. In hypothalamus, decrease in 5HT and 5HIAA levels occurred immediately after training, followed by a rebound increase in their levels after 1 week posttraining rest. In hippocampus, a delayed effect was observed, because 5HT level was unaltered immediately after the training, but its turnover decreased after 1 week rest. These findings have been discussed in an attempt to explain the antidepressant effect of exercise based on the 5HT deficiency theory of endogenous depression.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Sensitivity to insulin of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis of isolated soleus-muscle strips from sedentary, exercised and exercise-trained rats.

The half-maximal stimulation of the rates of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis in soleus-muscle strips from sedentary animals occurred at a concentration of insulin of about 100 microunits/ml. In soleus-muscle strips from exercise-trained rats (5 weeks of treadmill training), half-maximal stimulation of the rate of glycolysis occurred at about 10 microunits of insulin/ml, whereas that for glycogen synthesis occurred between 10 and 100 microunits of insulin/ml. The sensitivity of glycolysis to insulin after exercise training is similar to that of adipose tissue from sedentary animals. This finding suggests that, in sedentary animals, the effects of normal changes in insulin concentration may affect muscle primarily indirectly via the anti-lipolytic effect on adipose tissue, whereas after training insulin may effect the rate of glycolysis in muscle directly. A single period of exercise did not change the sensitivity of glycolysis in soleus muscle to insulin, nor probably that of glycogen synthesis. It is suggested that the improvement in insulin sensitivity of glycolysis in muscle caused by exercise-training could account, in part, for the well-established improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity observed in man and rats after exercise-training.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Exercise and eating disorders in college-aged women: profiling excessive exercisers.

This study examined associations among excessive exercise, eating disorders, and selected psychological characteristics in college women (N = 586). Participants were recruited from university classes and administered the Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire, Eating Disorders Inventory-2, Bulimia Test-Revised, and other psychosocial measures. Results indicated that obligatory exercise is best viewed as multidimensional. These dimensions were used, through cluster analysis, to generate a typology of exercisers. One identified group clearly manifested eating disorder traits and behaviors, as well as signs of psychological disturbance. Another group who exercised with equal intensity but less emotional fixation showed the fewest signs of eating disorders and psychological distress.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1982

Metabolic alterations induced by voluntary exercise and discontinuation of exercise in hamsters.

A study was conducted to determine the possible biochemical mechanisms responsible for the rapid increase in body weight and body fat during the early phase of exercise-retirement. Thirty-two adult female hamsters were allotted to four groups of eight each. One group served as sedentary controls. Other groups had access to voluntary disc-running during a 35-day period of the 76-day experimental period and were retired from running for 0, 8, and 41 days, respectively, before the termination of the experiment. Disc-running reduced body fat and body weight. Discontinuation of running led to a fast gain of body fat and body weight. Disc-running decreased serum triacylglycerol levels but had no effect on serum cholesterol levels. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration was significantly elevated at 8 days after retirement but was not changed during exercise or at 41 days after retirement. Exercise or discontinuation of exercise had no effect on serum T-3 or T-4 levels. The rate of fatty acid synthesis and the activities of malic enzyme and fatty acid synthetase in the liver were increased during running and during the early phase of retirement. Liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased at 8 days after discontinuation of running. Disc-running enhanced food intake which was not reduced to the sedentary level until about 10 days after retirement, suggesting a delay in adaptation to reduced energy expenditure. Results of the present study suggest that both the delay in food intake adaptation and the enhanced lipogenic activity play a role in the rapid gain of body weight and body fat during the early phase of exercise-retirement.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2006

Exercise-dependent preference for a mixture of branched-chain amino acids and homeostatic control of brain serotonin in exercising rats.

In this article we discuss studies showing that rats are able to regulate their intake of BCAA depending on the level of exercise, and that they will choose a solution of BCAA over water during times of intense exercise. We found that the voluntary intake of a solution made of BCAA, L-arginine and L-glutamine positively correlated with the timing and volume of exercise during the dark (active) period of the circadian rhythm. In the second behavioral protocol in which rats were fed BCAA fortified diet (2.0%, wt:wt), we observed voluntarily increased volume of physical activity beginning from d 4 of feeding on. In the second, neuro-behavioral, part of the study we measured the brain content of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) as well as plasma amino acid profiles in well-trained exercising rats to test a hypothesis that BCAA may alleviate central aspects of fatigue. A solution made of BCAA, L-arginine, and L-glutamine applied before running elevated the BCAA/tryptophan plasma ratio at the end of and after running, and decreased 5-HT release in the lateral hypothalamus and amygdala after running, when compared with the controls. The exercise-related shift in the fluid preference toward a BCAA-based solution suggests an ergogenic benefit. The forced-running study shows the lateral hypothalamus and possibly amygdala might be the critical brain regions implied in the central effects of a BCAA-based solution.

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain↗

PubMed1979

Influence of exercise hyperthermia on exercise breathing pattern.

Passive elevation of the body core temperature (Tc) induces rapid, shallow breathing in resting man. We wondered if exercise-induced Tc elevation would also lead to decreased tidal volume (VT) and increased breathing frequency (f) during exercise. To investigate this question, 10 subjects each performed 47 min of cycle ergometer exercise at 50--60% of the maximal aerobic capacity, with the work rate adjusted to maintain ventilation (VE) constant. This long ride raised mean Tc (rectal) 0.8 degrees C. Before and immediately after the long ride, ranges of VE and VT were obtained from short 6-min rides that progressed from unloaded pedaling to the anaerobic threshold. At the constant VE of the long ride, f rose and VT fell as Tc rose (P less than 0.05). The fall in VT was associated with a fall in inspiratory time (TI); drive (VT/TI) and timing (TI/Ttot)components of VE were unchanged. These effects were consistent over the entire range of VE obtained from the short 6-min rides. Passive heating in warm water to produce equal Tc elevation in the same subjects yielded similar exercise breathing-pattern changes. These findings suggest that increased Tc mediates the VT fall during prolonged exercise, possibly through stimulation of the central respiratory pacemaker.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed1988

Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on insulin sensitivity and responsiveness.

Insulin action is enhanced in people who exercise regularly and vigorously. In the present study, the hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp procedure was used to determine whether this enhanced insulin action is due to an increased sensitivity and/or an increased responsiveness to insulin. To avoid the variability that exists between individuals and complicates cross-sectional studies, the same subjects were studied in the trained exercising state and again after 10 days of physical inactivity. When the plasma insulin concentration was maintained at approximately 78 microU.ml-1 (a submaximal level), glucose disposal rate averaged 8.7 +/- 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1 before and 6.7 +/- 0.6 mg.kg-1.min-1 after 10 days of activity (P less than 0.001). When the plasma insulin concentration was maintained at approximately 2,000 microU.ml-1 (a maximally effective concentration), the rate of glucose disposal was not significantly different before (15.3 +/- 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1) compared with after (14.5 +/- 0.4 mg.kg-1.min-1) 10 days without exercise. These results provide evidence that the reversal of enhanced insulin action that occurs within a few days when exercise-trained individuals stop exercising is due to a decrease in sensitivity to insulin, not to a decrease in insulin responsiveness.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Immune parameters of untrained or exercise-trained rats after exhaustive exercise.

The effect of a single exhaustive swimming exercise bout on immune competence of untrained or exercise-trained female Wistar rats was compared with the competence of control sedentary rats. After the exhaustive exercise bout, the blastogenic response to concanavalin A by spleen cells of untrained rats was extensively suppressed, whereas the response of the trained rats was only marginally suppressed. The suppressed immune competence of the untrained rats after the exhaustive exercise was associated with an increase in immune-suppressive activity of splenic lymphocytes. The macrophages of the untrained rats and of the control sedentary rats were slightly immune suppressive to normal spleen cells through a prostaglandin-dependent mechanism. The addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to the blastogenesis cultures revealed that the spleen cells of untrained rats were unusually sensitive to the suppressive effects of PGE2. In contrast to the untrained rats, the marginal level of immune suppression in trained rats after the exhaustive exercise was associated with a lesser degree of lymphocyte-suppressive activity, an immune stimulatory activity by the splenic macrophages, and an insensitivity of the splenic lymphocytes to the suppressive effects of PGE2.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Comparison of hormone responses following light resistance exercise with partial vascular occlusion and moderately difficult resistance exercise without occlusion.

Previous studies of contracting muscle with low loading and partial vascular occlusion demonstrated hypertrophy and strength adaptations similar to and exceeding those observed with traditional moderate to high resistance (Shinohara M, Kouzaki M, Yoshihisa T, and Fukunaga T. Eur J Physiol 77: 189-191, 1998; Takarada Y, Takazawa H, Sato Y, Takebayashi S, Tanaka Y, and Ishii N. J Appl Physiol 88: 2097-2106, 2000; Takarada Y, Sato Y, and Ishii N. Eur J Physiol 86: 308-314, 2002). The purpose of the study was to determine the anabolic and catabolic hormone responses to light resistance exercise combined with partial vascular occlusion. Three experimental conditions of light resistance with partial occlusion (LRO), moderate resistance with no occlusion (MR), and partial occlusion without exercise (OO) were performed by eight healthy subjects [mean 21 yr (SD 1.8)]. Three sets of single-arm biceps curls and single-leg calf presses were completed to failure with 1-min interset rest periods. Workloads of 30 and 70% one repetition maximum for each exercise were lifted for the LRO and MR trials, respectively. Blood samples were taken preexercise, postexercise, and 15 min postexercise for each experimental condition. Lactate increased significantly in the LRO and MR trials and was not significantly different from each other at any time point. Growth hormone (GH) increased significantly by fourfold from pre- to postexercise in the LRO session but did not change significantly during this time period in the MR and OO trials (8.3 +/- 2.3 vs. 2.1 +/- 1.2 and 2.6 +/- 0.94 microg/l; respectively, P < 0.05). There were no changes in resting total testosterone [T; mean 15.7 +/- 1.6 (SE) nmol/l], free testosterone (FT; 54.1 +/- 4.5 pmol/l), or cortisol (267.6 +/- 22 nmol/l) across all trials and times. In conclusion, with similar lactate responses, light exercise combined with partial vascular occlusion elicits a greater GH response than moderate exercise without occlusion but does not affect T, FT, or cortisol.

Adolescent↗