Health care and health status. A Canada--United States statistical comparison.
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France has been endeavouring to come up with veterinary activity indicators by which measure the work of public Veterinary Services and to rationalise the geographical distribution of staff and financial ressources on the basis of objective criteria. An analysis of activities in 1998, and of new missions, has made it possible to: define criteria against which the tasks accomplished by the various divisions can be measured; prepare a method for establishing optimal distribution criteria for the human resources available; propose, for each département, the allocation of human resources based on national distribution criteria but taking into account the individual needs of different areas; measure variations in activity resulting from new or modified missions, with a priori theoretical assessments (impact studies), and a posteriori control. In each départment, the Direction générale de I'alimentation (DGAL) has adopted an ongoing management tool composed of: a national database quantifying the activities of its services in real time, a simulation tool, to calculate the human resources needs for the local units.
Pressures--ranging from persuading specialists to provide on-call coverage to dealing with growing numbers of patients with serious mental illness--are building in already-crowded hospital emergency departments (EDs) across the country, according to findings from the Center for Studying Health System Change's (HSC) 2005 site visits to 12 nationally representative communities. As the number of ED visits rises significantly faster than population growth, many hospitals are expanding emergency department capacity. At the same time, hospitals face an ongoing nursing shortage, contributing to tight inpatient capacity that in turn hinders admitting ED patients. In their role as hospitals' "front door" for attracting insured inpatient admissions, emergency departments also increasingly are expected to help hospitals compete for insured patients while still meeting obligations to provide emergency care to all-comers under federal law. Failure to address these growing pressures may compromise access to emergency care for patients and spur already rapidly rising health care costs.
The AHAs 2005 Environmental Assessment identifies emerging trends facing health care providers, consumers and stakeholders. Health care leaders can use it to understand their environment and analyze the effects these trends will have on their organizations.
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With the creation of the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), the federal government has moved to develop a national medical plan for responding to major mass casualty situations resulting from either a civilian disaster which overwhelms state and local resources or an overseas conventional conflict. To date, the mental health aspects of this plan have received little attention. This article discusses the rationale for adding a comprehensive mental health component to NDMS within the context of the complementary needs of disaster survivors and rescuers.
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Local authorities (LAs) currently provide preventive and promotive services. It is argued that, by extending the role of the LA to the provision of comprehensive services, including ambulatory and hospital curative care, both the quality and the cost-effectiveness of health care would be improved. Making health care the responsibility of the LA would minimise fragmentation, allow for the provision of a number of services that currently are neglected because they fall through the gap that exists between preventive and curative services, and result in the more effective use of personnel currently restricted to providing preventive care only. LAs offer an appropriate structure for effective community control over the health services, and are more likely to be sensitive to local needs and demands. In addition, their administrative proximity to other LA departments responsible for housing, town planning and parks and recreation allows for an effective multisectoral approach to health. The positive aspects of LA care can only be achieved in the context of racially integrated services provided by an LA elected by universal adult franchise. Smaller LAs may need to be grouped together in larger units for the purpose of achieving satisfactory economies of scale in the provision of health care.
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