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Results for “Impulsive Behavior”

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PubMed1991

[Follow-up of hyperkinetic syndrome in clinical and field samples].

Retrospective studies and short prospective studies in clinical samples are rarely helpful in elucidating the course of hyperkinetic syndromes. So far prospective longitudinal data have been published only on client populations. The results of such studies are summarized. They are compared with the data on a field sample (n = 399) followed from age 8 until 18. Initially 4.2% of the children had hyperkinetic syndrome. Over the 10-year period the symptoms of the syndrome decreased. In 40% of the cases the syndrome persisted, but with a general shift in the symptoms profiles toward antisocial behavior. Beyond this, the study showed that the symptoms temper tantrums, distractability and hyperkinesis are very important in connection with psychiatric morbidity in children and adolescents. There is a need for further analysis of such symptoms in the context of other symptoms of psychiatric disorder in youngsters not diagnosed as having hyperkinetic syndrome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Food and drug abuse: the contrasts and comparisons of eating disorders and alcoholism.

The authors present a series of comparisons highlighting the similarities and differences between alcoholism and two eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. They suggest that diagnostic, psychodynamic and therapeutic similarities are strong and may relate to a common lack of behavioral inhibition once abnormal drinking or eating patterns become set. They point to recent research suggesting that eating disorder patients are at greater risk for alcoholism later in life. They conclude that a scientific comparison of these disorders may yield new research findings that could advance treatment methods for both types of psychopathology and may prevent later morbidity for the eating disorder group.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2004

Overt and relational aggression in girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

We employed a multi-informant approach to examine attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtype differences, as well as ADHD versus comparison group differences, in overt aggression, relational aggression, and peer regard related to such aggression. Participants included 228 girls (ages 6 to 12 years) diagnosed with either ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C; n = 93), ADHD-Inattentive (ADHD-I; n = 47), or nondiagnosed comparisons (n = 88) who attended research-based summer camp programs. Girls with ADHD-C exhibited higher rates of overt and relational aggression than did girls with ADHD-I, who in turn exhibited higher rates than comparison girls. For the ADHD-C subgroup, aggressive behavior was associated with both negative peer regard and lack of positive peer regard; for the ADHD-I subgroup, aggressive behavior was related to negative peer regard but not to positive peer regard. Controlling for subtype, relational aggression contributed incremental variance in peer regard over and above overt aggression, but effects for the latter were stronger. We discuss the importance of overt versus relational aggression for girls with ADHD as well as disparities in findings according to informant sources.

Aggression↗

PubMed1994

Serotonin and impulsive/aggressive behavior in cocaine dependent subjects.

1. 10 male cocaine dependent patients and 10 sex matched controls were administered several behavioral measures of aggression including the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, and The Brown-Goodwin Life History of Aggression. 2. All subjects were also administered a buspirone neuroendocrine challenge as a measure of serotonin function. 3. The cocaine dependent subjects were significantly more aggressive than the controls. 4. There was a significant correlation between the growth hormone response to buspirone and behavioral measures of aggression in the cocaine dependent subjects, but not in the controls. 5. There was no difference in the overall growth hormone response between the controls and cocaine dependent subjects, possibly due to differences in metabolism of buspirone. 6. This study supports a role for serotonin in aggression in cocaine dependent subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Drug-induced disinhibition in psychiatrically hospitalized children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine rates and predictors of drug-induced behavioral disinhibition (DIBD) in psychiatrically hospitalized children. METHODS: DIBD was examined in 267 children psychiatrically hospitalized for at least 4 weeks. Age, gender, diagnosis, and medication were covariates. DIBD was defined as dramatic increase in aggression identified by increased time-outs while on medicaton. RESULTS: Twenty (7.5%) children met our criteria. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use appeared to increase the risk, and older age and stimulant use decreased the risk of DIBD. However, it was often difficult to distinguish true DIBD from the behavioral fluctuations of these disturbed children. Fifteen percent of children subsequently improved on the same regimen, 40% improved when the offending drug was stopped and another treatment was started, and the remainder had adverse response to many medications. CONCLUSIONS: DIBD is a complex phenomenon that does not lend itself to simple conclusions and requires further study.

Aggression↗

PubMed2004

P300 event-related potential amplitude and impulsivity in cocaine-dependent subjects.

Previous studies report reduced amplitude of the P300 event-related potential in cocaine-dependent individuals. Cocaine dependence is also associated with increased impulsivity, possibly due to deficits in cognitive function that are associated with reduced P300 amplitude. In the current study, the relationship between cocaine dependence, impulsivity, and P300 amplitude were examined. An auditory oddball event-related potential task along with self-report (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11) and behavioral laboratory (Immediate and Delayed Memory Task) measures of impulsivity were assessed in healthy controls (n = 14) and subjects who met DSM-IV criteria for current cocaine dependence (n = 17). P300 amplitude was reduced and self-reported and behavioral laboratory impulsivity scores were elevated among the cocaine-dependent group compared to controls. There was a positive correlation between the questionnaire and behavioral laboratory measures of impulsivity, and a negative correlation between impulsivity measures and P300 amplitude. The correlation between self-reported impulsivity scores and P300 amplitude remained after taking into account the number of childhood conduct disorder symptoms. This study supports the hypothesis that the basic neurophysiology responsible for the P300 amplitude in cocaine-dependent individuals is associated with impulsivity independent of a history of childhood conduct disorder symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

A pilot study on differences in aggression in New York City and Madrid, Spain, and their possible impact on suicidal behavior.

OBJECTIVE: Published results from a U.S. study of depressed suicide attempters and a Madrid, Spain, study including all consecutively admitted suicide attempters suggested that aggression scores were higher in U.S. attempters. This observation led us to compare depressed attempters and controls from both suicide research centers and explore whether New York City (NYC) patients carry out suicidal acts of greater lethality than patients in Madrid. The study goals were (1) to compare aggression scores in attempters and healthy volunteers between the 2 cities and (2) to determine whether higher aggression scores are associated with greater medical lethality of suicide attempts. METHOD: The respective samples from NYC and Madrid included attempters with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder (N = 117 and N = 133) and healthy controls (N = 90 and N = 317). Aggression scores, measured by the Brown-Goodwin Scale, in attempters and healthy volunteers from both sites were compared using an analysis of variance model. The relationship between lethality of suicidal acts and aggression scores in attempters was assessed using logistic regression analyses. NYC subjects were recruited from 1998 to 2001, and Madrid subjects were selected from consecutive admissions in 1999. RESULTS: Depressed suicide attempters from NYC made attempts of greater lethality and reported more lifetime aggressive behavior than depressed attempters in Madrid. NYC healthy volunteers also reported more aggression than their Madrid counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that the greater lethality of suicidal behavior in NYC compared to Madrid is related to higher aggression levels, although the data have limitations. Cross-cultural studies are needed to verify whether aggression and higher lethality suicide attempts share a common diathesis explaining the higher suicide rates in NYC.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

ADHD in Youth With Major Depressive Disorder in the Texas Youth Depression and Suicide Research Network (TX-YDSRN): Clinical Correlates and Moderators.

OBJECTIVE: Depression is a major public health concern with a 19% lifetime prevalence in youth, often precipitating other concerns, including suicidal behavior, poor school performance, and worsened peer relationships. ADHD is also common among youth and frequently presents alongside major depressive disorder (MDD), with this comorbidity associated with increased impairment. More research is needed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of this comorbidity (MDD + ADHD), especially as it relates to youth with MDD and no ADHD (MDD - ADHD). The present study examined the clinical correlates of MDD + ADHD in youth and the presence of an ADHD diagnosis as a moderator of the relationship between depressive symptoms and suicidality, peer relationships, and school functioning, respectively. METHODS: Our sample included 797 youth with MDD ages 8 to 20 years (Mage = 15.5 years) with and without ADHD. RESULTS: Youth with MDD + ADHD experienced more severe depressive symptoms, higher levels of suicidality, impulsivity, and irritability, and worse academic performance compared to those with MDD - ADHD. ADHD diagnosis did not moderate the relationships between depression severity and suicidality, peer relationships, or school functioning, respectively, suggesting that having an ADHD diagnosis may not affect these outcomes in depressed youth in this way. CONCLUSION: Findings shed light on the impact of ADHD in depressed youth, which may allow for earlier and more tailored intervention efforts aimed at identifying and targeting depression, suicidality, peer relationships, and school functioning.

Humans↗

PubMed1975

Alcoholism and the hyperactive child syndrome.

Comparisons were made between alcoholics and nonalcoholics in a sample of Danish adoptees (mean age 30) and it was found that the alcoholics, as children, were more often hyperactive, truant, antisocial, shy, aggressive, disobedient, and friendless. The literature suggesting a relationship between the hyperactive child syndrome and subsequent alcoholism is reviewed, as well as a possible relationship between these disorders and antisocial behavior. The adoptive parent of the two groups did not differ with regard to socioeconomic class, psychopathology, or drinking histories. However, 10 of the 14 alcoholics had biological parents who were alcoholic, with no known alcoholism among the biological parents of the nonalcoholics. As adults, the alcoholics differed from the nonalcoholics only with regard to drinking history, use of drugs, and overt expression of anger.

Adoption↗

PubMed2001

Studying survivors of nearly lethal suicide attempts: an important strategy in suicide research.

The series of articles in this special issue of SLTB from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study of nearly lethal suicide attempts represents an important contribution to research on suicidal behavior. The investigative approach used is attractive, yet also challenging in terms of research methodology. In this commentary I take the opportunity to highlight certain aspects of this line of research as well as to comment on the specific findings of the CDC study and their relationship to existing knowledge. I also discuss the future potential for this research approach and further questions that might be addressed by it.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

ADHD, aggression, and antisocial behavior across the lifespan. Interactions with neurochemical and cognitive function.

The progression to adult antisocial behavior is the least desirable developmental trajectory for children with ADHD. An unremitting pattern of physical aggression appears of great import when predicting long-term outcome. However, a profile characterized by behavioral and cognitive impulsivity and emotional lability may indicate a greater likelihood of the progression to adult antisocial behavior and violent impulse-control disorders. This constellation of behaviors appears to be, at least in part, mediated by brain serotonergic systems. The contribution of cognitive impairments, as manifested by executive function deficits, diminished moral reasoning, and impaired empathic ability, to the emergence and persistence of antisocial behavior has yet to be discerned.

Aggression↗

PubMed2005

Personality traits as correlates of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in young adults.

BACKGROUND: Adults in their twenties appear to be at high risk for suicidal behaviors (SBs) and there is substantial evidence suggesting that certain personality traits may increase individual vulnerability to suicide. METHOD: We investigated relationships of personality traits with two SBs in a cohort (n=1140) of 21- to 24-year-old adults, representative of the general population of Quebec. Subjects were assessed using a series of structured diagnostic and personality trait questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to identify personality trait correlates of suicide-attempt history and serious suicidal ideation in the context of other known risk factors, such as psychopathology and experiences of childhood sexual and physical abuse. RESULTS: Traits of conduct problems contributed to both suicide attempts [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.06] and suicidal ideation (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.07), while identity problems (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.07-1.13) and gender-moderated impulsivity contributed exclusively to suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS: Personality traits may make independent contributions to current suicidal ideation and previous suicide attempts in certain subgroups of suicidal individuals. In order to further explore their utility as markers of suicide risk and targets of intervention further investigation in clinical samples and other cultural and age groups is necessary.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Autonomic response patterns observed during the performance of an attention-demanding task in two groups of children with autistic-type difficulties in social adjustment.

Two groups of children with autistic-type behavior problems were compared to a group of normal children with respect to their autonomic response patterns observed during the performance of an attention-demanding task. Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory activity were measured during periods of rest and of task performance. Applying a quantitative model of the baroreflex, we were able to demonstrate qualitative differences among the groups with respect to their vagally controlled response patterns, whereas sympathetic responsiveness did not differ. In terms of our model, the groups with autistic-type behavior showed a decrease in central vagal tone during task performance, while vagal gain appeared to be unaffected or even increased. In contrast, the children in the control group showed the expected pattern of a decrease in vagal gain while vagal tone appeared to be increased. Implications of our findings are discussed in the light of Damasio's somatic marking hypothesis.

Attention↗

PubMed2004

The role of drinking restraint in alcohol dependence: validation of the temptation and restraint inventory in an alcohol dependent sample.

OBJECTIVE: The Temptation and Restraint Inventory (TRI) is commonly used to measure drinking restraint in relation to problem drinking behavior. However, as yet the TRI has not been validated in a clinical group with alcohol dependence. METHOD: Male (n = 111) and female (n = 57) inpatients with DSM-IV diagnosed alcohol dependence completed the TRI and measures of problem drinking severity, including the Alcohol Dependence Scale and the quantity, frequency and week total of alcohol consumed. RESULTS: The factor structure of the TRI was replicated in the alcohol dependent sample. Cognitive Emotional Pre-occupation (CEP), one of the two higher order factors of the TRI, demonstrated sound predictive power toward all dependence severity indices. The other higher order factor, Cognitive Behavioral Control (CBC), was related to frequency of drinking. There was limited support for the CEP/CBC interactional model of drinking restraint. CONCLUSIONS: Although the construct validity of the TRI was sound, the measure appears more useful in understanding the development, maintenance and severity of alcohol-related problems in nondependent drinkers. The TRI may show promise in detecting either continuous drinking or heavy episodic type dependent drinkers.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Child molesters who abduct.

This study examined the differences between 97 abducting and 60 nonabducting child molesters on selected typological and antisocial/criminal variables. Although the results supported one a priori hypothesis, they disconfirmed two others and yielded an unpredicted but theoretically interesting abductor covariate. Our hypothesis that child abductors would more likely be classified as "low" in their contact with children (i.e., have little or no contact with children outside of their offenses) than the nonabductors was supported. In contrast, our hypotheses that the abductors were more likely to be characterized by a history of antisocial and criminal behavior as well as a greater degree of aggression were not supported. Abductors were found to be lower in social competence than the child molesters who never abducted their victims. The results were discussed in terms of abduction as in victim control strategy that is more likely employed by offenders with poor social and interpersonal skills. The complex interrelation among social competence, weapons, and sadism for abductors and nonabductors was explored.

Child↗

PubMed1980

Vocal cues as indices of schizophrenia.

The hypothesis that schizophrenic patients can be differentiated from non-schizophrenic patients was tested. In addition, the impressions about personality characteristics conveyed by voice quality were explored. Ten schizophrenics and ten non-schizophrenic patients, all from a State Hospital, were recorded individually as they read the same passage. Five judges listened to randomized recordings and completed a questionnaire on each speaker to indicate whether the subject was schizophrenic, to rate the degree of the subject's psychopathology, to rate vocal behavior with a Voice Characteristics Sale made up of six adjectives, and to rate vocal indices of personality disorder with a Voice Psychopathology Scale made up of 26 adjectives describing pathological personality characteristics. The schizophrenics were distinguished from non-schizophrenics on the basis of voice quality. The schizophrenic patients were seen as more inefficient, despondent, and moody. Information conveyed by speakers' voices was explored by a factor analytic technique. Four factors, general disintegration, dysphoria, social distance, and agitation, were identified.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Effect of deprivation on the grocery shopping behavior of obese and nonobese consumers.

The universal Product Code (UPC) checkout system was used to determine the type of unplanned purchases made by obese and nonobese in a supermarket under various levels of deprivation. The results show that deprivation differently affects the saliency of food-related cues for obese and nonobese. Obese individuals purchased more unplanned items when not deprived than when deprived. Moreover, the majority of the unplanned purchases were items that were on an end aisle or point-of-purchase display. The results are discussed in terms of previous research that have demonstrated that the obese and nonobese interpret and respond differently to internal and external cues of hunger.

Food Deprivation↗

PubMed1975

Discriminators of clinically defined emotional maladjustment. Predictive validity of the Behavior Problem Checklist and Devereux scales.

From a population of 130 boys between 7 and 14 years of age who had been clinically diagnosed as aggressive, hyperactive, or withdrawn, 32, 31, and 32 Ss, respectively, were randomly selected. All Ss were rated on the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPC) and the Devereux Elementary School Behavior rating scales (DESB) during the 1971-72 academic year. A descriptive intercorrelation matrix was generated for the 4 BPC scales and the 14 DESB scales. Three stepwise discriminant analyses were run: (a) BPC scales only, (b) DESB scales only, and (c) BPC and DESB scales combined. In terms of statistical and practical considerations, the four BPC subscales by themselves attained the optimal predictive accuracy (65%, or 62 of 95 children correctly identified).

Adolescent↗