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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources

PubMed1991

Rheumatic fever, reactive arthritis, and musculoskeletal infections in children.

Infections may cause musculoskeletal symptoms either by inducing reactive disease or by directly infecting bone, joints, or muscle. Differentiation of reactive disease from direct infections of the musculoskeletal system is an important clinical problem. Both reactive disease and direct infections result from interactions of the host, the environment, and the infecting agent. This review provides an update of the recent literature on rheumatic fever, the classic example in rheumatology of reactive disease, and direct musculoskeletal infections.

Arthritis, Infectious↗

PubMed1995

Musculoskeletal disorders in former athletes. A cohort study in 114 track and field champions.

We studied the influence of elite track and field activities on the musculoskeletal system in a cohort of 114 Swedish men 50-80 years of age compared to 355 randomly selected referents in the same age group. Arthrosis of the hip was increased more than threefold among the athletes (8 percent) compared to the referents (2 percent). For other musculoskeletal disorders the distribution was similar between the groups but the prevalence of arthrosis of the knee tended to increase while that of neck/shoulder disorders tended to decrease in the athlete group.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Ergonomics of digital imaging.

There has been an increase in the use of digital imaging in recent years and radiologists have almost universally accepted the use of computers in their day-to-day work. Completely filmless radiology departments, with all reporting being done on visual display terminals and picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) around the department, are already a reality in many places in the UK and other parts of the world. There is a constant need of computers for literature searches on the web, e-mails, communication and preparing lectures and presentations. With this explosive increase in the use of computers in the hospital, it is imperative that the use of computer monitor screens for medical use is optimized in order to avoid eyestrain and fatigue. This is especially important as tired eyes and brains may be more likely to commit errors. We have reviewed the current literature to elaborate a few useful measures that can be taken to minimize the effect of excessive computer use in a soft-copy radiology reporting area on the eyes and the musculoskeletal system. We recommend that optimal placement of computer monitors with user-friendly PACS terminal interfaces will ensure greater acceptability and improve reporting efficiency and accuracy. Good work practices to ensure reduction of reporting errors are highlighted.

Computer Terminals↗

PubMed1992

Countermeasures against space flight related bone loss.

This paper reviews human data concerning bone loss and attempted countermeasures during spaceflight and bed rest, a commonly employed technique to simulate the effects of weightlessness on the musculoskeletal system.

Bed Rest↗

PubMed2004

Bernardino Ramazzini: the father of occupational medicine.

Bernardino Ramazzini was born on October 4, 1633, in the small town of Capri located in the duchy of Modula, Italy. He is credited with establishing the field of occupational medicine during his lifetime. His major contributions came after 1682, when Duke Francesco II of Modena assigned him to establish a medical department at the University of Modena. He was installed in the title of professor "Medicinae Theoricae." In 1700, Ramazzini was appointed chair of practical medicine in Padua, Republic of Venice, the premier medical faculty in Italy. In 1700, he wrote the seminal book on occupational diseases and industrial hygiene, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Diseases of Workers). Although Ramazzini is perhaps most well known for his work on exposure to toxic materials, he wrote extensively about diseases of the musculoskeletal system. In particular, he warned of the problems of inactivity and poor postures inherent in some jobs.

Cumulative Trauma Disorders↗

PubMed1998

Stability and a control strategy of a multilink musculoskeletal model with applications in FES.

This paper introduces a relegated control strategy for point-to-point movement of musculoskeletal systems driven by redundant actuators. The actuator system is partitioned to two functional groupings referred to as gravity compensators and movement generators. Unlike dynamic optimization methods, relegation of control enables real-time computation of control signals to the muscle actuators. It is shown that this strategy significantly reduces the degree of coactivation needed to stabilize the movement. The real-time nature of this strategy coupled with reduced coactivation makes the proposed strategy amenable for multichannel control of parapalegics through functional electrical stimulation. Stimulations of a three-link sagittal system are conducted to test the algorithm for a bowing movement.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2002

[Evaluation of computer-aided learning illustrated by the multimedia program, "Hereditary diseases of the dog--joints, bones, musculature"].

Results are presented on the evaluation of the interactive tutorial and information system "Hereditary diseases of the dog-joints, bones, musculature" which was developed at the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics and the Clinic for Small Animals at the School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, aiming to improve the problem consciousness for the genetic background of most diseases of the musculoskeletal system of the dog. It addresses veterinarians, students of veterinary medicine and also dog breeders and owners. The programme offers extensive basic information about all known hereditary diseases of the joints, bones and muscles of the dog and gives also information on symptoms, diagnosis, therapy, distribution and genetics of the diseases. The user can apply it as a reference book, as a tutorial to complete or control his knowledge or to gain a fast overview of the up-to-date knowledge. The tutorial was evaluated by students in the second and third academic year, veterinary surgeons and dog breeders. Computer assisted learning was judged as very positive by all test persons. The programme received from all test persons an average score of 2.11 +/- 0.77 on a scale from 1 (very good) to 5 (unsatisfactory). The results show that computer-aided learning can be an effective and stimulating substitution to traditional learning and learning materials.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Performance characteristics of ultrasound of the knee in a general radiological setting.

Ultrasound of the musculoskeletal system is an attractive imaging modality due to the lack of ionising radiation, cost and ease of availability. A role has been established in the shoulder and pediatric hip but not in the knee. Ultrasound studies of the knee performed at six general radiological practices without established musculoskeletal expertise were compared with clinical examination in 56 patients. Final diagnoses were established by arthroscopy and/or MRI. The sensitivity and specificity for detection of superficial lesions in the knee were 88 and 41% for clinical examination and 32 and 59% for ultrasound. For deep lesions sensitivity and specificity were 61 and 64% for clinical examination and 13 and 100% for ultrasound. Ultrasound studies of the knee in a general radiological practice do not offer significant information above clinical examination.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

The use of intravenous contrast in MRI of extremity infection.

Infection of the musculoskeletal system encompasses a variety of conditions, affecting skin, fascia, muscle, joints, tendon sheaths, and bone. In addition to features unique to each tissue site, these processes vary with respect to organism virulence, overall host condition, and the condition of the extremity itself, particularly its circulation. Treatment of musculoskeletal infection varies according to these features, and with respect to the presence of devitalized tissue. Unfortunately, while clinical examination is accurate for the presence of infection as a process in most circumstances, it lacks specificity for the variety of disorders within the spectrum of extremity infection. MRI examination using intravenous contrast is becoming the preferred modality to study complicated extremity infections, since it provides an accurate portrayal of the extent of osseous and non osseous involvement, and identifies areas of necrosis. This information provides a basis from which clinicians may more accurately choose from among treatment options.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Classification and physical diagnosis of instability of the shoulder.

Recent clinical and basic science work has increased our knowledge of shoulder instability. Valuable information has been gained by cutting studies of the capsuloligamentous complex to clarify the biomechanics of instability. It is now clear that a significant overlap exists in the concepts of instability and impingement relating to anterior shoulder pain. These concepts have added new importance to organization and standardization when classifying and diagnosing shoulder instability. This manuscript presents an algorithmic approach to classification of shoulder girdle complaints that may be related to instability. This classification system is designed around the direction, degree, chronology, cause, and volition of instability. With accurate and detailed analysis of the historical presentation, most shoulder instability complaints can be classified using this approach. The physical examination also should proceed in an orderly fashion, including general impression of the musculoskeletal system, inspection, palpation, and range of motion of both the uninvolved and involved shoulder, neurologic examination, rotator cuff evaluation, and stability assessment. Stability assessment includes glenohumeral translation examination with apprehension and provocative testing. Management techniques are predicted on an accurate diagnosis. With a thorough and organized examination, the correct diagnosis can be achieved.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Musculoskeletal disorders in neonatal foals.

Angular limb deformities are not uncommon in foals. Mild angular deviation due to laxity of supporting soft tissues often resolves spontaneously. However, external splinting or casting may be needed in severe cases or in those that do not resolve. When incomplete ossification of carpal or tarsal bones is the cause of the limb deformity, external support is mandatory to prevent further deformation and abnormal development of the bones. When epiphyseal and metaphyseal abnormalities cause axial deviation, surgical intervention is usually necessary. Circumferential periosteal transection and/or transphyseal bridging are methods used. The choice is dictated by the type and severity of the deformity. Flexor contractures of the forelimb vary greatly in degree and joints affected. Physical therapy combined with intermittent splint application is often successful, but surgical intervention may be necessary in unresponsive cases. Flexor tendon laxity is usually self-correcting but physical therapy, restricted exercise, and splinting may be needed. Rotational abnormalities are easier to correct in the forelimbs than in the hind limbs. Correction is usually accomplished by frequent corrective hoof trimming. Miscellaneous anomalies of the musculoskeletal system may sometimes be amenable to surgical correction, although the potential disadvantages must be carefully considered. Septic arthritis is a frequent sequela to neonatal septicemia and must be treated aggressively and early in its development. Appropriate systemic antibiotics, joint lavage, and rest are indicated. Neonatal osteomyelitis has a poor prognosis and requires prompt, vigorous therapy; even then, growth anomalies of the limb or contiguous septic arthritis may develop and further worsen the prognosis. Early accurate diagnosis and prompt appropriate therapy are vital in treating musculoskeletal disorders in foals, especially when a successful outcome is judged by the animal becoming a functional athlete.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Congenital abnormalities of the urogenital tract in association with congenital vertebral malformations.

There is a close link between the embryological development of the musculoskeletal system and all other main organ systems. We report a prospective series of 202 patients with congenital vertebral abnormalities and document the associated abnormalities in other systems. There were 100 boys and 102 girls. In 153 there were 460 associated abnormalities, a mean of 2.27 abnormalities for each patient. Intravenous pyelography was carried out on 173 patients (85.6%) and ultrasonography on the remaining 29 (14.4%). Patients with genitourinary anomalies were more likely to have musculoskeletal (p = 0.002), gastrointestinal (p = 0.02) and cardiac abnormalities (p = 0.008) than those without genitourinary involvement. A total of 54 (26.7%) had at least one genitourinary abnormality, the most frequent being unilateral renal agenesis. There was urinary obstruction in six (3%). There was no association between genitourinary abnormality and the place of birth, parental age, birth order, level of spinal curvature, or the number, type and side of spinal anomaly. There was, however, a statistically significant association (p = 0.04) between costal and genitourinary abnormalities. The incidence of genitourinary abnormalities (26.7%) was similar to that of previously reported series. The diagnosis of a congenital vertebral abnormality should alert the clinician to a wide spectrum of possible associated anomalies most of which are of clinical importance.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed1986

Role of muscles in protecting athletes from injury.

Athletics create impact load which can be deleterious to the musculoskeletal system. These impact loads are attenuated by either deformation of materials external to the body, deformation of tissues, or tearing of tissue and fracture of bone. Muscles act to lower the bending stress on bone and to attenuate the peak dynamic loads from unprotected impulsive loads that can damage musculoskeletal tissues. Athletes should be advised to avoid impulsive loads for which they are unprepared, and to not participate in athletics when their muscles are fatigued.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A musculoskeletal approach to the preparticipation physical examination. Preventing injury and improving performance.

Preparticipation physical examinations provide information concerning an athlete's ability to participate safely in sports. By collecting information specific to the musculoskeletal system in addition to that from a general medical examination, information can be gained that may improve performance and help prevent certain injuries. Two thousand one hundred seven athletes from a variety of sports from the junior high to the college level were examined using specific tests for flexibility, strength, and endurance. Females were significantly more flexible than were males on all flexibility measurements, and males were significantly stronger than were females on all strength measurements. Upper-body athletes were tighter in dominant side internal rotation and significantly looser in dominant side external rotation. Lower-body athletes, especially females, were significantly tighter in the leg muscles. These results indicate that the adaptations of the musculo-skeletal system are sport specific and depend on the body area that is placed under stress.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[A questionnaire study on health of taxi drivers--relations to work conditions and daily life].

A questionnaire survey was conducted on 5,523 taxi drivers in Osaka Prefecture to investigate their working conditions and daily life as well as characteristics of their health condition and various effects on health, especially on their cardiovascular system. The major results of this survey were as follows: 1) The rate of subjective symptoms, morbidity rate and rate of poor physical condition over the past year in the taxi drivers were higher than those of the control group. Among the subjective symptoms, the rate of gastrointestinal disorders, fatigue, musculoskeletal system disorders, sensory system disorders, hemorrhoids, etc. was especially high. 2) Work shift, density of work, years of experience in taxi-driving, frequency of fright while driving, pattern of taking meals, way of recuperation on rest days or holidays, obesity, smoking, and intake of coffee and alcohol were found to be factors affecting the health of taxi drivers. 3) Nearly half of the respondents said that they would like to quit or change their job with as much as 62% giving "condition of health" as reason. On the other hand, the rate of heart-related symptoms such as palpitation, and breathlessness did not differ from that of the control group. The possible reason for this deduced from the foregoing results, is that there were some who had changed or quit the job at an early stage for health reasons such as heart trouble and severe physical and mental burden resulting from taxi driving. 4) Many taxi driver are obese and the rate of those with heart-related symptoms was considerably high among those classified as obese. In addition, the results showed that those with longer driving experience tended to be obese.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The Bobath concept in stroke rehabilitation: a focus group study of the experienced physiotherapists' perspective.

PURPOSE: The Bobath concept, usually known as neuro-developmental treatment (NDT) in America, is one of the major approaches used to rehabilitate patients following stroke; however since the last publication of Bobath (1990), the concept has been taught via an oral tradition on postgraduate courses. This study therefore aimed to explore with experienced therapists firstly how the Bobath concept had changed since 1990, and secondly what they considered its main theoretical assumptions to be using a focus group research design. METHOD: Eight peer-nominated expert physiotherapists agreed to participate in two focus groups organized according to specialist interest in either neurology (group A) or elderly care (group B). Therapists were asked to discuss six topics based on a review of published literature. Data analysis involved several readings of verbatim transcriptions, from which key themes and concepts were developed. RESULTS: All therapists agreed on the following core themes defining Bobath: analysis of normal movement, control of tone and facilitation of movement. Neuroplasticity was described as the primary rationale for treatment with therapists using afferent information to target the damaged central nervous system. In addition group A discussed motor learning, whereas group B discussed patient focused goals and relating treatment to function. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted changes in theory, terminology, and techniques. Tone remained a major problem in the rehabilitation management of the hemiplegic patient; however much attention was also directed towards the musculoskeletal system. Both facilitation of normal movement components and task specific practice using specific manual guidance were considered critical elements of the Bobath concept. For Bobath therapists, physiotherapy has an important impact on both the performance components of movement and functional outcomes. In view of the small numbers involved in this preliminary study, further studies are now needed to determine if these themes and concepts are congruent with the majority of physiotherapists' interpretation of the Bobath concept in stroke rehabilitation.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The evolving structure of orthopaedic residency education.

Orthopaedic residency has undergone continual evolution since the early 1900s. Training has evolved from a preceptorship to a highly evolved and structured educational system which largely standardizes training throughout the United States. Approval and accreditation of training programs, as well as content, is now overseen by a hierarchical group of organizations with representations from a variety of medical societies and boards. The evolving process has served the public well, providing competent care of the musculoskeletal system.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Creating and simulating skeletal muscle from the visible human data set.

Simulation of the musculoskeletal system has important applications in biomechanics, biomedical engineering, surgery simulation, and computer graphics. The accuracy of the muscle, bone, and tendon geometry as well as the accuracy of muscle and tendon dynamic deformation are of paramount importance in all these applications. We present a framework for extracting and simulating high resolution musculoskeletal geometry from the segmented visible human data set. We simulate 30 contact/collision coupled muscles in the upper limb and describe a computationally tractable implementation using an embedded mesh framework. Muscle geometry is embedded in a nonmanifold, connectivity preserving simulation mesh molded out of a lower resolution BCC lattice containing identical, well-shaped elements, leading to a relaxed time step restriction for stability and, thus, reduced computational cost. The muscles are endowed with a transversely isotropic, quasi-incompressible constitutive model that incorporates muscle fiber fields as well as passive and active components. The simulation takes advantage of a new robust finite element technique that handles both degenerate and inverted tetrahedra.

Algorithms↗