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PubMed2004

Immutability, science, and legislative debate over gay, lesbian and bisexual rights.

Many gay rights advocates argued in the 1990s that scientific research claiming that sexual orientation is immutable should contribute to gaining civil rights for gays, lesbians and bisexuals. This paper analyzes ten legislative debates that took place at the local, state and federal levels over whether to adopt antidiscrimination laws, before and after the research was published. We hypothesize that if the research has had the impacts hoped for by gay rights supporters, then debates over gay rights should reflect certain changes consistent with such impacts. Although discussion of the origins of sexual orientation among legislators rose in the aftermath of the studies, we fail to find that the science had a major impact on the debate strategies pursued by either pro- or antigay rights legislators. Whether sexual orientation is immutable or a choice has not been a central claim of the two sides in the debate. Gay rights opponents even appear somewhat more willing to assert that sexual orientation is a choice after the studies than before. Furthermore, when the proponents of gay rights assert the immutability argument, they are as likely as not to invoke the cultural authority of science. We explain these outcomes by showing why the immutability issue is not of central relevance to most legislators or necessary for either side's key arguments. We also show that the scientific evidence merely supplemented a large amount of anecdotal information that legislators already possessed that spoke to the origins of sexual orientation.

Bisexuality↗
PubMed1997

A reply to Goddard's 'spirituality as integrative energy'.

Nancy Goddard's 'spirituality as integrative energy' serves to highlight the importance of spirituality, while at the same time seeking to transform its nature. In this reply I take issue with the concept of spirituality as integrative energy, arguing that such a reconceptualization effectively strips spirituality of its meaning in the name of a spurious scientism. I argue that science is not the only valid mode of knowledge, and that, indeed, the scientific way of knowing may be particularly inappropriate in the context of the spiritual sphere I briefly consider the gradual separation of spirit from body in the development of western medical science, and point out the commonalities between the scientific and spiritual modes of apprehending the world. While it is important that nurses be aware of the spiritual dimension, I argue that this awareness should not be purchased by reducing spirituality to more 'acceptable' 'scientific' terms, but rather that nurses should be afforded the opportunity to study the concept in its historical, literary and philosophical context.

Holistic Nursing↗
PubMed1999

[Science and medicine in 18th Century Luxembourg].

During the 18th century science and medicine are poorly developed in Luxembourg (present part of the former duchy). Leprosy is vanishing and black death belongs to the past, whereas dysentery, typhoid fever and other epidemical diseases are thriving. In some specific diseases people claim help from protective saints such as St. Hubert (rabies) and St. Willibrord or the Blessed Virgin Mary. Besides these aspects the paper gives a concise outline of the situation in Luxembourg during the 18th century concerning hospitals, physicians, pharmacists and popular medicine.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1998

Patterns of spirituality in persons with advanced HIV disease.

This study was conducted to explicate the role of spirituality in dealing with the many struggles of advanced HIV disease. The research question that guided the study was: How is spiritual meaning structured in advanced stages of HIV disease? Published articles have lacked sound conceptions of spirituality that would allow it to be described apart from religion as a concept within humanistic science. Qualitative methodological assumptions were derived from interpretive interactionism. The spiritual experiences of 10 men and women in advanced-stage (symptomatic) HIV disease who self-identified that they had either spiritual or religious experiences that had helped them cope with HIV disease were interpreted. Data were collapsed, over three iterations, into three major themes to build the meaning of spirituality in HIV. Extracted themes were: purpose in life emerges from stigmatization; opportunities for meaning arise from a disease without a cure; and after suffering, spirituality frames the life.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

The visual theology of Victorian popularizers of science. From reverent eye to chemical retina.

This essay examines the use of visual images during the latter half of the nineteenth century in the work of three important popularizers of science. J. G. Wood, Richard Proctor, and Agnes Clerke skillfully used illustrations and photographs to establish their credibility as trustworthy guides to scientific, moral, and religious truths. All three worked within the natural theology tradition, despite the powerful critique of William Paley's argument from design set forth in Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (1859). Wood, Proctor, and Clerke recognized that in order to reach a popular audience with their message of divine wonder in nature, they would have to take advantage of the developing mass visual culture embodied in the new pictorial magazines, spectacles, and entertaining toys based on scientific gadgets emblematic of the reorganization of vision. But in drawing on different facets of the emerging visual culture and in looking to the images produced by the new visual technologies to find the hand of God in nature, these popularizers subtly transformed the natural theology tradition.

Art↗
PubMed1992

Icons in surgery.

This company of surgeons, the Pacific Coast Surgical Association, has honored me greatly, and I am grateful. In a turbulent, changing world, as physicians, you are among the most important people on earth. More important, by far, than any technologic aspect of your craft, is your character. As the pen is mightier than the sword, your beliefs and values are the sustaining force that will guide you in troubled times. Icons are Everyman's "pointers of the way" in meeting the challenges of tomorrow.

Entrepreneurship↗
PubMed1994

Darwin and God.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1998

Development of scientific reasoning biases: cognitive versus ego-protective explanations.

Two conflicting perspectives have dominated the literature on self-serving reasoning biases. One maintains that individuals have difficulty objectively processing information relevant to their personal theories because they are reluctant to relinquish their cause-effect beliefs relevant to that domain. The ego-protective view claims that such biases arise because they enhance or protect individuals' self-views. These opposing positions were studied with 5th, 8th, and 11th graders. Scientific reasoning improved with age. Analyses of biases, indicated by ratings of evidence quality and written justifications, yielded mixed results regarding developmental trends in reasoning biases. Both theoretical beliefs and ego-protective motivations predicted reasoning biases. An accuracy motivation led to more complex justifications but failed to reduce reasoning biases. Adolescents appear to selectively apply their scientific reasoning skills.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Popper's philosophy for epidemiologists.

This paper discusses the application of Popper's philosophy to epidemiological research, examining in particular the problems of replication without risk of refutation, of mistaking statistical sophistication for deductive inference, and of dealing with causality at a general level. An example is given of a Popperian approach to the test of a causal hypothesis concerning cancer of the cervix.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Reconciling scientific and religious discourse about madness during the age of reason: lessons for today?

This paper argues that the secularization of madness, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, occurred as a consequence of cultural change that accompanied the social upheavals of the age. In examining the reconciliation of competing explanations for madness, from theological and empirical viewpoints, it is suggested that these paradigms were never totally separated and argued that developments during this period were a consequence of continual interaction and dialogue between these contrasting views. Furthermore, it is suggested that an understanding of these changing times can illuminate present debates surrounding mental illness.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1998

Toward a postmodern chaplaincy.

Explores metaphorical models for chaplaincy which yokes scientific and theological projects in an effort to stimulate dialogue regarding ways the healing arts of spirituality and the roles of chaplains may be crafted. Uses clinical case materials and theological and scientific perspectives to illustrate a vision for a postmodern chaplaincy.

Chaplaincy Service, Hospital↗