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PubMed2000

Sugar replacers and the FDA noncariogenicity claim.

In 1996, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of a "health claim" based on the association between sugar replacers and the nonpromotion of dental caries. Small packages of products containing such sweeteners may state "Does not promote tooth decay" or "May reduce the risk of tooth decay." Larger packages must include additional information, such as "Frequent eating of foods high in sugars and starches as between-meal snacks can promote tooth decay." FDA criteria state that these products must not only be "sugar-free," but they must also contain a noncariogenic sugar replacer and not lower plaque pH below 5.7 either during consumption or up to 30 minutes after consumption when tested by in vivo pH telemetry. Many people might reduce their caries risk by using sugar-free products, and the FDA claim can help consumers identity such products. Dental hygienists are ideal sources of consumer information about sugar replacers, and can help clients distinguish between the new FDA claim and advertising claims that are not regulated by FDA. The purpose of this article is to provide dental hygienists with information on sugar replacers that will help clients make appropriate nutrition choices.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed1976

[Procedures for the early recognition of diabetics in Basle 1972. Contributions to the early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus by means of blood sugar analysis with special reference to the practical procedures under Swiss conditions].

In Basle in 1972 a diabetes survey was performed in subjects with increased risk of diabetes mellitus (overweight, age above 50, relatives of diabetics). For screening, the blood sugar was determined one hour after ingestion of 50 g of glucose. 404 males and 768 females (known diabetics excluded) were examined. One third of males and one quarter of females had a blood sugar value above 150 mg%. Blood sugar values of more than 200 mg% were found in 9% of the male and 7% of the female participants. A positive correlation existed between age and blood sugar values in males and females. Body weight and blood sugar value correlated only in females. However, in male subjects with pronounced obesity (Broca index greater than 1.23) there was a significantly higher incidence of blood sugar screening value above 150 mg% than in the rest of the males. It would appear that even slight overweight enhances glucose intolerance in females, whereas in males only marked overweight favours the manifestation of glucose intolerance. The cost of the detection of a new case of diabetes mellitus (blood sugar greater than 200 mg%) amounted to Sfr. 70.-. The Basle diabetes survey provides a model for successful conduct of a preventive program through cooperation of private organizations such as the local Medical Association and the local Diabetes Association.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of amino acids and sugars in supporting of osmotic homeostasis in maize seedlings under salinization conditions and treatment with synthetic growth regulators].

Stress state in plants caused by salinization conditions is characterized by the disturbance of ionic and osmotic homeostasis. The maintenance of the latter is reached by accumulation of osmolytes including free amino acids and soluble sugars in cells. The free amino acid level in the 8-day-old control seedling leaves was higher, than in the roots, whereas the contrary picture was observed in 17-day-old plant tissues. At the same time 8-day-old seedling roots contained more total sugars, than leaves, although the reduced sugar content was nearly a half of the total sugar content. A decrease of both total and reduced sugar levels was observed in 17-day-old seedling tissues. One-day exposure of 7-day-old seedlings to 0.1 M NaCl increased the free amino acid content especially in roots, than in leaves, and the total sugar content in maize leaves, whereas in roots this level remained without changes. The prolongation of salt exposure to 10 days leads to osmolyte content decrease. The seed treatment with Methyure and Ivine intensified accumulation of free amino acids and soluble sugars in the root and leaf tissues under salinization conditions.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1991

Novel oligomannose-type sugar chains derived from glucose oxidase of Aspergillus niger.

The primary structure of the N-linked sugar chains of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger was investigated. These sugar chains were released from the polypeptide backbone by hydrazinolysis, and the reducing ends of the sugar chains were pyridylaminated. HPLC of the pyridylamino sugar chains with an amide-silica column showed at least seven sugar chain peaks. Chemical and exoglycosidase digestion and 400 lMHz H-NMR studies of the sugar chains of lower molecular weight showed that these were novel oligomannose-type sugar chains, (Man)5-7 (GlcNAc)2, with the structure: +/- Man alpha 1----3Man alpha 1----3(Man alpha 1----6)Man alpha 1----6(+/- Man alpha 1----3Man alpha 1---3)Man )Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4GlcNAc.

Aspergillus niger↗

PubMed1990

[Does sugar play a role in the development of gastroenterologic diseases (Crohn disease, gallstones, cancer)?].

The consumption of cane- and beet-sugars per person has today reached a level of 100 g per day. In a discussion of the role of sugar in gastrointestinal diseases there must be a differentiation between a direct effect directly related to high sugar-consumption, and an indirect effect where sugar displaces other nutritive substances in the diet. Not only epidemiological, but also experimental data support that sugar has no direct, toxicological, carcinogenic or disease-inducing disposition for gastroenterological diseases. Investigating several diseases (e.g. M. Crohn) a final determination could not be made, but there is strong indication that an overconsumption of easily reabsorbable carbohydrates is not responsible for the development of diseases. An indirect, shared responsibility of high sugar consumption and reduced consumption of dietary fiber seems to be likely. Further investigations, for example by dietary tests with constant sugar content at variable consumptions of non-participating substances is necessary before a final judgment can be made. There are no useful data in humans at present, of whether food additives, such as hydrocolloids in confections play a casual role.

Cholelithiasis↗

PubMed1989

[The role of sugar chains in the antigenicity of CEA molecule].

CEA is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 180,000, 60% of which is composed of carbohydrate. Recent findings were summarized on the antigenic structure, the primary structure of peptide, the membrane anchoring device on the sugar chain structure of CEA. Although CEA molecule possesses 24 approximately 26 asparagine-linked sugar chains, which seem to cover uniformly the peptide core chain, antigenicity of sugar chains themselves is rather weak. Sugar chains were found, however, to have profound effects on the antigenicity of CEA peptide. Thus, many peptide epitopes may be buried by sugar chains, and estimations of serum CEA titers were influenced by heterogeneity and instability of sugar chain structures of CEA in test sera. A monoclonal assay system for CEA was established, which seemed almost independent of sugar chain heterogeneity, and showed definite improvements in cancer specificity, sensitivity and accuracy.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1986

[Structural changes in the sugar chains of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase by malignant transformation].

Structures of the sugar moieties of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases purified from the kidney and the liver of rat, mouse, and cattle were studied after being chemically released as oligosaccharides. The results indicated that both organ-specific and species-specific differences exist in the sugar chains of the enzyme. Comparative studies of sugar chains of the heavy and light subunits of the rat kidney enzyme revealed that high mannose-type sugar chains are found only in the heavy subunit. By the same analysis of the oligosaccharide fractions obtained from four isozymic forms of the rat kidney enzyme, it was found that all these enzymes contain 2 mole of neutral sugar chains but different numbers of acidic sugar chains in one molecule. Comparative studies of oligosaccharides obtained from the enzymes purified from rat AH-66 hepatoma and from normal rat liver revealed that more than 40% of the sugar chains of the hepatoma enzyme contain bisecting N-acetylglucosamine residues which are not found in those of the liver enzyme. By making use of the structural changes associated with malignant transformation, a new diagnostic method or hepatoma was developed. In principle, the method consists of affinity chromatography of the desialylated serum enzyme using an erythroagglutinating lectin agarose column.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Comparative study of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human erythropoietins purified from urine and the culture medium of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells.

The asparagine-linked sugar chains of human erythropoietin produced by recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells and naturally occurring human urinary erythropoietin were liberated by hydrazinolysis and fractionated by paper electrophoresis, lectin affinity chromatography, and Bio-Gel P-4 column chromatography. Both erythropoietins had three asparagine-linked sugar chains in one molecule, all of which were acidic complex type. Structural analysis of them revealed that the sugar chains from both erythropoietins are quite similar except for sialyl linkage. All sugar chains of erythropoietin produced by recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells contain only the NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal linkage, while those of human urinary erythropoietin contain the NeuAc alpha 2----6Gal linkage together with the NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal linkage. The major sugar chains were of fucosylated tetraantennary complex type with and without N-acetyllactosamine repeating units in their outer chain moieties in common, and small amounts of 2,4- and 2,6-branched triantennary and biantennary sugar chains were detected. This paper proved, for the first time, that recombinant technique can produce glycoprotein hormone whose carbohydrate structures are common to the major sugar chains of the native one.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

The sugar chain structures of ABO blood group active glycoproteins obtained from human erythrocyte membrane.

The glycoproteins of human erythrocyte membrane have two groups of sugar chains with blood type ABH determinants, which are quite distinct in their molecular sizes. A neutral sugar chain and an acidic sugar chain, which belong to the small size group, were isolated from the glycoproteins obtained from the erythrocyte of blood type O individuals, and their structures were elucidated as Fucalpha1 leads to 2Galbeta1 leads to 3N-acetylgalactosaminitol and Fucalpha1 leads to 2Galbeta1 leads to 3(AcNeualpha2 leads to 6)N-acetylgalactosaminitol, respectively. The molecular weight of the large sugar chains with ABH determinants were estimated to be more than 4000. Both large and small neutral sugar chains of membrane glycoproteins obtained from blood type O erythrocyte could serve as acceptors of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases purified from milk of blood type A1 and A2 individuals, producing the same radioactive sugar chain distribution patterns. However, the acidic sugar chain with the H determinant could not serve as an acceptor of these enzymes.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed1996

Dental caries and sugar consumption into the 21st century.

New trends towards the effect and role of sugar consumption in the etiology of dental caries into the 21st century are presented, analyzed and discussed. Many factors such as the amount of sugar consumed, the frequency of sugar intake and the kind of sugars ingested have to be taken into consideration. Over the years, the relative importance of these factors has changed. For a very long time, sugar has been "blamed" as a primary etiological factor in the development of dental caries. However, a number of recent reports have attributed a much less important role to carbohydrates. Sugar consumption only does not affect caries prevalence as much as it used to. It is obvious that the role of sugar in the etiology of caries must be reviewed. Additional factors like overall nutrition, the number of meals and snacks per day, education and motivation, fluoride (in tablets or drops, in mouthwashes, toothpastes, baby foods, formulas, beverages, milk, vitamin supplements and/or fluoridated water ingested), socioeconomic group, ethnicity, oral hygiene status, use of preventive methods and sweeteners other than sucrose are presented.

Africa↗

PubMed1995

Involvement of folic acid in the synthesis of membrane-associated nucleotide sugars by normal and transformed mouse fibroblasts.

A plasma-membrane-containing fraction isolated from Swiss mouse (3T3) fibroblasts was found to contain uridine diphosphate sugars and methyl-uridine diphosphate (mUDP) sugars. The synthesis of the mUDP sugars by membrane preparations of normal and transformed 3T3 cells occurred from the intrinsic membrane uridine-diphosphate sugars + methylenetetrahydrofolic acid. Compared to the normal 3T3 cells, the synthesis of mUDP sugars by the transformed 3T3 cells was reduced by 49%. It is proposed that the plasma-membrane-associated mUDP sugars may be essential for normal cell growth.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed2006

Simultaneous determination of glucose, 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol and related sugar alcohols in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with benzoic acid derivatization.

A new, simple and sensitive pre-column high-performance chromatographic method for the determination of diabetes marker d-glucose, 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol and related compounds is reported. Sugars (d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, sucrose and arabinose) were derivatized with benzoic acid (BA) at 80 degrees C for 60 min. l-Fucose, fructose, d-lactose, l-rhamnose, arabinose and ascorbic acid were not reacted. Sugar alcohols (xylitol, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol myo-inositol) were also derivatized with BA at 80 degrees C for 60 min. The fluorescence derivatives were separated on a TSK amide 80 column (4.6 mm i.d. x 250 mm, 5 microm) with acetonitrile-50 mm acetate buffer (pH 5.6; 4:96, v/v) as the mobile phase. The detection wavelength of beizoic acid derivatives was lambda(ex) 275 nm and lambda(em) 315 nm. The detection limits of sugars were 10-80 microg/mL. The calibration graphs were linear up to 10 mg/mL. The relative standard deviations of 500 microg/mL sugars were 7.0-7.3%. The proposed method was compared with the enzymatic photometric glucose analysis method (Glucose B-Test II Wako). The correlation coefficient was 0.83 (n = 20) and y = 0.82x + 5.91, where y and x are concentrations in microg/mL obtained by the proposed pre-column HPLC and enzyme-photometric method, respectively. The detection limits of sugar alcohols were 100-1000 ng/mL. The calibration graphs were linear to 50 microg/mL and relative standard deviations of 10 microg/mL were 7.2-8.2%. The 1,5-AG data by the proposed method was also compared with the enzymatic photometric 1,5-AG analysis method (Rana AG 1,5-AG determination kit, Nihon Kayaku) and good correlation (r = 0.91, n = 20) was also obtained. The proposed method was applied to the simultaneous determination of d-glucose, 1,5-AG and related sugar alcohols in serum from healthy males.

Benzoic Acid↗

PubMed1984

Involvement of cellular cyclic AMP in theophylline-induced sugar accumulation in chicken intestinal epithelial cells.

We have studied the possible involvement of cellular cyclic AMP in theophylline-induced sugar gradient enhancement in isolated chicken enterocytes. Theophylline increases 3-O-methylglucose accumulation 3-fold after 30 min incubation. Exogenous cyclic AMP enhances sugar accumulation by 48%. Adenylyl cyclase inhibitor RMI 12 330A reduces theophylline-induced sugar gradients by 22% and theophylline-induced cyclic AMP levels by 24.5%. At the concentration used, RMI 12 330A has no effect on 3-O-methylglucose accumulation or basal cellular cyclic AMP. Since theophylline has a rapid inhibitory effect on Na+-independent sugar permeability, we conclude that the effects of the drug on sugar gradients are the result of its acting by both direct - surface membrane - and indirect - cyclic AMP mediated - mechanisms. The effect of theophylline and exogenous cyclic AMP on sugar accumulation is independent of external chloride.

3-O-Methylglucose↗

PubMed2002

Sugars have potential to curtail oxygenase activity of Rubisco.

Sugars play a critical role in regulating overall cellular metabolism and owing to their general compatibility with various cellular events plants invariably show enhanced levels of sugars for maintaining desired osmoticum under osmotic stress. Sugars (sucrose and trehalose) and sugar-alcohols (glycerol, mannitol, inositol, and sorbitol) with the exception of sorbitol lowered oxygenase activity of Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, EC 4.1.1.39) without altering carboxylase activity under unstressed conditions. Most interestingly, these solutes including sorbitol fully curtailed NaCl-induced enhancement in oxygenase activity, even at concentrations as low as 50mM. However, none of these solutes could alleviate NaCl-suppressed carboxylase activity. In summary, our findings demonstrate that one of the most important roles of sugars and sugar-alcohols in plants exposed to salt stress is to curtail oxygenase activity of Rubisco.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed2000

Determination of sugar alcohols in confectioneries by high-performance liquid chromatography after nitrobenzoylation.

A method was developed for the determination of sugar alcohols, meso-erythritol, xylitol, D-glucitol, D-mannitol, maltitol and parachinit by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sugar alcohols were converted into strong ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing derivatives with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride. HPLC was performed on a phenyl column, using acetonitrile-water (67:33) as mobile phase and UV detection (260 nm). The calibration curves for all sugar alcohols tested were linear in the 10-250 microg/ml range. The average recoveries of the sugar alcohols from four sugarless confectioneries spiked at 5 and 10% levels of six sugar alcohol standards ranged from 73.2 to 109.0% with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.7 to 9.0%. The detection limit of the developed method was 0.1% for the above sugar alcohols contained in the samples.

Calibration↗

PubMed2004

Selective detection and identification of sugar nucleotides by CE-electrospray-MS and its application to bacterial metabolomics.

A novel method employing CE-ESMS and precursor ion scanning was developed for the selective detection of nucleotide-activated sugars. By using precursor ion scanning for fragment ions specific to the different nucleotide carriers, i.e., ions at m/z 322 for cytidine monophosphate, m/z 323, 385, and 403 for uridine diphosphate, m/z 362, 424, and 442, for guanosine diphosphate, and m/z 346, 408, and 426 for adenosine diphosphate, it was possible to selectively detect sugar nucleotides involved in the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins and lipopolysaccharides. Enhancement of sensitivity was achieved using N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) as a sample stacking buffer and provided detection limits between 0.2 and 3.8 pmol.mL(-)(1). The present CE-ESMS method provided linear dynamic ranges over the concentrations 0.2-164 nM (r(2) = 0.952-0.997) for different nucleotide sugar standards. The application of this method is demonstrated for the identification of intracellular pools of sugar nucleotides in wild type and isogenic mutants from the bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. By using product ion scanning (with and without front-end collision-induced dissociation), it was possible to determine the precise nature of unexpected sugar nucleotides involved in the biosynthesis of pseudaminic acid, a sialic acid-like sugar previously observed on the flagellin of some pathogenic bacteria.

Campylobacter jejuni↗

PubMed1979

Increased thermal stability of proteins in the presence of sugars and polyols.

Sugars and polyols stablize proteins against heat denaturation. Scanning calorimetry was used to obtain a quantitative estimate of the degree of stabilization. Solutions of ovalbumin, lysozyme, conalbumin, and alpha-chymotrypsinogen were heated at a constant rate, and the temperature of the maximum rate of denaturation was estimated (Tm). Addition of a sugar or polyol raised Tm. The magnitude of the stabilizing effect (delta Tm) depended on both the nature of the protein and the nature of the sugar or polyol, ranging from 18.5 degrees C for lysozyme at pH 3 in the presence of 50% (w/w) sorbitol to 0 degrees C for conalbumin at pH 7 in 50% glycerol solution. It is argued that this stablization is due to the effects of sugars and polyols on hydrophobic interactions. The strength of the hydrophobic interaction was measured in model systems in sucrose and glycerol solutions. Sucrose and glycerol strengthened the pairwise hydrophobic interaction between hydrophobic groups; however, they reduced the tendency for complete transfer of hydrophobic groups from an aqueous to a nonpolar environment. The extent of stabliziation by different sugars and polyols is explained by their different influences on the structure of water. The difference between the partial molar volume of the sugar or polyol and its van der Waals volume was used as a rough quantitative measure of the structure-making or structure-breaking effect. There was a linear relationship between this quantity and delta Tm.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗

PubMed1995

Methods available to estimate the energy values of sugar alcohols.

There is increased interest in the use of sugar alcohols as substitutes for sucrose in various food products. Part of this interest is derived from studies suggesting that sugar alcohols may have lower energy values because of the way they are metabolized. Contributing to the complexity is the fact that not all sugar alcohols are similarly metabolized. Indirect and direct methods used to assess the energy value of sugar alcohols have often yielded conflicting data. Energy values obtained using mathematical models have been adopted by some countries to account for metabolic processes associated with sugar alcohol digestion and absorption. I focus on two sugar alcohols, sorbitol and maltitol, and describe various methods that have been used to assess their energy value.

Animals↗