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PubMed2006

Larger portion sizes lead to a sustained increase in energy intake over 2 days.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the effect on energy intake of increasing the portion size of all foods and beverages served over 2 consecutive days. DESIGN: The study used a randomized crossover design. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Subjects were 32 adults from a university community. INTERVENTION: For 2 consecutive days in each of 3 weeks, subjects ate their main meals in a controlled setting and were given snacks for consumption between meals. We used the same two daily menus each week, but varied the portion sizes of all foods and beverages served in a given week (either 100%, 150%, or 200% of baseline amounts). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Energy intake and ratings of hunger and satiety were measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: A linear mixed model with repeated measures was used. RESULTS: There was a significant effect of portion size on energy intake in both men and women (P<0.0001). Increasing portions by 50% increased daily energy intake by 16% (women: 335 kcal/day; men: 504 kcal/day), and increasing portions by 100% increased intake by 26% (women: 530 kcal/day; men: 812 kcal/day). Energy intake did not differ between the 2 days of each week. Daily ratings of fullness were lowest in the 100% portion condition (P=0.0004), but did not differ significantly in the 150% and 200% conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the portion size of all foods resulted in a significant increase in energy intake that was sustained over 2 days. These data support suggestions that large portions are associated with excess energy intake that could contribute to increased body weight.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Adolescents involved in weight-related and power team sports have better eating patterns and nutrient intakes than non-sport-involved adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To examine eating habits and energy and nutrient intake among adolescents participating in weight-related and power team sports and non-sport-involved adolescents. DESIGN: Data were drawn from Project EAT (Eating Among Teens), which was conducted with 4,746 adolescents from 31 middle and high schools in the Minneapolis/St Paul metropolitan area. SETTING: Urban secondary schools. SUBJECTS: Adolescents reporting participation in a weight-related sport, a power team sport, or no consistent participation in a sport. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Meal and snack frequency, mean energy and nutrient intake, and mean physical activity. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Analyses were conducted by sex across the three groups. General linear models were used to compare mean energy and nutrient intake, composite nutrient adequacy, and mean physical activity across the three groups. Percentages of youth meeting nutrient recommendations were compared across the three groups using chi(2) tests. RESULTS: For both males and females, youth involved in weight-related sports ate breakfast more frequently than non-sport-involved peers (females: 3.6 and 3.2 times per week, respectively, P<0.01; males: 4.7 and 3.7 times per week, respectively, P<0.01). Weight-related and power team sport-involved youth also had higher mean protein, calcium, iron, and zinc intakes than non-sport-involved peers. However, adolescent females had low calcium intake, regardless of sports involvement (weight-related sports 1,091 mg/day, power team sports 1,070 mg/day, and non-sport-involved 1,028 mg/day, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sport-involved adolescents have better eating habits and nutrient intake than their non-sport-involved peers. However, they are still in need of nutrition interventions, particularly around calcium intake.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The effects of dieting on food and nutrient intake of lactating women.

The purpose of this report was to identify and evaluate dietary changes in women who were participating in a study on the effects of weight loss in overweight lactating women on the growth of their infants. Women were randomly assigned at 4 weeks postpartum to either restrict energy intake by 500 kcal/day (diet and exercise group) or to maintain usual dietary intake (control group) for 10 weeks. The diet and exercise group significantly decreased fats, sweetened drinks, sweets and desserts, snack foods, and energy intake. Micronutrient intake decreased in the diet and exercise group; however, mean intakes were not significantly different from those of the control group except for calcium and vitamin D. Both groups consumed less than 76% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamins E and C at the end of the study. Mean intake of all other nutrients was adequate in both groups. These results suggest that overweight lactating women can restrict their energy intake by 500 kcal per day by decreasing consumption of foods high in fat and simple sugars. However, they must be advised to increase their intakes of foods high in calcium and vitamin D. Increased intake of fruits and vegetables should also be recommended to all lactating women, as well as multivitamin and calcium supplements to those who do not consume adequate amounts of these foods.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2004

Oral health, sociodemographic factors, dietary and oral hygiene practices in Jordanian children.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between oral health, in terms of dental caries and gingivitis, and sociodemographic factors, dental plaque, oral hygiene behaviours, infant feeding and dietary practices in 4-5-year-old Jordanian children. METHODS: Two-stage random sampling procedure was used to select children enrolled in kindergartens in Amman, Jordan. Clinical examinations were carried out by one examiner. Mothers completed questionnaires relating to sociodemographic factors, oral hygiene behaviours, infant feeding and dietary practices of the children. RESULTS: About 67% of the children had caries, 31% had dmft greater than 4 and 66% had gingivitis. Of the children who had been wholly breast-fed, 86% had been fed on demand. Mothers of children attending kindergartens with the lowest tuition fees were more likely to have breast-fed their children on demand and for more than 18 months (prolonged breast feeding) compared to those attending kindergartens with higher fees. Savory snacks were consumed by 82%, confectionery by 76% and teas with sugar by 42% of the children. Multivariate analysis showed age, dental plaque, sleeping beside the mother, use of comforters and selected dietary habits to have an independent effect on caries prevalence. Dental plaque and prolonged breast feeding exerted an independent effect on caries severity and gingivitis. The strongest association with gingivitis was dental plaque. CONCLUSIONS: In Jordan as elsewhere health promotion strategies need to be targeted to mothers from less advantaged backgrounds. Messages about infant breast feeding should emphasise that the method is beneficial to the oral health of the children if appropriately used.

Bottle Feeding↗

PubMed2004

Growth, energy intake, and meal pattern in five-year-old children considered as poor eaters.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether 5-year-old children considered poor eaters differ from their peers regarding growth, intake of energy and nutrients, or meal pattern. Study design Parental evaluations of children's (n=494) eating at age 5 years were collected using questionnaires, and energy and nutrient intakes and meal pattern of the children were assessed using 4-day food records. Weight and height were measured at birth and at ages 7 and 13 months, and 2, 3, 4, and 5 years. Of the children 30.2% (149) were poor eaters according to the parents. The rest of the sample (n=345) formed the comparison group. RESULTS: Poor eaters were on average lighter and shorter at birth (P=.026 and P=.020, respectively), and at age 5 years (P<.001 for both weight and height) than the comparison children. At age 5 years the poor eaters on average received less of their daily total energy from warm meals (P=.044) and more from snacks (P=.013) than the comparison group, but the mean daily weight-adjusted intake of energy showed no difference between the groups (P=.153). CONCLUSIONS: There appears not to be reason for serious concern about growth and diet of preschool-aged children considered as poor eaters by parents.

Body Height↗

PubMed2005

Impact of exercise on overnight glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of exercise on overnight hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). STUDY DESIGN: At 5 clinical sites, 50 subjects with T1DM (age 11 to 17 years) were studied in a clinical research center on 2 separate days. One day included an afternoon exercise session on a treadmill. On both days, frequently sampled blood glucose levels were measured at the DirecNet central laboratory. Insulin doses were similar on both days. RESULTS: During exercise, plasma glucose levels fell in almost all subjects; 11 (22%) developed hypoglycemia. Mean glucose level from 10 pm to 6 am was lower on the exercise day than on the sedentary day (131 vs 154 mg/dL; P=.003). Hypoglycemia developed overnight more often on the exercise nights than on the sedentary nights (P=.009), occurring on the exercise night only in 13 (26%), on the sedentary night only in 3 (6%), on both nights in 11 (22%), and on neither night in 23 (46%). Hypoglycemia was unusual on the sedentary night if the pre-bedtime snack glucose level was>130 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that overnight hypoglycemia after exercise is common in children with T1DM and support the importance of modifying diabetes management after afternoon exercise to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Differences in hemoglobin adduct levels of acrylamide in the general population with respect to dietary intake, smoking habits and gender.

The variation in dietary exposure to acrylamide (AA) has been studied through measurement of hemoglobin adduct levels from AA, as a measurement of internal dose, in a sample from the blood bank of the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort (n=28,098). The blood donors are well characterised with regard to their food habits, and 142 individuals were selected to obtain highest possible variation in the adduct levels from AA (none, random or high intake of coffee, fried potato, crisp bread and snacks, food items estimated to have high levels of AA). Among 70 non-smokers the AA-adduct levels varied by a factor of 5, and ranged between 0.02 and 0.1 nmol/g, with considerable overlap in AA-adduct levels between the different dietary groups. There was a significant difference between men with high dietary exposure to AA compared to men with low dietary exposure (P=0.04). No such difference was found for women. As expected a higher level (range: 0.03-0.43 nmol/g) of the AA-adduct, due to AA in tobacco smoke, was found in smokers. Smoking women with high dietary exposure to AA had significantly higher AA-adduct levels compared to smoking women with low dietary exposure (P=0.01). No such significant difference was found in smoking men. The median hemoglobin (Hb) adduct level in the randomly selected group of non-smokers was compatible with earlier studies (0.031 nmol/g). The variation in the average internal dose, measured as Hb adducts, was somewhat smaller than estimated for daily intake by food consumption questionnaires in other studies. Thus, the observed relatively narrow inter-individual variation in AA-adduct levels means that estimates of individual dietary AA intake have to be very precise if they should be useful in future cancer epidemiology.

Acrylamide↗

PubMed2006

Is dietary intake able to explain differences in body fatness in children and adolescents?

Obesity is the result of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Controversial information exists about what are the strongest energy balance aspects influencing body fatness. This article is focused on food consumption facts that could be related to the risk of being obese in children and adolescents. It reviews whether energy intake, macronutrient composition of diet, eating patterns or other dietary intake factors are able to explain differences in body composition when obesity has been already developed or even in subjects at risk to become obese. There is not enough evidence to clarify the importance of diet on overweight children and adolescents, and conclusions derived are somewhat controversial. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies do not show clear relationships between energy intake or food composition and body fatness. To find relations between dietary factors and childhood obesity perhaps eating patterns or different types of foods must be considered: meal patterns and meal frequency, snacking and beverage consumption, fast food intake, portion sizes, etc. There is no clear association between different aspects of dietary intake and the development of obesity in children and adolescents. Longitudinal and experimental studies are needed in the future.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Obesity prevention in children: physical activity and nutrition.

The current environmental experience of young children includes few opportunities for physical activity and an overabundance of high calorie foods. Sedentary lifestyles and poor nutrition challenge children who are predisposed to metabolic disorders. Obesity is a logical response to this challenge. To prevent clinically significant obesity and later metabolic disease in predisposed youth, all sectors of society must work together to support strategies to change public opinion and behavior across the life span. Parental education in all medical settings is strongly recommended, especially if the parent(s) are obese, beginning with the first pregnancy visit to the physician. Schools should be primary targets for efforts to educate parents concerning the reduction of TV, computer games, and unhealthy snacks. Schools should be encouraged to adopt vending machine policies that promote healthy drinks and food in appropriate portion sizes and discouraged from providing unhealthy food as rewards for positive behavior or academic accomplishment. Schools should provide daily physical education and frequent periods of unstructured play in young children. Clinical treatment should be both encouraged and financially supported in children who are already overweight. Community wide efforts to increase awareness and promote environments that encourage physical activity and healthy nutrition are needed.

Child↗

PubMed2004

Effects of energy density of daily food intake on long-term energy intake.

An important question that has been raised recently is whether it is mainly the energy density (ED) of the food consumed or its macronutrient composition that determines daily energy intake (EI). In this scope, the effect of ED on EI has been assessed in short-term as well as long-term experiments. Over the short term, i.e., during a meal, it was found that ED affects EI directly; then subjects mainly monitor the weight of the food ingested. Over the long term, the effects of ED on EI are modulated. Average daily energy intake (ADEI) does not only consist of meals but also includes snacks and drinks. ADEI appears to be related to ED of the food and drinks where ED is at least determined by specific macronutrients (primarily fat and carbohydrate), but not when ED is determined only by the weight of water. With respect to the separate effects of the ED of foods and of drinks on ADEI, only ED from foods had a significant relationship with total EI. Moreover, during daily food intake, subjects seem to adapt their portion sizes to estimated EDs. Long-term studies have shown that dietary restraint compensates for the effect of increases in ED on ADEI, whereas unrestrained eaters compensate for the effect of decreases in ED on ADEI. In conclusion, ED determines short-term EI. This cannot be extrapolated to the long term because only the ED of food, and not the ED of drinks, determines total EI. In addition, over the long term, the short-term effect is modulated by dietary restraint and adapted portion sizes. ED is not a universal concept that determines EI, yet rather a characteristic of the macronutrients: mainly fat and carbohydrate contributing to variation in EI.

Beverages↗

PubMed2006

Understanding variety: tasting different foods delays satiation.

Variety stimulates intake by as much as 40% following both simultaneous and sequential presentations. Varying sensory and other characteristics of foods could sustain interest in eating and delay the development of satiation. Two experiments set out to explore this by investigating the effect of introducing different foods to taste and rate during intake of a snack. In Experiment 1, 33 participants (23 female) attended the lab on four occasions, to eat sweet or salted popcorn (depending on preference). In a counterbalanced order participants ate ad libitum (control), or were interrupted during eating to taste and rate either the food they were eating (same condition: SC), another food with shared taste characteristics (congruent condition: CC) or a food with a different taste (incongruent condition: IC). Overall participants consumed significantly more in CC and IC than in SC [F(3,90) = 2.74, p<0.05], and pleasantness ratings of the eaten food during CC and IC remained high relative to SC, demonstrating a delay in the normal decline in pleasantness associated with satiation. In Experiment 2, 47 participants (31 female) were allocated to either a food focus (FF) or food distraction (FD) condition, in which intake of chocolate was interrupted during eating to taste and rate chocolate only (FF) or this food and a cheese cracker (FD). FD (94 +/- 9.3 g) participants ate significantly more than FF (68 +/- 9.5 g) and in support of findings from Experiment 1 pleasantness ratings during eating declined more rapidly during FF than FD. Variety may stimulate food intake, in part, by delaying the development of satiation which extends eating and therefore amount consumed. Encouraging consumers to focus on eating should facilitate the normal decline in pleasantness of the food and serve to limit intake.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Food selection changes under stress.

Two studies investigate the effect of stress on food choice. Experiment 1 demonstrates experimentally that stress causes changes in food choice away from healthy low fat foods (grapes) to less healthy high fat foods (M&Ms), confirming previous survey research. Experiment 2, a survey study, finds that more females than males report increasing food consumption when stressed. A much larger percentage of those who report increasing their food consumption when stressed (71%) are restrained eaters (i.e., dieters) than are people who undereat or who do not change the amount they eat when stressed (35%). The foods that they report overeating when stressed are foods they normally avoid for weight-loss or health reasons (i.e., highly caloric high fat snack foods). They report eating these foods to feel better. Both studies show that stress not only increases consumption in certain individuals but also shifts their food choice from lower fat to higher fat foods.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Energy density and weight of food effect short-term caloric compensation in men.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of energy density and food weight (volume) on subsequent intake. DESIGN: Sixteen lean men were each studied four times during a 2-d protocol at the Rowett's Human Nutrition Unit. On day 1, subjects were fed a mandatory diet at 1.6 x resting metabolic rate (RMR). On day 2, during the mandatory morning period (08.30-12.30) subjects consumed a fixed breakfast (08.30) plus a snack (10.30) in one of four treatments [with values in weight (kg), ED (kJ/100g), Energy (MJ)]: (i) zero intake, 0:0:0 (ii) low energy density (LED), 0.615: 400: 2.46; (iii) high energy density (HED), 0.615: 800: 4.92; (iv) 2 x LED, 1.225: 400: 4.91. From 12.30, throughout the remainder of the day, subjects had ad libitum access to 15 high-protein, 15 high-fat and 15 high-carbohydrate foods. Motivation to eat was tracked hourly using 100 mm line scales. RESULTS: ANOVA showed subjects were hungrier after the zero and LED treatments in the mandatory period (p<0.001). Lunch time EI was 5.0, 3.1, 4.2 and 3.2 MJ on the zero, HED, LED and 2 x LED treatments, respectively (p<0.001). Total ad libitum EI was 11.7, 9.6, 10.3 and 9.5 MJ/d, respectively (p=0.033). Total ad libitum plus mandatory intakes amounted to 11.7, 14.5, 12.6 and 14.4 MJ/d, respectively (p=0.001). Corresponding food intakes were 2.18, 2.39, 2.51 and 3.06 kg/d, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that subjects respond to both the amount of food eaten in the morning and to the energy density of those foods. However, compensation was only partial and short-term. Subjects only compensated EI by approximately 40% and that compensation only occurred at the next meal.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Sedentary behaviour, physical activity and weight problems in adolescents in Wales.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the prevalence and stability of overweight and obesity in a cohort of adolescents, and the effects of sedentary behaviour and physical activity on changes in body mass. The study also examined the extent to which physical activity mediated the relationship between sedentary behaviour and body mass. DESIGN: Four-year cohort study. METHODS: The study was part of the Health Behaviour of School-aged Children Study that took place in Wales between 1994 and 1998. Body height and weight measurements and self-report data on sedentary behaviour, physical activity and psychosocial adjustment were collected from 355 adolescents on two occasions 4 years apart. The mean age of the sample at baseline was 12.30 (SD=6.30) years. RESULTS: Weight conditions (underweight, overweight and obesity) and body mass were moderately stable over the interval. Regression analyses showed that sedentary behaviour at Time 1 predicted body mass at Time 2, while physical activity predicted a change in body mass over time. The influence of sedentary behaviour on body mass was not found to be mediated by physical activity. However, weight problems in Year 7 coincided with getting bullied, bullying others, and feeling left out of things. Obesity was also related to snacking and skipping breakfast. CONCLUSIONS: Sedentary behaviour and physical activity in early adolescence both influenced body mass in late adolescence. Results indicated that promoting healthy diets and physical activities may have long-term health benefits for young people.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Self-reported eating behaviors of extremely obese persons seeking bariatric surgery: a factor analytic approach.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the self-reported eating behaviors of persons seeking bariatric surgery and to provide reliability data for a clinical instrument that assesses those eating behaviors. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Adults (552) with extreme obesity (mean +/- standard deviation BMI = 52.4 +/- 10.1 kg/m2) completed the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory (WALI) before undergoing bariatric surgery. The WALI is a self-report instrument that includes 24 items that assess the eating behaviors to which respondents attribute their excess weight. These items were entered into a principal components analysis with promax rotation. Relationships of factor scores to demographic and psychosocial variables were examined. Test-retest reliability data were obtained from a smaller sample (n = 58) of less obese participants (BMI = 34.4 +/- 4.0 kg/m2) who completed the WALI twice within 2 weeks, before beginning a non-surgical weight loss program. RESULTS: The principal components analysis yielded five factors with acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability. These included: eating in response to negative affect, eating in response to positive affect and social cues, general overeating and impaired appetite regulation, overeating at early meals, and snacking. Each factor was related to symptoms of binge eating disorder, and every factor except the second one was associated with depressive symptoms. Factor scores were unrelated or weakly associated with demographic characteristics. DISCUSSION: The eating behaviors of persons seeking bariatric surgery can be assessed reliably and parsimoniously with the WALI. The predictive utility of the factors obtained in this study remains to be examined.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The importance of eating rice: changing food habits among pregnant Indonesian women during the economic crisis.

This article presents qualitative and quantitative research findings on food habits of pregnant Indonesian women in relation to the economic crisis that arose in 1997. Between 1996 and 1998, dietary intakes were estimated for 450 pregnant women in Central Java. Between January and June 1999, four focus group discussions, 16 in-depth interviews and four non-participant observations were held with women, two in-depth interviews were held with traditional birth attendants, and four with midwives. Women were categorized as urban or rural, rich or poor, and according to rice field ownership. The women reported that before the crisis they bought more foods and cooked more meals and snacks. During the crisis, cooking methods became simpler and cooking tasty foods was more important than cooking nutritious foods. This involved using plenty of spices and cooking oil, but reducing the use of expensive nutritious foods. The herbal drink jamu was drunk by 15% of pregnant women; its consumption was lower during than before the economic crisis. Twenty-six percent of the women avoided certain foods due to food taboos, and most of these women avoided beneficial foods; this phenomenon decreased during the crisis among the rich and the rural, poor, landless women. In spite of increased prices for rice, women did not decrease their rice consumption during the crisis because rice was believed to have the highest value for survival, to provide strength during pregnancy and delivery, and to be easier to store and cook. Finally, children and husbands had highest priority in being served food, and women were the last to eat.

Eating↗

PubMed2005

Classification of in-flight catering wastes in Egypt air flights and its potential as energy source (chemical approach).

Waste to energy conversion is based on the classification of waste. In-flight catering wastes resulting from Egypt Airlines economy class passengers were classified. The solid waste stream generated contains plastic, paper, left-over waste food and aluminum. The type of meal served varies according to the period of flight and so the quantity and content of the waste stream. It was found that the waste generation rate varied from 61.3 to 265 g according to the meal type. Breakfast snack meal generates the highest weight of waste which recorded an average of 265 g. Plastic waste generated varied from 39.6% to 64.6% by weight for the various types of meals served. A total amount of 725 tons were generated annually from organic waste (paper, plastic and food waste) among which a non combustible 39.4 tons of aluminum. The calorific value for each generated item is calculated and the total energy potential reached up to 14.3 TJ annually.

Aircraft↗

PubMed2004

Successful dietary changes in a cardiovascular risk reduction intervention are differentially predicted by biopsychosocial characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial factors have demonstrated associations with both prognosis of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as well as the development of CVD. Psychosocial distress may influence health behaviors (such as eating behavior) that increase cardiovascular risk. METHOD: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the role of psychosocial distress on intake of high-fat snacks and fruits and vegetables in 740 men and women, identified as high risk for cardiovascular disease, who took part in a 1-year cardiovascular risk factor reduction program. RESULTS: Participants who were more successful at decreasing or staying at an optimal level of high-fat food intake had lower levels of baseline total psychosocial distress and worry and decreases in total psychosocial distress. A greater success rate at increasing fruit and vegetable intake or staying at an optimal level of fruit and vegetable intake was associated with changes in Type A and competing behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Results from these analyses suggest that baseline levels and changes in psychosocial variables, particularly decreased psychosocial distress, were associated with improvements in healthful eating behaviors. Further work may provide information that could be useful in tailoring health behavior interventions to specific subgroups based on psychosocial characteristics, initial health behaviors, and demographic characteristics.

Adult↗