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PubMed1989

Seasonal variation in responsiveness of human eccrine sweat glands to phenylephrine.

The responses of eccrine sweat glands to intradermally injected phenylephrine were studied in six healthy male volunteers in two experiments carried out in February and June. Phenylephrine (10(-7)-10(-2) M, 50 microliters) had no consistent effect on sweat gland activity during February, but evoked dose-related increases in sweat gland activity during June. Responsiveness to phenylephrine could be antagonized by prazosin (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) added to the injection solution.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Sweat gland adenomas: immunohistochemical study with emphasis on myoepithelial differentiation.

Thirty-one dermal appendage tumors of sweat gland differentiation including 7 spiradenomas (SPA), 8 cylindromas (CYL), 8 acrospiromas (ACS), and 8 chondroid syringomas (CS) were analyzed using antibodies to epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin (AE1, AE3, CAM 5.2, 34BE12), S-100 protein, actin (ACT), and desmin (DES) to characterize the immunocytochemical profile of benign sweat gland tumors. Cytokeratin expression was variable; AE1, 34BE12, AE3, and CAM 5.2 were present in 31, 24, 23, and 22 tumors respectively; 29 tumors contained EMA. Seventeen tumors, (6 SPA, 8 CYL, 2 ACS, 1 CS) stained with antibody to alpha smooth muscle actin, and 26 (7 SPA, 7 CYL, 4 ACS, 8 CS) expressed S-100 protein. Although some prior studies had reported actin filaments on electron microscopy in both spiradenoma and cylindroma, these tumors have previously been considered to be negative for myoepithelial differentiation. All spiradenomas and cylindromas we studied demonstrated actin and/or S-100 protein positivity in basal epithelial cells, consistent with myoepithelial differentiation. The organization of actin and S-100 protein positivity displayed by the spiradenomas and cylindromas we studied suggests that the tumors are differentiated towards the secretory portion of the eccrine sweat gland.

Acrospiroma↗

PubMed1994

A case of ductal sweat gland carcinoma connected to syringocystadenoma papilliferum arising in nevus sebaceus.

We report a case of a tumor arising in the preauricular region in a 50-year-old woman. The histopathological findings revealed it to be a ductal sweat gland carcinoma connected to a syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) arising in a nevus sebaceus. Mucinous stroma, considered to be deposition of hyaluronic acid, was also observed in the ductal carcinoma portion. The immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings in the ductal carcinoma were compared with those in the SCAP. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index of the cells in the ductal carcinoma was higher than that of those in the SCAP. Both the ductal sweat gland carcinoma and SCAP showed findings compatible with the ductal segment of a sweat gland.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1992

Neuro-effector characteristics of sweat glands in the human hand activated by irregular stimuli.

Intraneural electrical stimulation of cutaneous fascicles in the median nerve was performed in 24 normal subjects and the effects on sweating within the innervation zone were monitored as changes of skin resistance and water vapour partial pressure (wvpp). The aims were: (1) to investigate the response variability between repeated stimulation sequences in the same skin site and between different sites and (2) to compare quantitative effects of regular and irregular stimulation on skin resistance and wvpp. Regional axillary anaesthesia of the brachial plexus eliminated spontaneous and reflex sympathetic activity. With repeated irregular stimulation sequences skin resistance responses from the same skin site varied only slightly between trials. Differences between response curves from two skin sites in the same subject or from different subjects were also small but significantly greater (P < 0.01) than differences between responses to repeated stimulation in the same site. Irregular stimulation with average frequencies of 0.49 Hz and 3.51 Hz gave greater resistance responses than if the same number of stimuli were delivered regularly (P < 0.01). The difference was most pronounced at 0.49 Hz. At an average frequency of 0.49 Hz the stimulation usually evoked no changes of wvpp whereas an average frequency of 3.51 Hz caused an increase of wvpp which was greater with irregular than with regular stimulation in all subjects. We conclude that: (1) sweat responses to sudomotor nerve traffic vary slightly due to local factors in the skin or the terminal nerve endings and (2) irregular sudomotor nerve traffic evokes more sweat than if the same impulses occur regularly.

Adult↗

PubMed1965

SWEATING: DIRECT INFLUENCE OF SKIN TEMPERATURE.

The onset and magnitude of the sweating response is greatly influenced by the local skin temperature. This influence was evident with skin temperatures above 33 degrees C and occurred in the physiological range for thermo-regulatory sweating. The sweating rates were recorded continuously and simultaneously from three areas of the skin.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Skin adnexal neoplasms--part 2: an approach to tumours of cutaneous sweat glands.

Tumours of cutaneous sweat glands are uncommon, with a wide histological spectrum, complex classification and many different terms often used to describe the same tumour. Furthermore, many eccrine/apocrine lesions coexist within hamartomas or within lesions with composite/mixed differentiation. In addition to the eccrine and apocrine glands, two other skin sweat glands have recently been described: the apoeccrine and the mammary-like glands of the anogenital area. In this review (the second of two articles on skin adnexal neoplasms), common as well as important benign and malignant lesions of cutaneous sweat glands are described, and a summary for differentiating primary adnexal neoplasms from metastatic carcinoma is outlined, striving to maintain a common and acceptable terminology in this complex subject. Composite/mixed adnexal tumours are also discussed briefly.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗

PubMed1982

Spontaneous sweat secretion in calcium-free strontium medium.

Sr2+ substitutes for Ca2+ in methacholine (MCH)-evoked sweat secretion in isolated simian eccrine sweat glands, but four to eight times greater concentrations of Sr2+ were required to achieve the same effect as did a given Ca2+ concentration. In Ca2+-free Sr2+ medium the anticholinergic effect of atropine was reduced by about four orders of magnitude. In the Sr2+ medium, spontaneous sweat secretion (SSS) was also observed in the absence of any pharmacological stimuli. SSS occurs slowly, reaching a plateau after 30 min incubation. The maximal SSS is a saturation function of Sr2+ concentration reaching a maximum at 8 mM. Sr2+-induced SSS was inhibitable by removal of Sr2+, low bath temperature (10-14 degrees C), ouabain (5 X 10(-6) M), and D 600 (10(-3) M). Ca2+ was found to inhibit Sr2+-induced SSS, but a Schild plot for the Ca2+ and Sr2+ dose relationship failed to show a slope of unity. The data suggest that Sr2+-induced SSS represents actual secretory processes, which are triggered by Sr2+ leaking into the cell through as yet undefined membrane channels.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Methylcholine-activated eccrine sweat gland density and output as a function of age.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine eccrine sweat gland responsiveness to intradermal injections of methylcholine (MCh) across three age groups of men [young (Y) = 22-24; middle (M) = 33-40; older (O) = 58-67 yr old, n = 5 per group]. Subjects were matched with respect to maximum O2 consumption, body size, and body composition, and were thoroughly heat acclimated before participation. Randomly ordered concentrations of acetyl-beta-methylcholine chloride ranging from 0% (saline) to 0.1% (5 x 10(-3) M) were injected into the skin of the dorsal thigh in a thermoneutral environment, and activated sweat glands were photographed at 30-s intervals for the next 8 min. Density of MCh-activated glands was independent of both age and [MCh] (e.g., 2 min after injection of 5 x 10(-3) M [MCh]: Y = 45 +/- 7, M = 46 +/- 12, O = 42 +/- 5 glands/cm2). However, sweat gland output (SGO) per active gland was significantly lower for the O group and failed to increase with increasing [MCh] above 5 x 10(-4) M. When MCh (5 x 10(-3) M) was injected after 1 h of exercise in the heat, higher SGO's were elicited in each group; however, the SGO of the O group was again significantly lower than that of the Y group (91 +/- 11 vs. 39 +/- 4 ng/gland, P less than 0.02) with the M group intermediate (69 +/- 11 nl/gland; 2 min postinjection data).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Pseudohypoaldosteronism due to sweat gland dysfunction.

Pseudohypoaldosteronism is an uncommon disorder characterized by urinary sodium wasting and is attributed to a defect in distal renal tubular sodium handling with failure to respond to endogenous aldosterone. Sweat electrolyte values in other reported patients, when measured, have been normal. A 3.5-year-old girl developed repeated episodes of dehydration, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia during the first 19 months of life. Serum sodium was as low as 113 mEq/liter and potassium as high as 11.1 mEq/liter. Her plasma and urinary aldosterone levels were persistently elevated (Figs. 1-4). Unlike patients with classic pseudohypoaldosteronism she demonstrated no urinary sodium wasting (Figs. 2 and 3). During episodes of hyponatremia and reduced sodium intake her urinary sodium was less than 5 mEq/liter. In addition, her sweat sodium concentration was consistently above 125 mEq/liter and salivary sodium concentration above 58 mEq/liter. Her chest x-ray, 72-hr fecal fat excretion, serum and urinary pancreatic amylase (amy-2) were normal, providing no evidence for cystic fibrosis. It is proposed that this patient represents a new variant of pseudohypoaldosteronism with excessive loss of sodium from the sweat and salivary glands instead of the kidneys.

Aldosterone↗

PubMed1975

Sweating in the 'anhidrotic type' of congenital ectodermal dysplasia.

Whole body sweat rate in two brothers suffering from congenital ectodermal dysplasia (CED) was measured. At a moderate heat load (DBT 30 degrees C and 50% relative humidity) we found no apparent weight loss due to sweating. At a higher heat load (DBT 36 degrees C, 50% relative humidity) sweating was observed, but only at levels approximately two thirds of those observed in normal controls. In the light of these experimental results, we support the suggestion that the nomenclature for CED patients should be changed. Instead of the present classification of anhidrotic CED and hidrotic CED, it is suggested that the terms hypohidrotic and hidrotic be substituted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Baseline water loss and sweat gland response in acne patients during treatment with isotretinoin.

Eleven acne patients were treated with isotretinoin for 3-7 months. The water barrier function and the response of sweat glands to dilute methacholine injections were examined on upper back skin at onset and at several visits during therapy. Bilaterally located test sites representing healthy skin or skin sites which were least affected by acne lesions were selected for the study. The same sites were used at each visit for assessing the parameters. Although skin dryness was a common finding on the face and arms, no significant changes in baseline water loss (BWL) rates were found on the back skin during isotretinoin treatment. Instead there was a significant increase in the sweat gland responsiveness to methacholine during isotretinoin treatment as measured by the evaporimetric technique. Furthermore, in four out of five patients the numbers of active sweat glands, counted in plastic imprints from the stimulated test sites, showed a similar increase during therapy when compared to pretreatment values.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed1989

[The secretory performance of eccrine sweat glands from the nephrologic viewpoint--II: Middle molecules].

By means of gel-chromatographic investigations in the serum, sweat, urine and ultrafiltrate of healthy test persons, patients with renal insufficiency at the stage of the compensated and decompensated retention and of patients undergoing dialysis in the eccrine sweat substances in the area of so-called molecules of medium size from 1,100 to 2,050 Dalton are made evident. On account of the well-known heterogeneity of the gel-chromatographically separated fraction the concentration of the molecules of medium size is not unequivocally to be determined. It is, judged according to the peak hights of the chromatograms, less than 1/12 of the concentrations in the serum and the urine, but approximately corresponds to the content in the ultrafiltrate of patients undergoing haemodialysis. In patients with renal diseases the secretory possibility of the eccrine sudoriferous gland for molecules of medium size is not disturbed. A compensatory increased secretion of medium-size molecules via sweat in chronic renal insufficiency is not to be proved. The method of the gel-chromatography and the importance of the medium-size molecules for the pathogenesis of uraemia are critically discussed.

Chromatography, Gel↗

PubMed1989

Phytohemagglutinin-binding sites in the skin. A useful histochemical marker of acrosyringium and distal portions of intradermal sweat ducts.

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-binding sites were histochemically investigated in normal adult skin and various skin tumors using peroxidase-labeled lectin. In the normal skin, acrosyringium and distal portion of intradermal duct of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands were intensely stained with PHA. Other elements of the skin were virtually negative. Among various kinds of sweat gland tumors and other skin tumors, syringoma and eccrine porocarcinoma were intensely stained with PHA. Small ductal structures of nodular hidradenoma and mixed tumor of the skin were also stained with PHA. No other skin tumors were positive with PHA staining. The present study clearly showed that PHA is a useful histochemical marker of distal portion of eccrine and apocrine sweat ducts.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed1985

Vulvar sweat gland carcinomas.

Sweat gland carcinomas constitute less than 10% of all malignant tumors of the vulva, including those associated with extramammary Paget's disease (EPD). The histopathologic diagnosis of vulvar sweat gland carcinomas is difficult because of their rarity; their resemblance to metastatic carcinomas of the internal female genitalia, kidneys, and other sites; and their diversity of microscopic appearances. We report five examples of vulvar sweat gland carcinomas, two of which were associated with EPD. The other tumors included one example each of ductal eccrine adenocarcinoma, eccrine porocarcinoma, and clear cell hidradenocarcinoma. The clinical behavior of these neoplasms is correlated with their histologic types; we also discuss differential diagnosis and treatment recommendations.

Adenoma, Sweat Gland↗

PubMed1981

New approach to cystic fibrosis diagnosis by use of an improved sweat-induction/collection system and osmometry.

A comprehensive equipment system is described that induces, collects, and analyzes sweat as a diagnostic procedure for cystic fibrosis. The safety and convenience of the iontophoretic induction phase have been improved by specially designed circuitry and electrodes. The problem of potentially serious error as a result of condensation within sweat-collection cups has been eliminated by use of a thermostatically controlled heated cup. The osmolality of the collected sweat is measured with a vapor-pressure osmometer. Data are presented to support the validity of osmolality as an alternative to electrolyte assay or electrical conductivity measurement and normal and abnormal ranges are provided. The complete system was tested in a pediatric hospital and data are presented to illustrate the relative advantages of the system with respect to safety, convenience, diagnostic reliability, and decreased potential for human error.

Chlorides↗

PubMed1997

Sweat gland carcinoma. Case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: We report a 57-year-old Hispanic man with malignant nodular hidradenoma. The patient had three biopsy-proven benign nodular hidradenomas over the left cheek over a 2-year period. A fourth recurrent lesion several months later had malignant histology. OBJECTIVE: Little is known about these rare sweat gland carcinomas and treatment modalities. We reviewed the literature on sweat gland carcinomas to elucidate the nature of these tumors and best treatment course. METHODS: Review of 76 published cases with compilation of data in tabular form with statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean age was 57 years with equal male-to-female distribution. Tumor distribution is: lower extremities, 32.9%; upper extremities, 27.6%; trunk, 11.9%; head, 26.3%; neck, 1.3%. Metastatic sites are: lymph nodes, 30.2%; viscera, 22%. Malignant sweat gland neoplasms have a propensity for local and regional lymph node recurrence. The roles of lymph node dissection, radiation, and chemotherapy are reviewed. CONCLUSION: Treatment decisions should be formalized by conducting a well-structured trial.

Adenoma, Sweat Gland↗

PubMed2001

Facial sweat gland carcinoma metastasizing to neck nodes: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

We report an unusual case involving a patient with sweat gland carcinoma of the cheek who presented with ipsilateral neck lymph node metastasis 10 years after his initial presentation. Pathological analysis of the surgical specimen revealed a strong reactivity of tumor cells to gross cystic disease fluid protein 15, estrogen receptor protein, and progesterone receptor protein. On the basis of these results, tamoxifen citrate therapy was initiated empirically. Our patient has been disease free for more than 3 years. Based on this and another case reported in the literature, we believe that antiestrogen therapy could prove beneficial in a subset of patients with sweat gland carcinoma. We recommend future multicenter clinical trials to assess the effectiveness of postoperative tamoxifen therapy for patients with estrogen and progesterone receptor protein-positive metastatic sweat gland carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1978

Intermediate-range sweat chloride concentration and Pseudomonas bronchitis. A cystic fibrosis variant with preservation of exocrine pancreatic function.

We studied the clinical and laboratory characteristics of seven patients with sweat chloride concentration consistently between 40 and 60 mEq/liter. Each has chronic Pseudomonas bronchitis, and all lack digestive symptoms. Laboratory findings indicate the preservation of exocrine pancreatic function. The patients include two of five children in one family and two of four in another. In a third family, one of five siblings has an intermediate sweat chloride concentration, but another has a typical fibrosis value (105 mEq/liter). One patient died of respiratory failure; results of an autopsy showed bronchiolectasis typical of cystic fibrosis, but minimal pancreatic changes. The data suggest a genetic basis for this variant of cystic fibrosis. These patients may be homozygous for a portion of a closely linked multigene cystic fibrosis locus or may have modifier genes that ameliorate the pancreatic and sweat lesions.

Adolescent↗