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PubMed1992

Aphasia and its relation to language and thinking. Finding alternative ways for communication.

A pictorial computerized communication aid for aphasic patients, PicBox, (12) has been developed by a group in Sweden. During the technical and clinical work with the PicBox program we have had the reason and possibility to reflect on the relation between aphasia, language and thinking. From linguistic and neuropsychological research it has been claimed that in aphasia there is often a general cognitive impairment. Preliminary results from three patients' use of PicBox show that aphasic disturbances can, to some extent, be compensated for by pictorial communication, thus indicating an underlying cognitive competence. There are, however, also data indicating a deeper disturbance leading to an inability to fully use alternatives for spoken or written language.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using clinical journaling to capture critical thinking across the curriculum.

Clinical journaling is used as an integrated teaching methodology throughout the practicum component of a baccalaureate nursing curriculum. Two disciplines, Nursing and English, collaborated to develop clinical journaling guidelines to provide a consistent framework for student learning and evaluation in a variety of clinical settings. Students complete a weekly log for each clinical rotation. They identify learning goals, analyze events and relate them to nursing practice, use critical thinking to connect theory and practice, and reflect on the experience.A collegiate standard of writing is used. As the student advances through the program, a pattern of accomplishments and a cumulative integration of skills is evidenced to provide consistent standards for student evaluation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1992

Adolescent leaders: rational thinking, future beliefs, temporal perspective, and other correlates.

In this study, 281 adolescent leaders were compared to normal, at-risk, and early school leaver groups on a measure of irrational thinking. Student leaders were found to possess significantly fewer irrational beliefs than the other adolescent groups. Further examination of the leader group revealed that their beliefs about the future focused on developing an understanding of tomorrow, acquiring techniques and strategies for effective living, and preparing for technological, social, and economic change. The leaders' temporal perspective was 4.6 years, and they identified attending university and attaining a career as major concerns. Other correlates and demographic variables were also examined. Implications of these findings for rational emotive education are presented.

Achievement↗
PubMed2004

Another person's heart: magical and rational thinking in the psychological adaptation to heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to examine heart transplant recipients' psychological adaptation to another person's heart, with particular emphasis on recipients' attitudes toward graft and donor. METHOD: Thirty-five male heart recipients were examined by: the Symptom Distress Checklist (revised) (SCL-90-R); the Depression Adjective Checklist (DACL); a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire (PTSD-Q); a Heart Image Questionnaire (HIQ); and a Semi-Structured Interview (SSI), aimed at eliciting attitudes and fantasies regarding the transplanted heart. RESULTS: All instruments indicated high levels of stress even several years after the transplant, but, simultaneously, 73% of recipients felt that acquiring a new heart had had a dramatic influence on their lives with a new appreciation of the preciousness of life and a shift of priorities, toward altruism and spirituality. Sixty percent returned to work after the transplant but some had to adapt to a changed attitude from those around them who regarded them as anything from mystical creatures to vulnerable or still-sick individuals. While all recipients possessed a scientific knowledge of the anatomy and physiological significance of the heart (as revealed in the HIQ), many endorsed fantasies and displayed magical thinking: 46% of the recipients had fantasies about the donor's physical vigor and prowess, 40% expressed some guilt regarding the death of the donor, 34% entertained the possibility of acquiring qualities of the donor via the new heart. When asked to choose a most and least preferred imagined donor, 49% constructed their choices according to prejudices, desires, or fears related to ethnic, racial or sexual traits attributed to the donor. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the intuitive idea that heart transplant involves a stressful course of events that produces an amplified sense of the precariousness of existence. Simultaneously, it gives rise to rejoicing at having been granted a new lease on life and a clear sense of new priorities, especially with regard to relationships. Less expectedly, this study shows that, despite sophisticated knowledge of anatomy and physiology, almost half the heart recipients had an overt or covert notion of potentially acquiring some of the donor's personality characteristics along with the heart. The concomitance of the magical and the logical is not uncommon in many areas of human existence, and is probably enhanced by the symbolic nature of the heart, and maybe, also, by the persistent stress that requires an ongoing, emotionally intense, adaptation process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

[From giving care to thinking care or the difficulty of putting nursing practice "into words"].

My experience as a nurse and as a trainer brought me to wonder about the nursing practices in terms of Therapeutic Education of the Patient (TEP). Various studies, professional articles and a report of the Ministry of Health show a gap between an optimal educational approach experiences by nurses and the reality of their practice in TEP, namely a very injuctive and prescriptive practice, the ineffectiveness of which in therapeutic education with the patients is well known. Putting experience into words consists in transforming the events of the located action, in making its progress understandable so as to make the action aware and an object of reflection; to move then to a stage of elaboration of cognitive schemas which account for the understanding of encountered situations and undertaken professional practices. This necessary work of conceptualization allows some formalization which help to transpose experience to other situations and to act as a professional. On looking at this process of the experience elaborated by G. THE BOTERF, I shall try to show how nurses put their experience into words as part of TEP and to track down where their difficulties to think over a more efficient educational approach are situated. I shall rely on conversations carried on by nurses training as part of a master's thesis with nurses practising TEP.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The impact of experimental instruction on changes in EEG power during verbal creative thinking in men and women].

Features of EEG pattern during verbal creative thinking depending on experimental instruction were studied in men and women. Spectral power density was analyzed in six frequency bands (4-30 Hz). Performance of a creative task produced an increase in the power of theta (4-6 Hz) and beta2 (20-40 Hz) components and decrease in the power of alpha (8-13 Hz) and betal (13-20 Hz). Changes in the alpha and betal bands were observed, predominantly, in the posterior areas, whereas power of the thetal and beta2 bands increased in the anterior areas. Independently of instruction, women demonstrated greater synchronization in the theta1 band than men, whereas in men the desynchronization in the alpha2 band (10-13 Hz) was more pronounced. When the subjects were instructed to create original sentences, a widespread decrease in the EEG power was observed in the band of 8-30 Hz as compared to instruction "to create sentences". Thus, the instruction-related changes in EEG power were not gender-specific. They may reflect neural activity mediating selective attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

How a relationship between thinking and feeling may give rise to a variety of human behaviors.

In this study, it is proposed that, as a result of evolution and natural selection, human beings experience positive feelings when they succeed in comprehending some aspect of reality and negative feelings when they fail. It is also shown how the relationship between thinking and feeling may give rise to competence and intrinsic motivation, the need for perceived control, the need to believe in a just world, the need for cognitive consistency, the need for self-esteem, and the need for meaning. The proposal can also account for the motivation behind autotelic activities; can specify the conditions under which self-esteem and self-consistency motivations will operate; and is consistent with theory and research on adaptation to stressful life events and with views on the causes and treatment of psychopathology.

Emotions↗
PubMed1990

Borborygmi as markers of psychic work during the analytic session. A contribution to Freud's 'experience of satisfaction' and to Bion's idea about the digestive model for the thinking apparatus.

Borborygmi appear to be markers of psychic work, as they 'join in the conversation' during the analytic session. Stimulated by Freud's early description of the 'experience of satisfaction' and by Bion's idea that the thinking apparatus is built by analogy on the model of the digestive system, an investigation is made of specific bodily manifestations (borborygmi). In spite of their frequent occurrence, no previous investigation of borborygmi has been found in the analytic literature. Borborygmi may signal the process and acquisition of new thoughts (symbolization) and the free associations derived from borborygmi often provide the key to the understanding of the session by linking the verbal flow of ideas to the underlying sensory and affective experience, thereby providing a 'moment of truth'. Within the primitive maternal transference, borborygmi are often accompaniments to the fantasy or the hallucination of being fed by the analyst. Clinical illustrations are presented followed by a discussion.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The dynamics of intracortical interaction during thinking activities].

A new method is described of the brain mapping, based on determination of the probability of appearance of isofrequency components in the EEG derivations allowing to evaluate functional interaction of the brain structures in the process of psychic activity. The process of mental construction of visual image from separate elements includes three stages. At the stage of image search the focus of activity is in the occipital cortical area; in the stage of construction it moves to the frontal cortical areas; completion of the task and verbalization of the image are accompanied by joining of the cortical connections in common system. Alongside with the main focus of activity secondary focuses in the temporal cortex are also revealed during the search of the visual image. The topography of interaction at the frequencies of alpha-range in mainly determined by the stage of image construction. In case of prevalence of the image and abstract thinking shift is marked of the activity focuses at the frequencies of theta-range respectively to the right and left hemispheres.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Study of disorders of speech and thinking in schizophrenia by recording eye movements during reading].

Eye movements (EM) were recorded during reading in 16 patients with continuous schizophrenia of long (9 to 35 years) standing. EM in patients were found to differ materially from those in normals. Two pathological forms (strategies) of successive text review were revealed. As far as the first strategy is concerned, it is characterized by the predominance of disorganization of perceptive motor reading automatism. As to the second one, the reading automatism is on the whole retained but demonstrates the signs of stereotypy, loss of motivation to realization of the operations of control and adequate adaptive rearrangement. It is concluded that speech and thinking disorders formed as a result of long schizophrenia are pathogenetically non-uniform and reflect nonspecific regularities of psychotic responsiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Obsessional thinking as "paradoxical action".

Obsessive-compulsive neurosis has long intrigued psychoanalysts. Although they may disagree about the underlying etiological mechanisms, analysts generally agree that obsessive individuals are often difficult to engage in the psychoanalytic process and are therefore difficult to treat psychoanalytically. The author offers a selective integration of theoretical approaches to this disorder and elaborates on Schafer's theory of obsessional thinking as paradoxical or conflictual action as a way to understand the resistance frequently encountered in these patients. A case report illustrates this psychoanalytic approach to obsessional neurosis.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

[Formal thinking, logical-discursive operations and schizophrenia: experimental study of a clinical case].

This study, based on a single case experimental design, examined logical reasoning in a schizophrenic meeting the DSM-III criteria. The quantitative assessment carried out by 32 psychiatrists on a rating scale for logical thinking disorders (nine items, six points) of the retranscribed clinical interview showed 1. that the assessments varied in a statistically significant way according to items and psychiatrists, and that these variations were independent of their degree of experience--the correlations between the different items of the rating scale proved to be weak and not significantly different from zero; and 2. the study of the most contradictory statements carried out by a logician using reasoning analysis procedures concluded that there were in fact logical relationships between the subjects the schizophrenic talked about. The results are discussed in relation to the methodology of assessing formal thought in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The shaping of the clinical anatomical thinking of the pathological anatomist in a specialization lecture cycle in an institute for physician advanced training].

The directions of the evolution of clinico-anatomical approach by young pathologists during the specialization in the above institute are summarized. The work of pathologists consists of the disease history reading, making its written summary, autopsy with writing the protocol, histological examination, establishing the pathology diagnosis and epicrisis. All these stages should be an active thinking aiming at the comparison of clinical data with the results of macro- and microscopical examination and literature data.

Autopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Training in thinking for beginning students: a new approach to cognitive development].

Modern cognitive psychology uses training methods not only as research methods but also as means for cognitive fostering. This article deals with a new experimentally tested theory on inductive thinking and an training program based upon that theory. The program has been tried out several times. The results of four training experiments are reported. They show constantly high effect sizes lasting at last over several months. The program is applicable for normal children of age 5-7 as well as for older retardates or younger bright children.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Thinking disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease].

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was carried on patients with Parkinson's disease in order to examine their conceptual thinking. On the basis of the Mini Mental State Examination and Self Rating Depression Scale 30 patients without dementia and depression of different aetiology and clinical picture, were selected. The comparison with the control group revealed a less successful Wisconsin Card Sorting test results in patients with Parkinson's disease, regarding the number of successfully tested categories and the number of perseverations. The behaviour of the patients with Parkinson's disease during the test was discussed from the point of view of prefrontal cortex, i.e. break of frontostriate connections.

Female↗
PubMed1989

[Effects of systemic thinking on the human concept of the therapist and his therapeutic work].

Some of the fundamental ideas of the so called Systemic Theory of the second generation, connected with the names of von Foerster, Maturana, Bateson, von Glasersfeld, Prigogine etc., are described, and the underlying idea of man is outlined in a few points. This is followed by some reflections as to the effects of this kind of thinking and this view of man on the therapist himself, his potentials, his limits, and so on his therapeutic actions.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[Characteristics of the conceptual and logical thinking of younger schoolchildren from the aspect of diagnosing intellectual impairment].

To improve reliability of mental retardation (MR) diagnosis, psychiatrists should employ techniques providing assessment of various psychic functions including conceptual thinking. Such a technique is presented in the paper along with four verbal subtests, relevant examination procedure, processing of the data obtained, evaluation of the successful task performance. The examination has covered a representative sample of an ordinary school pupils attending forms 1 and 2 as well as MR children. Quantitative criteria of MR determination have been established. The validity of the technique inclusion into the standard complex aimed at detecting the underlying factor in the defect is described.

Age Factors↗