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PubMedDate not supplied

Testing a participatory strategy to change hygiene behaviour: face washing in central Tanzania.

A participatory strategy to increase face washing was designed and tested in central Tanzania. Changing children's face-washing behaviour is postulated to be important in preventing the transmission of eye disease, particularly blinding trachoma. The strategy used non-formal adult education techniques at neighbourhood level meetings to build a community consensus to keep children's faces clean for the prevention of eye disease. Men, women, schoolchildren, traditional healers and village social groups participated in the intervention. The strategy was evaluated by observing changes in numbers of clean faces of a sample of preschool children in the village. Clean faces increased from 9% to 33% over the course of a year. Factors which were related to sustained change in children's clean faces included distance to water, age of the child, and presence of a corrugated metal roof. Owning cattle was associated with lack of sustainable change in this population.

Baths↗

PubMed1983

The significance of cadmium in hair. The influence of a recommended washing procedure on the cadmium content of hair of rats experimentally exposed to cadmium.

The impact of a "mild" preanalytical washing procedure on an elevated Cd-content in hair was studied in newly grown hair of rats exposed to a large amount of Cd in their drinking water. A large part of the Cd in hair was removed by this procedure. Agitation by way of ultrasound seems to be no more effective than agitation by mechanical shaking. The effectiveness of washing varied in accordance with the type and duration of exposure.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Comparison between the antiaggregating effect of ticlopidine in whole blood, platelet-rich plasma and washed platelets of the rat.

Ticlopidine, an inhibitor of platelet activation enhances the antiaggregating effect of prostaglandins (PG) E1 and I2 when applied to rat whole blood or platelet-rich plasma. Aggregation by ADP was inhibited to a similar extent when evaluated on whole blood and on PRP of ticlopidine-treated rats showing that circulating PGs are probably not directly responsible for the antiaggregating effects of the drug. When platelets collected from ticlopidine-treated rats were separated from their plasma, they became largely refractory to ADP. PGE2 was equally effective in potentiating platelet aggregation of washed platelets of treated and untreated animals, but failed to fully restore the impaired responsiveness to ADP of washed platelets from ticlopidine-treated rats. Our results indicate that ticlopidine does not prevent platelet aggregation by enhancing the antiaggregating effect of circulating PGs, and that ticlopidine or a metabolite, interact directly with the rat platelet, reducing its responsiveness to ADP.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed1985

Inhibition by luciferin-luciferase reagents of aggregatory responses to excitatory agonists in washed platelet suspensions.

Addition of two commercial luciferin-luciferase reagents caused marked inhibition of the aggregatory response of washed human platelets to thrombin, ADP, vasopressin and platelet-activating factor (PAF). Analysis of the effects of the individual components of one of these reagents revealed that Mg2+, and to a lesser extent bovine serum albumin, was responsible for the observed inhibition. A modified luciferin/luciferase reagent has been designed on the basis of these data for use in washed platelet suspensions which causes minimal inhibition of the aggregatory and secretory responses to thrombin but which gives a near maximal luminescence yield.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed1985

Effects of arachidonic acid on the metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid in washed human platelets.

We examined effects of arachidonic acid (AA) on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) metabolism in washed human platelets. Although human platelets had been considered to metabolize scarcely EPA, a simultaneous addition of EPA and AA to washed platelet suspensions stimulated markedly EPA metabolism. In addition, the stimulatory effect was more potent over the formation of thromboxane (TX) B3 than that of 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (HEPE). The stimulation by AA can be due to AA itself and/or AA metabolites. Indomethacin decreased the stimulatory effect of AA on the HEPE formation, suggesting that cyclooxygenase product(s) of AA stimulated the HEPE formation. Among the metabolites of AA investigated, prostaglandin (PG)G2 and 12-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid had the stimulatory effect on both TXB2 and HEPE formations, whereas PGH2, PGD2, TXB2 and 12-hydroxy-5, 8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid were ineffective.

Arachidonic Acid↗

PubMed1986

Effects of CV-3988, an antagonist of platelet-activating factor (PAF), on washed rabbit platelets.

Platelet-activating factor (1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine or AGEPC) is a small, extremely potent phospholipid mediator. CV-3988, a unique structural analogue of AGEPC, has recently been introduced as a selective antagonist of AGEPC-induced in vitro platelet activation and in vivo systemic hypotension. At concentrations greater than 5 X 10(-5) M, CV-3988 itself induced aggregation and secretion responses in washed rabbit platelets. CV-3988 inhibited AGEPC-induced platelet activation at concentrations as low as 10(-8) M, but also blocked platelet activation induced by collagen and calcium ionophore A23187 at concentrations between 10(-6) M and 10(-5) M. The mechanism of inhibition, however, did not depend on increased levels of intracellular 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In fact, CV-3988, like AGEPC itself, appeared to lower cAMP levels in washed rabbit platelets.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗

PubMed1987

Selective antagonism of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced aggregation and secretion in washed rabbit platelets by CV-3988, L-652731, triazolam and alprazolam.

Platelet-activating factor (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine or AGEPC) is a potent phospholipid mediator elaborated by a variety of mammalian cells. CV-3988 (a unique structural analog of AGEPC), L-652731 (a lignan derivative of a natural product) and two triazolobenzodiazepines (triazolam and alprazolam) were evaluated for their ability to selectively antagonize aggregation and secretion responses in washed, [3H]serotonin-labeled rabbit platelets stimulated with graded doses of AGEPC. When 0.2 nM AGEPC was used as the stimulus, the concentration of antagonist needed for 50% inhibition (IC50) of secretion was obtained at 0.05 uM, 0.15 uM, 0.6 uM and 2.5 uM, for L-652732, CV-3988, triazolam and alprazolam, respectively. The corresponding IC50 values for aggregation were obtained at 0.2 uM, 0.1 uM, 1.5 uM and 6.5 uM, respectively. The inhibitory effects could be overcome by increasing the amount of AGEPC used to stimulate the platelets. Of the four compounds tested, L-652731 was the most potent antagonist of AGEPC-induced activation of washed rabbit platelets.

Alprazolam↗

PubMed1992

Value of urine cytology versus bladder washing in bladder cancer.

A prospective study compared the diagnostic outcome of paired urine cytology and bladder washings in 26 patients as well as the diagnostic accuracy of cytologic reading of voided urine in 43 patients, all with documented bladder cancer. We demonstrate the superiority of bladder washing over voided urine cytology and recommend its routine use in spite of the additional cost and patient discomfort.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗

PubMed1985

An improved malondialdehyde assay for estimation of thromboxane synthase activity in washed human blood platelets.

After stimulation of the washed human blood platelets by arachidonic acid (AA), the concurrent evaluations for formed malondialdehyde (MDA) measured by the common photometrical thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, and for thromboxane B2 (TXB2) measured by gas chromatography, revealed that the formed MDA exceeded the amount of TXB2 on a molar base. However, MDA and TXB2 originating from thromboxane synthase activity should be produced in approximately equimolar amounts. By treatment of the stimulated platelet samples with stannous chloride it is possible to reduce all peroxidized products of AA which generate MDA otherwise during the TBA reaction and to estimate MDA and TXB2 in a ratio of nearly 1:1. The stannous chloride treatment does not destroy the MDA and does not influence the TBA reaction with MDA. Therefore the simple and quick TBA method can be used after stannous chloride treatment for estimation of thromboxane synthase activity in AA stimulated washed human platelets.

Arachidonic Acid↗

PubMed1981

Aspirin inhibits Ca2+-stimulated fatty acid release from human washed platelets.

Ca2+ at 2mM concentration stimulates the release of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from intact washed platelets incubated at 37 degrees C with stirring. Aspirin at a concentration of 0.4 mM inhibits both cyclo-oxygenase activity and fatty acid efflux induced by Ca2+. Thus, in intact washed platelets, aspirin reduces formation of cyclo-oxygenase products by direct inhibition of the enzyme and by reducing the availability of precursor arachidonate.

Aspirin↗

PubMed1987

A washing apparatus for microcentrifugation assays.

The use of centrifugation techniques for separating labeled compounds that are bound to tissue fractions from unbound substrate is widespread in biochemistry. An apparatus is described for simultaneously washing 24 microcentrifuge tubes. The apparatus provides for removing solutions from the tubes and filling tubes with washing solution. This apparatus permits the rapid and reproducible analysis of large numbers of samples.

Cell Fractionation↗

PubMed1991

PDPS: a pulmonary data processing system for assessment of gas exchange properties by multiple gas wash-out.

A data acquisition and processing system for the analysis of inert gas wash-out tests is described. The described system is in clinical use on spontaneously breathing patients as well as on mechanically ventilated Intensive Care patients. It combines several analysis techniques with an aim to provide a deeper insight into the nature of existing ventilation inhomogeneity than the individual techniques alone can provide. The signals measured are the respiratory flow, the fractions of one or two indicator gases washing out and the fractions of the metabolic gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. Analysis of these signals provides information concerning the end-expiratory lung-volume, distribution of ventilation and perfusion in the lung, the role of diffusion in the ventilation process and the metabolic oxygen uptake and CO2 release. This article describes the algorithms used and the results that are presented.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1988

Low-temperature washing of patients' clothing; effects of detergent with disinfectant and a tunnel drier on bacterial survival.

Patients' dresses were washed at 40 degrees C using an ordinary detergent for 1 week and a novel detergent with added 'Triclosan' for the following 2 weeks. The bacterial load on the finished laundry was acceptably low using either detergent. The killing of residual bacteria on washed clothing by drying in a tunnel finisher was demonstrated. This preliminary study did not show any benefits to be gained from the addition of 'Triclosan' to detergent for the low-temperature laundering of patients' clothing.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1982

Effect of some saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on prostaglandin biosynthesis in washed human blood platelets from (1-14 C)arachidonic acid.

The effects of some saturated (lauric, palmitic and stearic) an unsaturated (linoleic, gamma-linolenic, alpha-linolenic and oleic) fatty acids at 0.1. 0.25 and 0.5 mM concentrations on the in vitro metabolization of (1-14 C) arachidonic acid by washed human blood platelets have been studied. Effects of these fatty acids were studied with intact as well as lysed platelet preparations. With intact platelet preparations it was found that (i) all unsaturated fatty acids enhanced the biosynthesis of TxB2, PGE2, PGD2 and PGF2 alpha, (ii) unsaturated fatty acids reduced the formation of HHT and HETE with the exception of oleic acid which showed very little effect, (iii) unsaturated fatty acids reduced the formation of MDA, whereas palmitic and stearic acids increased its formation and (iv) all unsaturated fatty acids reduced the synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxides. These results support our previous observations where effects of fatty acids were examined at higher concentrations (10). At 0.1 mM FA concentration, inconsistent results were obtained. With lysed platelet preparations all cyclooxygenase products were reduced in presence of unsaturated fatty acids, whereas HETE formation was reduced only in presence of linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids. Electron micrographs of washed platelet suspensions were obtained with untreated platelet preparations and platelet preparations treated with 0.25 and 0.5 mM linoleic acid concentrations. The results are discussed in the light of a possible soap-like effect of FA salt on platelets.

Arachidonic Acids↗

PubMed1987

Effect of intratracheal instillation of cadmium chloride on phospholipids in alveolar wash fluid.

The effect of cadmium chloride on phospholipids in the alveolar wash fluid was investigated by instilling the chemical (2.5 micrograms Cd/0.4 ml saline per rat) into rat trachea. Two days later the phospholipid content of the wash fluid increased markedly in the cadmium-treated group to about 2.4 times that in the control (saline-treated) group. The relative amount of phosphatidylcholine and the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine were not altered by the cadmium treatment, and retained a composition typical of lung surfactant. These findings suggest that cadmium induces a marked increase in surfactant phospholipids in the lung at a very low dose.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Activation of washed chicken thrombocytes by 1-O-hexadecyl/octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (platelet-activating factor).

Washed, [3H]serotonin-labeled chicken thrombocytes aggregated and secreted [3H]serotonin when stimulated in vitro with platelet-activating factor (PAF), collagen and calcium ionophore A23187. The effective dose causing a 25% secretion of [3H]serotonin (ED25) from washed chicken thrombocytes was 10(-8) M for PAF, 5 X 10(-8) M for collagen and 3 X 10(-7) M for A23187. Chicken thrombocyte activation by PAF required Ca2+ and appeared to be mediated through a specific receptor for PAF.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Effects of thrombin on washed, human platelets: changes in the subcellular fractions.

Pressure homogenization and subcellular fractionation has been performed on washed, human platelets and platelets treated with thrombin to undergo the so-called release reaction. Electron microscopy revealed that the particulate zones obtained from the control sample corresponded to membrane vesicles (B), small storage granules (D) as well as mitochondria and larger storage granules (E). Only a few storage granules could be observed in the particulate zones isolated from thrombin-treated platelets. Visual comparison of the sucrose gradient patterns revealed that one granule fraction (D) had disappeared from the thrombin-treated sample. Sodium dodecysulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a major protein band (mol. wt 145 500 plus or minus 1000) in the extracellular phase (supernatant after removal of the platelets) of the thrombin-treated sample and in the granule fractions (D and E) of the control (mol. wt 147 000 plus or minus 1000). Incubation of whole, washed platelets with thrombin for 5 min at 37 degrees C followed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the isolated membrane fraction revealed no reproducible differences in the protein band pattern compared to membranes isolated from control platelets. However, after treatment with thrombin for 30 min, a protein band (mol. wt 183 000 plus or minus 3500) had disappeared. The distribution of protein and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity among the subcellular fractions were measured. Both were mainly recovered in the soluble fraction (greater than 77%). The granule fractions, D and E of the control contained 3.0% plus or minus 0.8% and 6.4% plus or minus 1.3% of the total amount of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the gradient. Fraction E of the thrombin-treated cells contained 3.3% plus or minus 1.0% of total while fraction D was lacking.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Prostacyclin prolongs viability of washed human platelets.

The functional viability of stored human platelets, washed in the presence and absence of prostacyclin, was examined over a 96 h period. Platelet counts, aggregation responses and cyclic AMP levels were monitored as well as the spontaneous generation of thromboxane B2 and the liberation of labelled oleate from cellular phosphatides. In suspensions prepared without prostacyclin in the medium, platelet counts declined rapidly as did the sensitivity to aggregating agents. In addition, substantial amounts of thromboxane B2 were generated during preparation and storage and oleate liberation occurred at a rapid rate. In contrast, in prostacyclin-washed platelets, aggregation was maintained throughout the study period and there was little generation of thromboxane B2. Moreover, only a gradual decrease in platelet count and a slow increase in the rate of oleate liberation was observed when compared with controls. However, cyclic AMP levels rapidly declined when platelets were resuspended in prostacyclin-free medium.

Adult↗