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PubMed1996

Concordant body stalk anomaly in monozygotic twinning--early embryo cleavage disorder.

We describe a case of concordant body stalk anomaly in monozygotic twins that manifested with umbilical cord agenesis, evisceration of abdominal contents, and multiple gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and skeletal anomalies. Body stalk anomaly in twin gestation is extremely rare and poses an embryological interest. We suggest that the hypothesis of 'incomplete twinning' might contribute to the pathogenesis of this syndrome complex.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1990

A randomized double blind study of a new ready-for use prostaglandin gel (Org 2436) for cervical ripening prior to first trimester pregnancy termination.

In a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized study involving 50 primigravidae scheduled for termination of first trimester pregnancy 500 micrograms PGE2 gel or placebo gel were applied intracervically 6 hours before curettage. The priming effect was verified in all patients by means of comparative examinations with a special tonometer before application of the gel and immediately before the surgical procedure. No abortion or vaginal bleeding occurred in any of the patients. After 500 micrograms PGE2 gel the mean free passability (i.e. force less than or equal to 1 Newton) was 7.8 (+/- 2.0) mm, the corresponding value for the placebo group 5.2 (+/- 1.2) mm (p less than 0.0001). The prostaglandin pretreatment led to a significant increase in dilation of 5.9 +/- 2.3 mm versus 2.0 +/- 1.2 mm in the placebo group (p less than 0.0001). 17 of the 25 PGE2-treated patients complained of lower abdominal pain, gastrointestinal side effects were observed in one of these patients. In the placebo group there were no undesired concomitant symptoms. No intra- or postoperative complications occurred in the PGE2 gel-treated group. After application of the placebo gel cervical lesions and incomplete curettages were demonstrated in 4 cases. According to this preliminary experience, the intracervical application of the new ready-for-use-PGE2 gel represents a practicable and efficient method for preoperative cervical priming. In view of the intraoperative complications in the placebo group the frequency of side effects after PG application are within tolerable limits.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1997

Transconjunctival application of mitomycin C in combination with laser sclerostomy ab interno: a long-term morphological study of the postoperative healing process.

The precise mechanism whereby mitomycin C enhances IOP reduction in glaucoma filtering surgery still eludes us. Ten rabbits received full-thickness Nd:YAG laser sclerostomy ab interno and adjunctive intraoperative treatment with mitomycin C (MMC) applied topically over the intact conjunctiva (0.5 mg ml-1 for 5 min). A systematic ultrastructural analysis of the fistulas and surrounding tissue was then conducted in conjunction with clinical observations, over the ensuing 10 weeks. In order to investigate also the extent to which MMC impedes fistula occlusion in the absence of percolating aqueous humour, we created non-perforating ('half-thickness') sclerostomies ab interno in three additional rabbits, one with and two without MMC therapy. Transconjunctival MMC application resulted in no serious complications. Eight of the ten full-thickness fistulas remained patent throughout the study, maintaining significant IOP reduction; the other two sclerostomies were compromised by iris incarceration. The MMC-treated, half-thickness canal remained as a tissue-free cul de sac; the two non-treated ones became completely occluded within one week without having recourse to extraocular cell populations. MMC suppressed the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, macrophages and clump cells from the episclera, sclera, ciliary body and iris root. Repolymerization of heat-damaged collagen was abortive; neosynthesis was not observed. Myofibroblasts were encountered in the vicinity of the sclerostomy canals, and, after the fifth week, these cells were also found to be deployed as a canal-lining layer, delimiting the lumen from the surrounding stroma along most of the fistula length. Towards the external ostium, this layer of myofibroblasts was incomplete or absent. Near the internal ostium, lining cells were derived from the corneal endothelium. The transconjunctival mode of applying MMC appears to be efficient. This antifibrotic drug exerts its inhibitory influence by suppressing not only cell migration and proliferation, but also phagocytic and synthetic activities. However, exposed tissues are not acellular, and amongst the populations present, myofibroblasts are found to dominate the scene. The canal-delimiting cellular lining may play a role in maintaining fistula patency in MMC-treated eyes.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1987

Sexuality among Mexican Americans: a case of sexual stereotyping.

The purpose of this study was to establish an empirical base for the comprehensive study of sexual preferences and practices among Mexican Americans. The sample consisted of 165 Mexican-American (86 male, 79 female) and 99 Anglo (47 male, 52 female) undergraduates. The instrument used was the Sexual Knowledge and Attitude Test (SKAT; Lief & Reed, 1972). The first section of the SKAT consists of four attitudes subscales dealing with autoeroticism, abortion, heterosexual relations, and sexual myths. The second section includes 50 true-false items testing knowledge of the biological, psychological, and social facts of human sexuality. The last section focuses on the respondent's sexual value system and practices. The design was a 2 (ethnicity) X 2 (gender) X 4 (religion) X 3 (socioeconomic status) incomplete factorial, in which the effect of interest was ethnicity. This effect was assessed controlling for subjects' age, gender, religious preference, and socioeconomic status. The dependent variables were subjects' sexual attitudes, knowledge, sexual value system, and sexual practices. Tests of significance were undertaken separately for each set of dependent variables, with a correspondingly reduced alpha level. Significant differences were obtained between Mexican Americans and Anglos, in attitudes, knowledge, value system, and practices, in clear support of the hypotheses.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Brucellosis in immigrants in Denmark.

Brucellosis is a rarely encountered infection in northern Europe. We report 4 cases of Brucella abortus bacteremia occurring in Denmark during 1999-2000. The clinical presentation was characteristically vague and brucellosis was not suspected by the attending physicians, partly because incomplete patient histories were obtained as a result of language barriers. The diagnosis was finally established by means of blood cultures, which were performed because of fever of unknown origin.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed1980

Dioxin. A case in point.

The dangers posed by herbicidal chemicals to organisms and the environment are pointed out in this review of their development beginning in World War II. In particular, the toxic results of the spraying of dioxin (Agent Orange) in Vietnam are detailed, with corroborating data from clinical and field studies and reports of related industrial accidents. Despite a recent ban imposed on all dioxin-containing herbicides by the Environmental Protection Agency, widespread domestic use of herbicides continues and acceptance of the dangers is incomplete. As a result, forensic scientists must remain alert to potential hazards stemming from the use of these contaminants in their communities at least until strict federal regulatory legislation can be enacted.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1988

[Abortion induced by RU 486: importance of its combination with a prostaglandin derivative].

The antiprogesterone steroid RU 486 (17 beta-hydroxy-11 beta-(4-dimethylaminophenyl l)-17 alpha-(prop-1-ynyl) estra-4,9-dien-3-one), orally administered once (600 mg), is an efficient contragestive agent in approximately 80% of pregnant women who have been amenorrheic for up to 41 days. Later on, its use is not recommended since after 41 day of amenorrhea there is an increase in the number of incomplete expulsions. A vaginal suppository of 1 mg Gemeprost, a synthetic PG-E1 analogue, has been prescribed 36-48 hrs. after the administration of RU 486. Such a suppository cannot provoke the interruption of the pregnancy by itself. In 106 women seeking for the interruption of pregnancy, and who were amenorrheic for 49 days or less, RU 486 plus prostaglandin association led to the interruption of pregnancy in all cases, and no further instrumental intervention was required. This preliminary report suggests that this method is an efficient alternative to conventional techniques available presently.

Abortifacient Agents↗

PubMed1983

Rupture of the uterus with DIC.

Rupture of the uterus is an uncommon obstetric emergency that usually occurs after 36 weeks gestation in a woman with a previous cesarean section. Complete rupture of the uterus with extrusion of the fetus into the peritoneal cavity is associated with high fetal mortality and with hypovolemic shock in the mother. Incomplete ruptures are less catastrophic and are often found incidentally at routine elective cesarean section. Management of uterine rupture consists of prompt recognition, rapid replacement of maternal blood volume, and early laparotomy and hysterectomy or, in selected cases, uterine repair. Disseminated intravascular coagulation has been reported in association with such obstetrical emergencies as abruptio placentae, intrauterine fetal demise, septic abortion, and amniotic fluid embolism. We report a case in which there was clinical and laboratory evidence of DIC in a patient with uterine rupture. The patient was successfully managed with prompt hysterectomy and replacement of coagulation factors.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Positive HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) serology in the pregnant woman: current data on its management. Apropos of a continuous series of 56 cases].

56 cases of pregnant women with a positive HIV serology were reported in 20 months at the Maternity of the Nice Hospital Center. In 10 cases, there were clinical signs of the disease (9 ARC-Syndrome, one case of AIDS). The predisposing factor was most of the time drug addiction, 53 cases (94.5%) and one case occurred after a blood transfusion. In the majority of the cases (52%) the pregnancy was pursued because of the late term or the patient's decision. A therapeutic abortion was performed in 12 instances (25%) and an interruption before 12 weeks of amenorrhea in 15 cases. 24 women delivered. The obstetrical complications were frequent with especially a fetal death in utero, five premature deliveries and fifteen hypotrophies. A severe infectious complication (septicemia, pneumopathy secondary to Pneumocystis carinii) was observed in 9 cases, a marked thrombopenia causing profuse post-partum haemorrhages in one case. Finally, one woman died 35 days after delivery. The study of the consequences on the child is incomplete because of insufficient follow-up: all children were sero-positive at birth and among thirteen children aged between 12 to 20 months, there were one death, one AIDS syndrome, 4 ARC-syndrome, 4 sero-positive and 3 sero-negative. The notion of HIV sero-positivity in a pregnant woman presents serious problems for the obstetrician. Decompensation of the disease during the pregnancy is uncertain but it is now confirmed that the child is affected, and this is a well established fact. These important consequences lead to propose, at this time a therapeutic interruption of pregnancy when possible, depending on the term, and when accepted by the patient.

AIDS-Related Complex↗

PubMed1971

Growth inhibition and appearance of the membranous structure in Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage fd.

Thirty-six mutants of fd, a virus that infects but does not kill Escherichia coli, were isolated; 35 mutants were categorized into six complementation groups. Abortive infection with mutants in genes 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6, but not in gene 2, produced a cessation of host cell growth, generally linked to low burst size and to the formation of aberrant intracytoplasmic membranous structures. The membranous structure was studied during infection with various phage and hosts. Appearance of the membranous structure was linked specifically to incomplete phage maturation at the cell membrane, rather than solely to the inhibition of host cell growth or to infection with mutant phage, since (i) in one host, cell growth was inhibited, but no membranous structure developed; and (ii) when antibody against virus was added to cells infected with wild-type phage, phage extrusion was inhibited, cell growth stopped, and the membranous structure once again developed.

Agar↗

PubMed1979

[Invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix associated with pregnancy (author's transl)].

In 4,396 invasive cervix carcinomas treated between 1934 and 1973, 52 occurred during pregnancy or within 3 months post partum. Stages I were more frequent among pregnant women (24%) than without pregnancy (8%) and stages II were as frequent (50%). Stages I and II were more frequent among pregnant women treated during 1963-1973 than 1934-1962. The 3 years' survival rate, all stages combined, for pregnant women (42%) was lower than for matched control non-pregnant women (62%). This difference was significant at P = 0.05, but at 5 and 10 years, the difference was not significant for patients treated between 1963-1973. At an equal stage, survival rate seemed lower for stages IIb and III (P = 0.02 for these two stages combined.) The lymph node involvement was not more frequent; the decrease of global survival rate could be associated to some factors and especially incomplete therapy and an under-estimation of the tumor extension because of the pregnancy. Our results are compared to the data literature and therapeutic schedules are discussed.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗

PubMed1986

Evaluation of the teratogenic potential of cocoa powder and theobromine in New Zealand White rabbits.

Studies were conducted to determine the teratogenic potential of theobromine (TBR) and cocoa powder (CP) in rabbits. TBR was given either by gavage at dose levels of 0, 25, 75, 125 or 200 mg/kg body weight/day or administered in the diet at 0, 0.0625, 0.125 or 0.1875% (approximately 0, 21, 41 or 63 mg/kg/day, respectively). CP was given at 2.5, 5.0 or 7.5% of the diet (approximately 25, 50 or 75 mg methylxanthines/kg body weight/day). The duration of exposure was from days 6 to 29 of gestation. Significant maternal mortality (40%) and reduced food consumption were observed at 200 mg TBR/kg/day. Mean foetal weights were similar to those of the control group at 25 or 75 mg TBR/kg/day, but decreases in foetal body weight and increases in various malformations and developmental variations were observed in groups given 125 or 200 mg/kg/day. Insufficient litters were available for examination in the 200-mg/kg/day dose group because of maternal toxicity/lethality (repetitive exposure by gavage to 200 mg TBR/kg approached the maternal LD50). In the dietary CP studies, three does died and three aborted, but these deaths and abortions were not treatment related. No maternal deaths occurred during dietary TBR exposure. Maternal weight gain and food consumption, and the mean number of corpora lutea were unaffected by either dietary CP or TBR. Neither foetotoxicity nor teratogenicity was associated with dietary ingestion of CP or TBR. The foetuses exposed to 0.125% or 0.1875% TBR had a significantly higher incidence of incompletely ossified or absent sternebrae, whereas exposure to 0.1875% or 7.5% CP resulted in corresponding effects on metacarpal bones, indicating a delay in osteogenesis. The predominant compound found in serum after TBR ingestion was unchanged TBR, and there was no evidence of bioaccumulation of TBR in serum during gestation. The highest levels of CP or TBR used in these studies was 38 times greater than the maximum consumption level reported for humans in marketing surveys, and corresponds to a consumption of greater than 7.5 lb milk chocolate/day.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1999

Mice defective in the DNA mismatch gene PMS2 are hypersensitive to MNU induced thymic lymphoma and are partially protected by transgenic expression of human MGMT.

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) stabilizes the cellular genome. Mice defective in the MMR gene PMS2 are susceptible to spontaneous thymic lymphoma and sarcomas. To determine the sensitivity of PMS2 knockout mice to environmental carcinogens and the protective effect of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), heterozygous PMS2 knockout mice and human MGMT (hMGMT) transgenic mice were mated and the PMS2-/- and PMS2+/+ with or without hMGMT offspring were treated at 5 weeks of age with 50 mg/kg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). MNU produces carcinogenic O6-methylguanine (O6-meG) adducts, resulting in thymic lymphoma in mice, which can be prevented in normal mice by overexpression of hMGMT. A significantly higher incidence of thymic lymphomas was observed in MNU-treated PMS2-/- mice, compared to wildtype PMS2+/+ mice (100 vs 52%; P < 0.001). The mean latency of lymphomas was also significantly shortened in PMS2-/- mice (81 vs 102 days, P < 0.01). Transgenic expression of hMGMT significantly but incompletely blocked MNU lymphomagenesis in PMS2-/- mice. The incidence of lymphomas in PMS2-/-/hMGMT+ mice was reduced to 80% (P < 0.01) and mean latency increased to 91 days (P < 0.05). Thymic lymphomagenesis was efficiently blocked in PMS2+/+/hMGMT+ mice with rapid repair of O6-meG. Since O6-meG:T mismatches in MMR+ cells may trigger mismatch repair resulting in abortive repair and cell death whereas in the absence of MMR, these mismatches are converted to A:T, we predicted that G to A point mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras gene would occur. In this study, we found G to A point mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras gene in many tumors. Thus, in MMR deficient tissues, methylating agents induce point mutations in cells with a higher rate of cell survival which together are potently carcinogenic in the thymus. These data suggest that PMS2 defective lymphomas may arise by the concerted action of environmental and perhaps endogenous methylation of DNA coupled to genomic instability.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1997

Male and female occupation in relation to miscarriage and preterm delivery in central North Carolina.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of parental occupation in miscarriage and preterm delivery. Previous studies raise the possibility that both male and female exposures could affect pregnancy. METHODS: Data from a population-based study of miscarriage and preterm delivery in central North Carolina were used to examine potential associations with male and female occupation. Medically treated miscarriage cases (n = 418), preterm delivery cases identified through hospital record review (n = 582), and term, normal birth weight controls (n = 787) were sought for telephone interview. The interview included information on jobs the woman held before and during the pregnancy, reports of her partner's job around the time of pregnancy, and information on potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Female employment overall, or in specific jobs, around the time of conception or early pregnancy was not associated with the risk of miscarriage, whereas working during pregnancy, especially in the seventh month, was inversely associated with risk of preterm delivery. Male employment in several industrial occupations was weakly associated with miscarriage (adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.6 to 1.8), and somewhat more strongly associated with preterm delivery, particularly for chemists and sheet metal workers (adjusted OR over 3). Restriction to married men strengthened the associations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are limited by nonresponse, imprecision, incomplete identification of miscarriages, and lack of detailed occupational exposure information. Nonetheless, we found greater support for further examination of male compared to female jobs in relation to pregnancy outcome.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed2000

Neural tissue xenografting.

Neural transplantation may become an important treatment alternative for focal brain disorders. To date, the most successful grafts have been obtained in patients with Parkinson's disease. Completely normalized dopamine production and reduction of Parkinsonian symptoms have been demonstrated 10 years after grafting. However, the allogeneic donor tissue has to be obtained from induced abortions, and there are logistical difficulties, risks of infection, and ethical constraints limiting a wider clinical use. Xenografting is an alternative that could bridge these limitations if immunological rejection could be prevented. Pig embryonic neural tissue has been grafted to patients with Parkinson's disease, but no functional benefits have clinically been proven so far. The immune reactions to neural xenografts were incompletely characterized at the time of these early clinical trials, and it is likely that the treatments used were insufficient and that the grafts were rejected. In this article we will review new experiments addressing the immune responses against porcine neural tissue grafted to the adult brain, including the role of antibodies, complement, natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes, as well as the effects of immunosuppressive drugs and donor tissue modifications.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Does gestational sac volume predict the outcome of missed miscarriage managed expectantly?

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether gestational sac volume (GSV) can predict the outcome of missed miscarriages that are managed expectantly. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study. Between February 1, 2000, and January 31, 2001, all patients with a confirmed first-trimester missed miscarriage who chose to undergo expectant management were recruited to participate. A single investigator performed all sonographic examinations and measurements. The main outcome measure was a complete spontaneous abortion within 4 weeks of the initial diagnosis. A complete miscarriage was defined as a maximum anteroposterior diameter of the endometrium of less than 15 mm on transvaginal sonography and no persistent heavy vaginal bleeding. The patients could opt to undergo surgery at any time, but those who had not expelled the products of conception within 4 weeks of the diagnosis were advised to have surgical uterine evacuation. RESULTS: In total, 90 patients were enrolled, and 86 patients completed the study. The mean GSV, as measured by 3-dimensional sonography, was 9.7 +/- 8.9 ml, and the mean sac diameter was 24.5 +/- 8.0 mm. A significant exponential correlation was found between the mean sac diameter and the GSV (r = 0.86; p < 0.0001). Forty-six (53.5%) of the 86 patients experienced a complete miscarriage within 4 weeks of the diagnosis (ie, expectant management was successful), but expectant management was unsuccessful in the remaining 40 (46.5%) patients (5 had an incomplete miscarriage, and 35 did not expel the products of conception). The GSV did not differ significantly between the "successful" and "unsuccessful" groups (p = 0.82). A logistic regression analysis showed no significant correlation between GSV and the outcome of missed miscarriages managed expectantly (p = 0.59). CONCLUSIONS: The GSV does not predict the outcome of expectant management of missed miscarriage within 4 weeks of the diagnosis.

Abortion, Missed↗

PubMed1995

Abortive infection of Vero cells by an influenza A virus (FPV).

We have discovered a new type of abortive replication in Vero cells infected with fowl plague virus. In these cells there is an enhanced splicing of the colinear mRNAs of segment 7 and presumably also of segment 8, leading to an extreme overproduction of M2 and NS2 proteins. The cleavage of the hemagglutinin (HA) into HA1 and HA2 and the processing of its carbohydrate side chains are markedly retarded and incomplete. Although some of the HA is incorporated into the plasma membrane, leading to a positive hemadsorption, most of it accumulates in a discrete compartment close to the nuclear membrane, representing presumably the reticuloendothel and/or the Golgi network. Neuraminidase activity in Vero cells is extremely low. The nucleoprotein is normally released from nuclei late in infection. Very little infectious virus is released, and its spread is highly impeded.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Control of reproduction with anti-progestin and oestrogens in captive bears.

The aim of this study was to establish new methods for controlling reproduction in bears. Anti-progestins were used to interrupt pregnancies. In two consecutive years, the anti-progestin J956 was administered to 11 female bears (nine Ursus arctos, one Ursus tibethanus, one Tremarctos ornatus) living in zoos. The anti-progestin J956 was given orally (n = 4) or parenterally (n = 12). The anti-progestin was administered alone or in combination with ethinyloestradiol, and before or after embryo implantation. The effects of anti-progestin treatment were determined using ultrasonographic examination of the urogenital tract and by monitoring progesterone concentrations in the blood and faeces. Oral administration of anti-progestin was not successful (successful in 0 of 4); however, in contrast, none of the parenteral treated animals remained pregnant (successful in 12 of 12). Parenteral treatment with J956, with or without ethinyloestradiol, was effective in disrupting pregnancy before implantation (successful in 6 of 6) and after implantation (successful in 6 of 6), but administration one month after implantation (n = 2) resulted in incomplete resorption of the fetuses. In conclusion, the administration of anti-progestins may be a useful method for preventing embryo implantation in captive bears.

Abortifacient Agents↗