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PubMed1975

[No corpora sesamoidea laryngis in man and animal].

The fact that the Corpora sesamoidea have never been precisely defined has led to a series of small cartilaginous bodies in the larynx being thus designated, for want of a better solution. Since the corpora sesamoidea have been identified as capsular bodies, however, originating in or in connection with a synovial capsule, there remained only one laryngeal cartilage which appeared to fulfill all the criteria of sesamoid cartilage, namely the papilionaceous cartilage found in all alar species from Monotremata to Carnivora, and which comparative anatomists term proarytaenoid cartilage. If Goeppert's findings are regarded as having an additional functional significance, then it is clear that this cartilage too, like cartilagines interarytaenoidea, postarytaenoidea (dorsoarytaenoidea in the dog?) pararytaenoidea, cunciformis, corniculata, intercorniculata and triticea, is a connecting cartilage.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

John Hunter's surgical instruments and operative procedures.

Whereas John Hunter (1728-93) the anatomist, zoologist, physiologist, pathologist and museum collector receives unceasing eulogy, his work as a practising surgeon is curiously neglected. As far as can be determined, there are no studies devoted to his instruments and operative technique before a personal investigation in 1991, perhaps for the good reason that these would prove inconclusive. Nevertheless, the writer believes sufficient evidence is available to justify further communication.

General Surgery↗

PubMed1996

Medicine and law.

This paper covers the period where medicine and law have come into contact over the past two or three hundred years. From the time of the Scottish Enlightenment, doctors and lawyers met philosophers and scientists in a sharing of intellectual activity. A later example in the nineteenth century, did not reflect well on an anatomist Dr Knox, who appeared in the criminal trial of Burke and Hare. His misdemeanours resulted in a change of the law on dissection. The increasing use of medical evidence with the growth of medical science led to the development of forensic medicine. Differences between legal and medical thinking led to the need for definitions of mental illness in relation to criminal responsibility. The law has also needed to protect public interest in distinguishing between medical negligence and misadventure. The history of both professions helps an understanding of the problems.

Forensic Medicine↗

PubMed1996

[Marcello Malpighi's theory of medicine].

Marcello Malpighi (1628-94) was the most important anatomist of Seventeenth-Century Italy. He investigated chiefly the minute structures of living things with the microscope, as his discovery of the capillary vessels of the lung, and his description of the Malpighi-corpuscle of the kidney has showed. Malpighi discusses the role of anatomy in medicine in the "Risposta" to G.G. Sbaraglia's "De recentiorum medicorum" in which it was insisted that anatomical study with the microscope makes no contribution to practical cure. Malpighi's argument for the anatomical study is based on the mechanistic view of nature. He considers living things analogous to machines made up of minute parts, and believes that the cure of diseases must be done as the repair of broken machines. He insists that by the dissection of the bodies of dead patients we should get knowledge of the relation between the change of tissues and the symptom of disease. Naturally it is impossible to explain the cause of disease only by the mechanistic explanation as Malpighi insisted, but his mechanistic view largely influenced the methodology of Morgagni, the father of modern pathological anatomy in the eighteenth century.

Anatomy↗

PubMed1997

[Near relations of Georges Mareschal, first surgeon of Louis XIV and Louis XV (1658-1736)].

Georges Mareschal, First Surgeon to Louis XIV and then to Louis XV, exercised a great influence on some near relations of his, who, like him, became excellent surgeons. A nephew of his, Martin Guérin, probably Marie Roger's sister's son, Mareschal's wife, distinguished himself as a surgeon. His uncle made him Ordinary Surgeon of the "hôpital de la Charité" in Paris. His hand was "swift and skilful". He gave treatment to Colonel de Fénelon, a French archbishop's great-nephew, war wounded in 1713. And he operated on James Edward Stuart of England for "fistula", the "Old Pretender" or the "Chevalier de Saint-Georges", in Avignon, in 1716. Martin Guérin's eldest son, Georges Guérin, was also a highly esteemed surgeon. On and after 1733, he was successively a surgical departmental head of the Italian Army, a chief-surgeon of the "Hôpital de la Charité" in Paris, a surgical officer of the second Musketeer Company. He was ennobled by Louis XV and received the ribbon of the "Ordre de Saint-Michel". One of Georges Guérin's sisters married the surgeon Sauveur-François Morand, who achieved celebrity for the diversity of his operations and his works. He delivered a funeral oration in praise of Georges Mareschal, at the meeting of the "Académie royale de chirurgie" on June 18th 1737. His son, a medical doctor, Clément Morand, and his son-in-law, the surgeon Sabatier, were not second to him as far as talent is concerned. Mareschal's fourth near relative, an anatomist, got himself talked about in connection with an autopsy. He was the husband of one of Elisabeth du Brun's daughters, Mareschal's sister.

Famous Persons↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[An artist at the Medical School of Paris: Isabelle Pinson (1769-1855)].

Born in Paris in 1769, Isabelle Proteau, the future Mrs. Pinson, was the daughter of a couple of servants of a famous family: her father was the footman of the marquis de Jaucourt, and her mother, the maid of Isabelle, both brother and sister of the encyclopedist Louis de Jaucourt. She lost her father very early, but thanks to her godmother Isabelle de Jaucourt, she received a good education and could become a talented painter. Especially a portraitist, she was a pupil of the academicians Vincent (1746-1816) and Regnault (1754-1829), and participated to many exhibitions at the Louvre's Salons from 1796 to 1812. In 1792, she married the artist and anatomist André Pierre Pinson (1746-1828). Among the witnesses were the surgeon Dezoteux and the famous sculptor Houdon. ...

France↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Medicine in the Cuvier Report on Natural Sciences (1810)].

Through that many sided Report to Napoleon, Cuvier delivers a plain view upon European medicine in 1800. That document remained somewhat ignored as biochemical and physiological information are scattered throughout the text, with no clear link with the "Medicine, an applied science" chapter. Chemistry and physiology of animal beings include most of the recent true data about digestion, metabolism, respiration and nervous system added to the classic irritability. Proved data, still very few, are completed by logical and well organized but theoretical concepts forshadowing future physiology, "milieu interieur" and thermal regulation among everything. But the anatomist Cuvier did not link chemistry to physiology. Clinical practice fascinate Cuvier. Nosology, thoroughly studied, disappointed the naturalist for its incapability of establishing a classification of diseases. Morbid anatomy and physical investigation, the just appearing percussion, are welcome with hope as well as experimental pharmacology and hygiene. But normal and pathological chemistry and biology are not integrated to clinical medicine leading to neglect Bichat's works and those on experimental asphyxiation ...etc. Cuvier, who was not a physician, deliberately adopted this attitude : didn't he change the effect of an expert memoir he had asked J.N. Halle, a famous physician and scientist ? But nevertheless he stated that progress in medicine is experimental! This statement report, written by a critic scientist, is an important reference mark of time, when medicine shifted, ceasing to be only empirical.

Europe↗

PubMed1999

[Not Available].

The Leipzig anatomist Werner Spalteholz (1861-1940) started studies on the anastomoses between the coronary arteries of the heart in 1906. He confirmed the thesis, that "the transparency of tissues depends first of all on the refraction index of permeating liquid", and began to produce transparent organ specimens. The 1st International Hygiene Exposition 1911 in Dresden showed 370 speciments produced by Spalteholz and was a great success. Later Spalteholz worked in the scientific Council of the Hygiene Museum. The exhibition"Transparent man", shown in 1925, testified to the great extent of knowledge that was passed on to the population with the help of these speciments. The "transparent human being" was not only an attractive and instructive collection for exhibition and educational purposes, but also a didactic concept. Fritz Tschackert (1887-1958) created the "transparent man' for the 2nd International Hygiene Exposition in Dresden in 1930. Today the "transparent woman" is the highlight of the museum's permanent exhibition.

Anatomy↗

PubMed1998

[Medicine and its museums].

There are described in this article the historical patrimonies belonging to five museums of Cordoba city, Argentina: the Museo de anatomia, which was named after Pedro Ara, notable Spanish Anatomist; the Museo de Anatomia Patologica; the Museo de Historia de la Medicina, created by Prof. Enrique P. Aznarez; the Museo "Obispo Salguero" of the Hospital San Roque; and the Museo Historico del Hospital Nacional de Clinicas, declared national historic monument. All these museums have a rich historic hoard, reflecting one of the important cultural aspects of this province.

Argentina↗

PubMed1993

Giovanni Maria Lancisi: De bovilla peste and stamping out.

Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654-1720) was a physician, archiater of the pope, well-known as an anatomist and epidemiologist, who made an important contribution to veterinary medicine of when rinderpest (cattle plague) affected Europe in the XVIIIth century. His times, his life and career and his main contributions to medicine are described. the main features of the great epidemic of rinderpest which started in 1711 are presented. His book De bovilla peste, published in 1715, illustrates the characteristics of cattle plague and, above all, the control measures is discussed. Of the control measures, the most relevant were the introduction of stamping out, with special instructions for the killing and burial of affected animals, the prohibition of animal movements, the adoption of special hygienic and political measures. The relationships between cattle plague and poverty and famine are described, together with the actions taken to deal with them. Lancisi points out the relationship between politics and history on the one hand and cattle plague on the other. He may be considered the modern co-inventor (along with Bates) of stamping out.

Animal Population Groups↗

PubMed1993

"Anatomes peritissimus": Johann Georg Wirsung's unknown experiments on the circulation of the blood.

Andrea Argoli (1570-1657), professor of mathematics at the University of Padua from 1632 to 1657, published at Padua in 1644 in the work Pandosion sphaericum an accurate and succinct exposition of the theory of the circulation of the blood. Argoli's exposition actually is a summary of Jan de Wale's (Walaeus, 1604-1649) first Epistola de motu sanguinis, republished at Padua, just a year prior to the Pandosion, as an appendix to the fourth edition of De motu cordis of William Harvey. Argoli cites a hitherto unknown very expert anatomist at Padua, John George Verden, who carried out experiments at Padua designed to measure the volume of arterial blood emitted from each contraction of the left ventricle in small and large dogs. It is now possible to identify Verden with Johann Georg Wirsung (1589-1643), from Augsburg, the discoverer of the main pancreatic duct by ligation of the chyliferous ducts.

Blood Circulation↗

PubMed1993

[Woman and race biology].

Early 20th century race biology takes a special interest in woman as part of the "intra-racial" project of bringing forth healthy and competitive individuals. But there are other motives as well for the race biologist to take an interest in woman. She is believed to develop fewer individual characteristics and is therefore a more typical representative of her race than man. The development level of the race is also presupposed to be discernible by the degree of "gender diformism": a race of higher standing would exhibit a greater difference between the sexes. The anthropologist, anatomist, gynaecologist--or whatever guise the race biologist may adopt-- will, in principle, stress that the relation between the sexes is not a matter of "more or less", but one of differences in kind. In reality, the "more-or-less of comparison is the very cornerstone of the issue. Quantitative differences, directly observed or obtained from statistics, are construed as signs of difference in kind. 18th century medical philosophy and sex-linked anthropology laid the theoretical foundation of the 19th century essentialist conception of woman, which is also that adopted by race biology. Eugenics of social Darwinist inspiration regarded prophylactic health care and social welfare programs with scepticism. A race biology founded on the man-woman dualism could sustain altogether different conclusions. An advanced culture calls for extensive division of labour. An extended childhood renders possible higher development but will also impose higher demands on woman. The protection of the female organism is thus an exigency for any people or race striving to survive and evolve. From society's care for the female organism health care for women and preventive maternity care will emerge. Race biology has been a preeminently German concern, as indicated by the selection of works taken to represent this perspective on woman: Bartels-Ploss' Das Weib, C.H. Stratz' Die Rassenschönheit des Weibes and Oskar Schultze's Das Weib: In anthropologischer und sozialer Betrachtung.

Eugenics↗

PubMed1994

[A harmonious and hierarchic order].

As is well known, biologists in Darwin's own life-time were sceptical to the mechanism he proposed as the driving force behind evolution. In this essay it is argued that one reason for this scepticism was the idealistic structure of 19th century thought. Scientists in the 19th century saw perfection as the ultimate goal for history, society and mankind. A concept of evolution that emphasized random selection of individuals was unacceptable as long as there were other theories that could support the scientist's idealism. It is argued that the embryological concept of evolution was such a theory. By studying evolution on the model of the stages of the embryo's growth to maturity, life's history on earth described an evolution with an ultimate goal. From the anatomist Anders Retzius (1796-1860) to the zoologist Vilhelm Leche (1850-1927) it is shown how different scientists in Sweden were studying this growth process and how their idealistic frame of mind made the embryological conception of evolution an acceptable alternative to the mechanical process described by Darwin.

Biological Evolution↗

PubMed1995

[A German physician in Paris: Wilhelm Behn (1808-1878). A report on a previously unpublished diary from 1834].

Recently discovered personal notes of the German physician Wilhelm Behn, anatomist and physiologist give impressions of his stay in Paris (1834) as a medical student. At that time this town was the "Mecca of world medicine" where the predominance of physical and natural sciences and the persistence of the spirit of Enlightenment stopped that of "Naturalphilosophie". Among Behn's many acquaintances we can note those of Dupuytren, Flourens, Poiseuille, the professors of the Museum, the lecturers at the Académie des Sciences, etc. Some of his remarks give a correction to a too stiff image of his masters. Nodier and Chevreul inspired him for his zoophysiological researches. A pleasant note is given by the evocation of contemporary Parisian life with its distractions such as theaters, horse-races and restaurants.

Faculty, Medical↗

PubMed2001

Andreas Vesalius--the reformer of anatomy.

This paper deals with two main topics. The first part provides data on the life of Andreas Vesalius, a scholar and anatomist of the 16th century, and describes the environment in which he lived and worked. It highlights his personality of a great doctor and teacher and points out the importance of his scientific methods and techniques as opposed to speculative methods that were prevalent in the scientific research in those days. The second part of the paper is devoted to the characteristics and description of his famous and, given the times he lived in, grand work called "De Humani Corporis Fabrica", which opened a new epoch in the history of anatomy. Andreas Vesalius is considered to be the founder of the science of anatomy which is based on observation and experience gained by using scalpel on dead bodies of humans. This is how he proved the then valid statements wrong. This complex view of life and work of Andreas Vesalius is aimed at highlighting the milestone which he represents in this traditional science of anatomy that has been conscientiously developed since the Classical times. (Fig. 4, Ref. 6.)

Anatomy↗

PubMed2001

[The great investigators of the ear anatomy].

There was presented the galaxy of famous anatomists which had investigated the structure of the ear and the temporal bone. There were shown the anatomical parts of the ear, which were named from the names of their discoverers.

Ear↗

PubMed2002

Molecular phenotyping of retinal ganglion cells.

Classifying all of the ganglion cells in the mammalian retina has long been a goal of anatomists, physiologists, and cell biologists. The rabbit retinal ganglion cell layer was phenotyped using intrinsic small molecule signals (aspartate, glutamate, glycine, glutamine, GABA, and taurine) and glutamate receptor-gated 1-amino-4-guanidobutane excitation signals as the clustering dimensions for formal classification. Intrinsic signals alone yielded 7 ganglion cell superclasses and 1 amacrine cell superclass; the addition of excitation signals ultimately resolved 14 natural ganglion cell classes and 3 amacrine cell classes. Ganglion cells comprise two-thirds to three-quarters of the cells in the ganglion cell layer and exhibited distinct metabolic, coupling, and excitation phenotypes, as well as characteristic sizes, population fractions, and patterns. Metabolic signatures (mixtures of glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, and GABA) chemically discriminated ganglion from amacrine cells. Coupling signatures reflected heterologous coupling states across ganglion cells: (1) uncoupled, (2) coupled to GABAergic amacrine cells, and (3) coupled to glycinergic amacrine cells. Excitation signatures reflected differential channel permeation rates across classes after AMPA activation. Extraction of unique size and patterning features from the data sets further validated the robustness of the classification. Because the classifications were explicitly blinded to structure, this is strong evidence that molecular phenotype classes are natural classes. Correspondences of molecular phenotype classes to functional classes were inferred from size, coupling, encounter, and physiological attributes. Ganglion cell classes display markedly different ionotropic drives, which may partly explain the physiological brisk-sluggish spectrum of ganglion cell spiking patterns.

Agmatine↗

PubMed2000

Eustachio and "Libellus de dentibus" the first book devoted to the structure and function of the teeth.

Bartolomeo Eustachio (1520-1574), a major anatomist and physician of the Italian Renaissance, made very significant contributions toward our knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the dentition, including the first descriptions of the structure of the dental pulp and of the periodontal membrane. His treatise on the teeth, "Libellus de Dentibus", published in 1563, has just been translated into English, and the remarkable descriptions of the dental pulp, the periodontal membrane, the development of both sets of teeth from dental follicles, the trigeminal nerve, and other oral structures have not been fully appreciated. We offer extensive translated material from his treatise to establish the unique insight that Eustachio had into the structure and function of the human dentition, based upon extensive dissections of both human and animal material. Eustachio also had very modern ideas concerning the treatment of periodontitis, including the curettage of granulation tissue to promote reattachment of the gingival tissue.

Anatomy, Artistic↗