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PubMedDate not supplied

Importance and applicability of approved clinical instructor standards and criteria to certified athletic trainers in different clinical education settings.

CONTEXT: For optimal clinical education of athletic training students, Clinical Instructor Educators and program directors need to proactively select, train, and evaluate their Approved Clinical Instructors (ACIs). OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative importance and applicability of ACI standards to certified athletic trainers employed in different athletic training clinical education settings. DESIGN: Respondents rated and ranked the importance and applicability of the 7 standards presented by Weidner and Henning. Crucial standards to warrant dropping an ACI from the clinical education program were also listed. SETTING: Mailed questionnaire. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 55 program directors invited their ACIs, representing different types of clinical settings, to complete the questionnaire. Of the 399 ACIs who responded, 30 (8%) worked in clinics, 50 (13%) in high schools, and 319 (79%) in colleges or universities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We compared the mean scores of the importance and applicability ratings and rankings by employment setting. Chi-square analyses were calculated to measure associations between employment settings and whether a standard was crucial. Respondents' comments were also assessed. RESULTS: No significant differences were noted among employment settings for overall importance and applicability ratings. A difference was seen for only interpersonal relationships, with clinic and high school respondents giving this standard higher importance and applicability ratings than college/university respondents. No associations were shown between the settings and whether a standard was marked as crucial. The importance of a standard and barriers to implementing a standard (particularly ACI role strain) were the most common themes. CONCLUSIONS: The Weidner and Henning standards are considered to be important and applicable across a variety of athletic training clinical education settings. Legal and ethical behavior was considered the most crucial standard. The ACIs seemed to be encountering role strain in their dual roles as clinicians and clinical instructors, a problem warranting further investigation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

[The design and implementation of a computer application for managing a register of patients diagnosed with genetic mental retardation].

INTRODUCTION: In order to conduct studies of mental retardation of a genetic origin over the GIRMOGEN network, a computerised register of cases needs to be set up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This register requires the implementation of a computer application consisting of a series of management programs together with the actual database. The aims of this work are: a) To analyse all the infrastructural, scientific and technical conditioning factors that allow the computer application and the databases associated to the register to be designed; b) To design all the elements that go to make up the application, namely, the application engine, consisting of all the programs responsible for providing all the operative capabilities, and the database for storing all the data structures with the variables related to the research; c) Implementing all the designs that are developed; and d) Drawing up the security protocols and work procedures involved in running the application. RESULTS: The result of all this process is the Girmogen-Pro software application, which includes all the capabilities needed to enable it to fulfil the scientific goals of the study. It includes the security measures required to comply with the current laws regarding the handling of files containing personal information. Furthermore, the data structures that will constitute the registers to be used in the study were also been built. CONCLUSIONS: This process does not end with the implementation of the designs, since an ongoing assessment process is also performed with the aim of optimising the data structures that contain the variables that go to make up the register, so as to ensure it fits the scientific objectives of the study as well as possible.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

The medical examination in United States immigration applications: the potential use of genetic testing leads to heightened privacy concerns.

The medical examination has been an integral part of the immigration application process since the passing of the Immigration Act of 1891. Failing the medical examination can result in denial of the application. Over the years the medical examination has been expanded to include questioning about diseases that are scientifically shown to be rooted in an individual's genetic makeup. Recent advances in the fields of genomics and bioinformatics are making accurate and precise screening for these conditions a reality. Government policymakers will soon be faced with decisions regarding whether or not to sanction the use of these newly-developed genetic tests in the immigration application procedure. The terror threat currently facing the United States may ultimately bolster the argument in favor of genetic testing and/or DNA collection of applicants. However, the possibility of a government mandate requiring genetic testing raises a host of ethical issues; including the threat of eugenics and privacy concerns. Genetic testing has the ability to uncover a wealth of sensitive medical information about an individual and currently there are no medical information privacy protections afforded to immigration applicants. This article examines the potential for genetic testing in the immigration application process and the ethical issues surrounding this testing. In particular, this article explores the existing framework of privacy protections afforded to individuals living in the United States and how this and newly-erected standards like those released by the Health and Human Services (HHS) might apply to individuals seeking to immigrate to the United States.

Blood Specimen Collection↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dental visits and professional fluoride applications for children 72 to 108 months old.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report patterns of dental visits and fluoride applications longitudinally during ages 7 to 9. METHODS: A cohort recruited at birth was followed in the Iowa Fluoride Study, with pretested questionnaires-sent to participants at 3- to 6-month intervals--concerning children having a dental (or dental hygiene) appointment or a fluoride application during the period. RESULTS: The percentages with dental visits were stable during these years (92%-93%), however, the percentages reporting fluoride applications increased from 68% (seventh year) to 74% (ninth year). Among children with complete data for 72 to 108 months of age, 99% visited the dentist and 84% received fluoride applications. Dental visits were significantly more frequent with a higher socioeconomic status, and fluoride applications were significantly more frequent in children with primary dentition caries experience. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of visits and fluoride applications during these years are stable, with most children having at least 1 visit per year.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed1991

[Comparative levels of amphotericin B in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue after cutaneous application of amphotericin ointment by phonophoresis and with preliminary treatment by dimethyl sulfoxide].

A comparative study of the amphotericin B contents in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue was performed on guinea pigs after local application of amphotericin ointment by phonophoresis and with preliminary treatment of the skin by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). When the amphotericin ointment was used in combination with ultrasound the content of amphotericin B in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue 1, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the application was much higher than that after the ointment local application without the ultrasonic treatment. When the amphotericin ointment was applied locally after the preliminary treatment with DMSO the maximum content of the antibiotic in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue was observed 3 hours after the application which was significantly higher than the content observed after the ointment application by phonophoresis and especially locally without the ultrasonic treatment. In 24, 48 and 72 hours the amphotericin B concentration in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue under any conditions lowered and in 24 hours had a tendency to level in the areas treated with ultrasound and DMSO. In 48 and 72 hours the highest concentrations of the antibiotic were in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue after the ointment application by phonophoresis.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1991

[The intracavity radiotherapy of cervical carcinoma with flexible applicators following the vesicovaginal interposition of the uterus].

Advantages of new flexible intracervical applicators treating cervical cancer with high dose rate afterloading brachytherapy are reported: The insertion of the flexible applicator is usually possible without anesthesia and dilation of the cervix. Therefore the treatment can be performed on an outpatient basis. The risks of perforation and infection are minimal. Dosimetry and documentation of the applicator geometry are possible, if the planning system allows the definition of individual curves of an individual applicator. We now prefer flexible applicators instead of rigid steel applicators treating cervix carcinoma.

Brachytherapy↗

PubMed1990

[Continuous application of morphine is more effective than a bolus administration in the postoperative analgesia and sedation of children].

In ventilated children the cardiorespiratory and metabolic reserve capacities can be extremely limited. Therefore, these children have low thresholds of tolerance for additional stress factors. One of the most obvious aims in the critical postoperative period after heart surgery in children is protection of the cardiorespiratory system against stress reactions. Pain and restlessness are such stress factors. The aim of this study was to identify the most effective form for the application of opiates for analgesia and sedation. The randomized study was performed in 12 ventilated normothermic children after intracardiac surgery. No child was catecholamine-dependent. The biometric and clinical data are shown in Table 1. After stabilization of cardiorespiratory functions in the early postoperative period, the effects on VO2 of morphine hydrochloride, infused continuously (group I, 0.5-1.0 microgram/kg per min), and morphine administered as bolus injections on demand (group II, 0.05 mg/kg) were compared. The mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, body temperatures and blood gases were measured during a 6-h period in the postoperative intensive care unit. During this time VO2 measurements were done continuously with the DELTATRAC Metabolic Monitor 100 (Datex). Mean values were calculated hourly (T1-T7). In addition, a scoring system according to recently published data was used hourly. Mean values and standard deviations (SD) were calculated and comparisons were carried out with paired two-tailed t-tests. Probability values below 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. The study was accepted by the ethical committee. The score used for postoperative pain showed no difference between the two treated groups. Nevertheless, in the course of VO2, shown in Fig. 1, a difference between groups was detected. During the first hour of the investigation, VO2 increased in both groups. Thereafter, VO2 was significantly lower under continuous morphine application than under bolus injections. VO2 decreased slowly under both regimes but remained significantly lower under continuous application. Continuous application of morphine was more effective in sparing VO2 than bolus injections in ventilated children after cardiac surgery. We conclude that continuous application of morphine represents stress prevention whereas bolus application of morphine is stress therapy. From the clinical point of view it is more effective to prevent than to treat pain and other stress factors in pediatric patients.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1989

[Theory and practice of the application of rubber dam].

The application of Kofferdam offers a series of advantages for patients and medical personnel which especially speak well for an application in the preserving stomatology. Among other things, these advantages are: protection from aspiration, protection from infections, provision of an aseptic working place, keeping the soft tissues away, which results in an improved sight and easy access. Moreover, the application of Kofferdam enables by absolute drainage a material application in nearly due form. Besides the description of the application of Kofferdam, the article comprises practice-related recommendations facilitating the application of technique.

Dentistry, Operative↗

PubMed1988

Multidisciplinary assessment of applicants for residential accommodation.

Fifty of 62 applicants for residential accommodation underwent assessment at a geriatric day hospital. Twenty-five were suitable, 11 were suitable following rehabilitation and 14 were unsuitable for placement in residential accommodation. Around 35% of all applicants were not assessed. Seventy-nine per cent of assessed applicants, without dementia, either were unsure of how their application had been initiated or did not understand the implications of a move to residential accommodation. Twenty-two per cent of all applicants assessed were taking four or more drugs. To maximise the use of residential accommodation, all applicants should be assessed to reduce inappropriate referrals.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Trials on focal molluscicide application in larger irrigation canals and lakes in Mali.

Schistosomiasis transmission in some irrigation schemes in Mali, appears to be very focal, and mainly occurs in human water contact sites close to villages. On this background, a strategy of focal snail control based on application of molluscicide to such sites only, was to be implemented in these areas. However, transmission often occurs in larger canals and lakes, and in these habitats focal snail control is obviously very difficult. This paper deals with experiments carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of focal application of 70% Bayluscide wettable powder in such habitats. Bayluscide was applied in two different ways depending on snail distribution within the sites. When snails were found in marginal vegetation, 2-3 ppm was applied along the shore (to various distances from the shore) from 10-40 m upstream from the water contact sites to 10 m downstream. In case snails were found in low submerged vegetation, which was very common in these habitats, the chemical was applied at 2-4 g (a.i.)/m2 directly between the plants. The results indicate that a satisfactory snail-kill can be achieved in the target area by this method of Bayluscide application. However, the method requires a thorough surveillance for snails and due supervision of the application. The time spacing of applications should probably be 4-6 weeks, but special situations may necessitate more frequent applications.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[Pain relief in vein puncture. Application time and effectiveness of lidocaine-prilocaine-cream].

A 5% lidocaine-prilocaine local anaesthetic cream, EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anaesthetics), has proved to be an effective remedy for alleviation of venipuncture pain when applied to intact skin for 60 min. A shorter application time would improve the usefulness in unscheduled cases. This study was designed to evaluate the analgetic effect with shorter application times, and possible adverse reactions. EMLA and placebo were compared in a double-blind, randomized study in 110 children aged 4-16 years with application times of 20 min and longer. Application area was the antecubital fossa and the patients were not premedicated. A regression analysis showed no correlation between analgetic effect and application time. Pain scores after treatment with EMLA were statistically significantly lower than after placebo treatment (z = 5.77, p less than 0.001) irrespective of application time. Local adverse reactions consisted of transient paleness or redness of the skin, which did not constitute any clinical problem.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

[Hysterography with afterloading-applicator in place. A simple method for improving the treatment planning of uterine cancer].

Anatomical configurations often are an obstacle to a convenient dose-distribution in intracavitary afterloading irradiation. Multiple applicators (splay applicators, twin applicators) cannot be introduced in all cases because of the necessary cervix dilatation. In several cases can be demonstrated, that a defined intracavitary irradiation is possible only by hysterographic control of the intrauterine position of the applicator. By this control generally a mono-applicator is sufficient, which can be placed according the anatomy of the uterine cavity in each session. For this purpose a simple hysterographic method with applicator in position is demonstrated, which requires only few additional effort during intracavitary irradiation.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

The application and interviewing process for surgical house officership.

The application and interviewing procedure for surgical house officership is an important process to both the medical student and the clinical department. Up-to-date, informative, and honest appraisals of the training programs under evaluation must be obtained. A survey was undertaken to compare and contrast students' and surgical department members' perceptions of nationwide surgical residency application procedures. It is concluded from this sampling that the majority of medical students applying to university-sponsored surgical training programs and the training institutions themselves generally are satisfied with the present application and interviewing experience. Certain areas in need of reform were elucidated, and the following recommendations are offered to aid in the development of a more effective process: (1) if possible, the descriptive information brochure should be updated on a yearly basis and must be comprehensive in scope; (2) when "en masse" interviewing is conducted, it should be held on a number of dates during the year, not just one, and a limited time for "walk-in" interviews should be allowed; (3) an opportunity should be available for the spouse or fiance'(e) to accompany the applicant; (4) an interviewer should prepare for an interview by having read the applicant's file beforehand; and (5) the interviewing schedule should be arranged so that the applicant is able to meet either the department chairperson and/or program director.

General Surgery↗

PubMed1984

Development of an objective rating system for residency applications.

A method was developed to include the opinions of all full-time surgical faculty in reproducible ratings of surgical residency applications according to five attributes: knowledge, judgment, technical skills, work habits, and interpersonal skills. Criteria for classifying each attribute on a scale of five intervals from deans' letters, recommendations, and interviews were developed and used to describe 25 theoretic applications. The applications were rated by each of 14 faculty members on a scale of 1 to 100. The value for each interval of each attribute was determined by conjoint measurement and verified with a second set of theoretic applications. The variation in the second set from faculty opinion was less than 1% (r2 greater than 0.99). The 56 applications for the four positions in our 5-year surgical training program were stripped of identifying information and rated objectively according to the criteria for classification and the values generated. The objective ratings correlated significantly (p less than 0.001) with the interview ratings of seven of the eight faculty interviewers. Variation of the objective ratings from the consensus of all full-time faculty was less than 1% (r2 greater than 0.99). Variation between the actual rank submitted to the National Resident Matching Program and that from the objective rating system was less than 1% (r2 greater than 0.99). As a result of our experience, we will be using this reproducible rating system for the preliminary ranking of our applicants next year.

Educational Measurement↗

PubMed1982

Review of computer applications in institutional pharmacy--1975-1981.

A literature review of computer applications in institutional pharmacy, covering papers published from 1975 to 1981, is presented. Articles are categorized as computer concepts, applications to administrative functions, controlled substances, drug distribution systems (including on-line and off-line services, intravenous admixture services, and ambulatory services), drug information, clinical services (including drug-use review, drug interactions and therapeutic incompatibility surveillance, and pharmacokinetics), and pharmacy-related applications developed by nonpharmacists. Before 1975, computer applications in institutional pharmacy reported in the literature were largely single-use applications. After 1975, many reports described the integration of individual applications into sophisticated systems that supported many functions. There is still a need for good cost justification studies of computerization in pharmacy.

Computers↗

PubMed1980

NLM's Medical Library Resource Improvement Grant for Consortia Development: a proposed outline to simplify the application process.

The National Library of Medicine's Resource Improvement Grant for Consortia is available to assist with developing hospital library consortia, and to support the development of basic healthy information collections. In an effort to simplify the grant application process, this paper presents suggestions for writing the narrative section of the first budget-period application, using the outline in NLM's Application Instructions for Consortium Applicants. Suggestions for writing the narratives of the second budget-period application and the collection development application are also included.

Financing, Government↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A diurnal variation in the tumorigenic response of mouse epidermis to a single application of the strong short-acting chemical carcinogen methylnitrosourea. A dose-response study of 1, 2 and 10 mg.

A total of 670 hairless mice (hr/hr Oslo strain, 50% females) were exposed to a single topical application of two doses of MNU dissolved in 100 microliters reagent grade acetone in order to study whether there really is a diurnal variation in the sensitivity of epidermal cells to the short-acting alkylating carcinogen methylnitrosourea (MNU). Three hundred and fifty-one mice were exposed in groups to a single application of 1 mg MNU at either 04:00, 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00 or 24:00 Central European time. A number of 287 mice were exposed in three groups to single application of 2 mg MNU at 8:00, 12:00 or 20:00. To look at the dose-response relationship we also treated an additional group of 32 mice with 10 mg MNU at 12:00. The mice were kept in plastic cages located in the same room in an animal department with controlled temperature, air flow, humidity and a constant light/darkness rhythm (07:30 - 19:30). The development of all types of skin tumors was observed and the results presented as tumor rates (percentage of tumor-bearing animals in relation to the number of animals alive a appearance of the first tumor related to time), and tumor yields (the cumulative occurrence of all skin tumors standardized for comparison of groups of 32 mice related to time). Most animals were examined once a week for 54 weeks, but those to which 10 mg MNU was applied were observed for only 34 weeks. Modern, well accepted statistical methods were used to analyse the significance of differences between the results. A diurnal variation in tumor production after a single application of 1 mg MNU was demonstrated with a relatively high tumor crop after application in the period from 24:00 to a peak at 08:00, and a lower crop at 12:00 to 20:00 with a trough at 16:00. When 2 mg MNU was applied, there was definitely a low tumor production after application at 12:00 compared to the two other times. There was a good and almost straight-line dose-response relationship after 1, 2 and 10 mg MNU. The results give a strong support to the hypothesis that there is a diurnal variation in the sensitivity of epidermal cells to the short-acting alkylating carcinogen MNU.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adenoma↗

PubMed1994

Psychological evaluation of Japanese astronaut applicants.

In 1991, a new psychological selection procedure was employed during the selection of Japanese Space Station astronauts. It was based on international selection criteria developed by an international psychological/psychiatric working group. A total of 372 individuals--fewer than expected--submitted applications for Space Station astronaut in Japan. Of the applicants, 233 were given several psychological written tests [Anxiety Scale, Performance Test, General Aptitude Test Battery, and Environmental Adjustment Test Battery (EATB)] in Phase I of the selection. Forty-five applicants went on to take the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), Human Assessment Method (a group test), a semi-structured psychological interview and an intelligence test in Phase II of the selection. All applicants were found to be highly intelligent. Interestingly, an unexpectedly large number of candidates were disqualified by the newly developed EATB. Assessment of individual functioning in a group (the Human Assessment Method) resulted in no applicant being ranked in either the "qualified with reservation" (QR) or "disqualified" (DQ) category. Much has been learned from this initial application of psychological "select-in" testing, but further efforts are needed to improve both psychological criteria and evaluation methods and to determine their reliability and validity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗