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PubMed2002

Dopamine transporter polymorphism associated with externalizing behavior problems in children.

Early childhood externalizing behavior is a stable and heritable pattern of aggressive and delinquent behavior that often leads to the development of serious psychiatric disorders such as conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We examined the relationship between parent reported externalizing behavior (assessed at ages 4, 7, and 9 years) and the VNTR polymorphism of the 3' untranslated region of SLC6A3 (DAT1) in a community sample of 790 children ascertained as part of our longitudinal twin and adoption studies. We applied the sibling-based methodology developed by Fulker et al. [1999: Am J Hum Genet 64:259-267] for estimating allelic association with quantitative traits, while controlling for population stratification. An extension of these methods allowed for the inclusion of monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, siblings, and singletons. We have demonstrated that the 9-repeat variant of the DAT1 is a significant risk allele for externalizing behavior at ages 4 (P=0.001) and 7 years (P=0.02). Although the effect size was negligible at age 9 (P=0.92), a formal test of the developmental decrease in effect across the three ages was non-significant (P=0.70).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Prediction of externalizing behavior problems from early to middle childhood: the role of parental socialization and emotion expression.

Parental emotions and behaviors that contribute to continuity and change in preschool children's externalizing problems were examined. Mothers and fathers were observed interacting with their children, and child-rearing styles were reported. Teachers, mothers, and children reported children's antisocial, oppositional behavior. Externalizing problems showed strong continuity 2 and 4 years later. Proactive parenting (i.e., supportive presence, clear instruction, and limit setting) predicted fewer behavior problems over time, after controlling for initial problems; the converse was true for parental anger. In contrast, the hypothesized ameliorative contribution of parents' positive emotion was not found. Parental contributions were most influential for children whose initial problems were in the clinical range. In particular, parental anger predicted continuation of problems over time. Paternal, as well as maternal, influences were identified. Examination of parental emotions and inclusion of fathers is important to research and intervention with young antisocial children.

Affect↗
PubMed1994

Self-reporting of behavior problems in patients with tic disorders.

Self-awareness of behavioral or emotional problems was examined in 25 children and adolescents with tic disorders by comparing the Youth, Parent, and Teacher forms of the Child Behavior Checklist. In general, their parents reported a significant number of deviant behaviors which were denied by the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Common behavioral problems in infants and children.

Primary care physicians can serve as important sources of behavioral information to patients of infants, toddlers, school-aged children, and adolescents. Behavior results from a blend of biologic qualities, such as gender and temperament, and social experiences, such as attachment and family experiences. Common problems include disorders of sleep, crying, feeding and diet, discipline and sexuality, aggression and biting, toilet training, and school avoidance. Family physicians should be aware of the management of behavioral problems and provide anticipatory or responsive guidance or reference information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

The home point system: token reinforcement procedures for application by parents of children with behavior problems.

Parent-child problems within the home are frequently reported to be instances in which children refuse to help with household chores, bicker among themselves, or engage in verbally inappropriate behavior toward their parents. The present study investigated the effects of a token reinforcement program administered by the parents in ameliorating these problems. Two sets of parents, with a total of five children between the ages of 5 and 10 yr, were taught to administer a token economy within their homes. The parents received instruction in specifying desired social and chore behaviors, communicated these behavioral goals to their children, recorded data on their occurrence, and managed a point system backed with reinforcers normally found in the home. The token reinforcement program was shown to have successfully modified 15 problem behaviors in Family 1 and six in Family 2. In addition, the parents rated all 21 behavior changes as significant improvements. These studies indicated that some cooperative parents need only a small amount of professional help to learn to manage their children's behavior problems with token reinforcement procedures.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Abusive parents' perceptions of child problem behaviors: an example of parental bias.

The behavior of children in 21 child abusive and 21 nonabusive matched comparison families were compared using home observations performed by professional independent observers and parental report measures (Becker Bipolar Adjective Checklist, Child Behavior Checklist, Parent Daily Report). Parental report measures of child conduct problems differed significantly between the two groups, independent observations showed few significant differences in rates of either child or parental behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of the validity of parental perceptions and reports of child problem behaviors, the informativeness of differing reports for diagnosis and clinical treatment, and the need to gather corroboration across various sources and settings before clinical decisions are made that may irrevocably alter a child's future development.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Behavior problems and personality aspects of 40 children with velo-cardio-facial syndrome.

Data are collected with the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL) as well as with the Teacher Report Form (TRF) of 40 VCFS children between 4 and 18 years of age. Half of the group shows very high problem scores in the "clinical" range. The average T-score of the VCFS children as a group are over 60 (one standard deviation above the mean) for the "total problem score" and the "internalising score". The highest scores with the subscales are found with "withdrawn" and "social problems". But also "thought problems" and "attention problems" score over 60. The VCFS children show more behavior problems and personality problems than the matched control children with a craniofacial anomaly. The differences are highly statistically significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Marital discord and child behavior problems in a nonclinic sample.

Mothers' evaluations of their marital relationship and of their children's behavior at home and teachers' ratings of the children's behavior in school were obtained using well-established measures. While an association was found between ratings of marital discord and children's problematic behavior, the relation was a fairly weak one. The present findings are discussed in comparison to the results of other research that has relied upon clinic samples and nonindependent ratings in examining the relation between marital and child problems. In general, it appears that different methodological procedures lead to quite different conclusions about the strength of the association between interparental conflict and child behavior problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Childhood behavior problems.

Educating parents about normal, age-appropriate behavior in their children, teaching them basic behavioral techniques (such as the time-out and positive-reward systems) and giving them specific suggestions for intervention can increase parental confidence and decrease anxiety. Anticipating problems before they develop can help parents prevent inappropriate behavior patterns from developing in their children and may decrease abusive behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Preschool behavior problems and subsequent risk of injury.

The hospital records of 951 children from a previously established birth cohort for which behavioral and extensive background information was available were checked for 3 years following the fifth birthday of the youngest child. The aim was to determine whether children with certain specific behavior disorders had a higher rate of injury than those without. Although the predicted relationships between overactive behavior, decreased concentration, and injury rate were not found, the hypothesis of an increased risk of injury for boys and for children with discipline problems was confirmed. Also, the association between male sex and injury remained after controlling for the behavior variables related to injury. In general, some support was found for the suggestion of increased risk of injury among children who have specific behavior problems, although, contrary to widespread belief, this relationship accounts for only a small percentage of the injuries found in the cohort. Moreover, the relationship is modified by maternal characteristics and by the sex of the child. Unexpectedly, encopresis and marked fears were found to be risk factors for injury, although these effects were relatively small.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗