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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The Italian external quality assessment scheme for trace element analysis in body fluids.

We describe the operative procedures of the Italian external quality assessment scheme (EQAS) for the determination of trace elements in body fluids. The aims of the scheme are both the education of participants and the continuous development and optimization of procedures for collaborative EQA trials. Participation is free of charge. Interlaboratory exercises for EQA are organised every three or four months for the determination of cadmium and lead in blood; aluminium, copper, selenium and zinc in serum; chromium and nickel in urine. Freeze-dried control materials are prepared in the laboratory from animal blood or human urine. In each trial, each participant receives from six to eight samples, chosen from among the pools selected for that occasion using a randomised strategy and including unknown duplicate specimens. Laboratory performances are evaluated on the basis of proximity to target values, differences in results for duplicate samples and comparison with established acceptability limits. The development of dedicated software for the bidirectional transmission of data between the organising centre and the peripheral laboratory gives the participants the chance to verify immediately the quality of their results and take action without delay, if needed.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1988

[A review of the literature on the concentration of arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury in body fluids and tissues for the localization of normal values and the detection of body burden. 2. Cadmium].

The 2nd of 4 communications on metal concentrations in human body media deals with cadmium. Publications obtained from a comprehensive data bank search from January 1980 to April 1984 are listed in tables; study groups have been assigned to the following categories: normal; exposed; and exposed, exhibiting adverse health effects. Quality and strength of evidence of analytical procedures and reported data are discussed, particularly in light of adverse health effects. General methods and individual analytical procedures were presented in the 1st communication, a summary of mean exposure levels, critically elevated levels, and references will be published in the 4th communication.

Body Burden↗
PubMed2000

A fatal case of chlorate poisoning: confirmation by ion chromatography of body fluids.

A 49-year-old male chemical industry worker was admitted to intensive care with a 24-hour history of respiratory failure, vomiting, headache, stupor, arterial hypotension, and cyanosed face and limbs. He had acute haemolysis (3.9 g/L plasma haemoglobin concentration) and 30% methaemoglobinaemia. Whereas the search for alcohol, barbiturates and opiates was negative, benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants were present. The patient was in fact being treated with fluvoxamine, amitryptiline, and alprazolam. As the clinical and biological signs suggested chlorate poisoning, chlorate was looked for by using an aniline color reaction. It was found in gastric content and urine. Treatment consisted in mechanical ventilation, vasoactive amines, methylene blue, plasma exchange, exchange transfusion, and haemodialysis. Despite this, the patient had several cardiac arrests and refractory metabolic acidosis. He died 12 h after his admission. Specific ion chromatography was used afterhand to assay the chlorate in various body fluids. The technique was based on a separation on an ion exchange Dionex AS 12A column coupled with conductivity detection. A quantitative estimation was carried out by using external calibration with a four-point calibration curve which was linear between 1 and 15 mg/L. The measured plasma levels of chlorate were 78 and 29 mg/L respectively before and after exchange transfusion. Gastric-lavage liquid contained 1300 mg/L of chlorate and urine 4300 mg/L. Ion chromatography, which is routinely used in environmental studies helped to confirm a massive oral intake of chlorate by measuring the corresponding blood and urine chlorate concentrations, data which had only rarely been reported previously.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1994

Paradoxes of body fluid volume regulation in health and disease. A unifying hypothesis.

The body's normal homeostasis is maintained by the integrity of the excretory capacity of the kidneys. In advanced cardiac failure, however, the avidity of the renal sodium and water retention contributes to the occurrence of pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema. In patients with advanced cirrhosis, the kidneys again fail to excrete the amounts of sodium and water ingested, thus leading to ascites and peripheral edema. The signals for this renal retention of sodium and water in a patient with cirrhosis must be extrarenal because when the same kidneys are transplanted into persons with normal liver function, renal sodium and water retention no longer occurs; rather, the kidneys maintain normal fluid and electrolyte balance. Excessive sodium and water retention by the kidneys also occurs during pregnancy despite a 30% to 50% increase in plasma volume, cardiac output, and glomerular filtration rate. What are the afferent and efferent signals whereby normal kidneys retain sodium and water so that total extracellular, interstitial, and intravascular volumes expand far beyond those limits observed in normal subjects? These dilemmas are the subject of this review, in which a "unifying hypothesis of body fluid volume regulation" is presented.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed2004

Novel chemiluminescence-inducing cocktails, part II: measurement of the anti-oxidant capacity of vitamins, thiols, body fluids, alcoholic beverages and edible oils.

Using two luminescence-inducing cocktails, two distinct patterns of inhibition of light by different anti-oxidants have been identified, comprising Group A, in which a complete inhibition of light emission which is then followed by re-emergence of light, forming apparent S-shaped curves or similar shapes. This light pattern is induced by the "classical" anti-oxidants, ascorbate, vitamin E, uric acid, thiols, deferoxamine, as well as by anti-oxidant agents present in plasma, saliva, urine and in extracts derived from black coffee, and Group B, in which a gradually emerging "mound"-shaped pattern of light was seen with extracts from the Tibetan plant mixture PADMA-28, elderberry (Sambucol), grape seeds, green and black teas, apple, parsimony, red wines, edible oils and SOD. While the results with the Group A agents point to the presence of probably a single, major, anti-oxidants relatively sensitive to oxidation, Group B agents probably include a mixture of anti-oxidants which are more resistant to oxidation. It was also shown that agents from Group B could protect agents from Group A against consumption by the oxidants generated by the cocktails. It is proposed that these simple to use cocktails which probably generate a multiplicity of oxidants mimicking those generated by activated phagocytes, can rapidly assess the total anti-oxidant capacities (TAOC) in body fluids derived from patients suffering of excessive oxidative stress. Also, this technique may be useful in determining the content of dietary anti-oxidants recommended as supplements to enhance the resistance against excessive oxidation of lipids.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed1977

A sensitive method for gas-chromatographic assay of barbiturates in body fluids.

The Authors present a gas-chromatographic method which allows for the rapid identification and assay of barbiturates and antiepileptics in body fluids. The Kupferberger procedure for extraction is used. The identification is obtained on two different columns: 10% Dexil 300 GC on Chromosorb W-HP and 3% OV 17 on Chromosorb G AW-DMCS (80-100 mesh). A considerable and interesting reduction of the barbiturates adsorption in the columns is obtained by preliminary conditioning with tetraethylorthosilicate. In this way, phenobarbital and cyclobarbital may also be assayed up to 1 microgram/ml in blood. For the simultaneous assay of therapeutic levels of phenobarbital and hydrantoins methylderivates are better employed: blood concentrations as low as 0.1 microgram/ml are easily detected.

Barbiturates↗
PubMed1989

Purification of dolabellanin-C an antineoplastic glycoprotein in the body fluid of a sea hare, Dolabella auricularia.

An antineoplastic factor, dolabellanin C, inducing tumor lysis was purified to apparent homogeneity from the body fluid of the sea hare Dollabella auricularia. Purified dolabellanin C is a glyco-protein of 215 K daltons containing 3 subunits of 70 K daltons. The amino acid sequence of the amino terminal region was also determined. This factor was active even at 0.38 ng protein/ml, but did not lyse normal white or red blood cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Determination of amoxicillin in body fluids by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with a post-column derivatization procedure.

Quantitative methods for determination of amoxicillin in body fluids are described. They comprise separation by reversed-phase chromatography (LiChrosorb RP-8, 5 micron) of the aqueous supernatants obtained from plasma or urine after purification steps involving protein precipitation followed by extraction in the case of plasma, or a double extraction procedure in the case of urine, post-column derivatization with air segmentation, and finally measurement of the UV absorbance at 310 nm. The derivatization involves formation of the mercuric mercaptide of penicillenic acid and is specific for compounds with an intact penicillanic acid ring system. Detection limits achieved on injecting 200 microliter of plasma and 20 microliter of urine are about 25 ng/ml and 200 ng/ml, respectively, but it is possible to improve the sensitivity further by injecting larger volumes. Precisions (srel) obtained for determination of 0.10 and 0.45 migrogram/ml in plasma were 3.72 and 1.40%, respectively. Some problems regarding column stability originating from the injection of biological samples are discussed.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1990

Developing a formal policy for the management of blood and body fluids in an outpatient setting.

"Is it necessary for the average outpatient facility to develop a formal policy for handling blood and body fluids?" is a question medical group administrators have come face-to-face with over the past several years. It became clear to the author of this case study that something had to be done to ensure the safety of both his organization's employees and the patients they cared for.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1999

Effects of acute hypobaric hypoxia on the appearance of ingested deuterium from a deuterium oxide-labelled carbohydrate beverage in body fluids of humans during prolonged cycling exercise.

To determine whether or not acute hypobaric hypoxia alters the rate of water absorption from a carbohydrate beverage ingested during exercise, six men cycled for 80 min on three randomly assigned different occasions. In one trial, exercise was performed in hypoxia (barometric pressure, P(B) = 594 hPa, altitude 4,400 m) at an exercise intensity selected to elicit 75% of the individual's maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) previously determined in such conditions. In the two other experiments, the subjects cycled in normoxia (P(B) = 992 hPa) at the same absolute and the same relative intensities as in hypoxia, which corresponded to 55% and 75%, respectively, of their VO2max determined in normoxia. The subjects consumed 400 ml of a 12.5% glucose beverage just prior to exercise, and 250 ml of the same drink at 20, 40 and 60 min from the beginning of exercise. The first drink contained 20 ml of deuterium oxide to serve as a tracer for the entry of water into body fluids. The heart rate (HR) during exercise was higher in hypoxia than in normoxia at the same absolute exercise intensity, whereas it was similar to HR measured in normoxia at the same relative exercise intensity. Both in normoxia and hypoxia, plasma noradrenaline concentrations were related to the relative exercise intensity up to 40 min of exercise. Beyond that duration, when exercise was performed at the highest absolute power in normoxia, the noradrenaline response was higher than in hypoxia at the same relative exercise intensity. No significant differences were observed among experimental conditions, either in temporal profiles of plasma D accumulation or in elimination of water ingested in sweat. Conversely, elimination in urine of the water ingested appeared to be related to the severity of exercise, either high absolute power or the same relative power combined with hypoxia. We concluded that water absorption into blood after drinking a 12.5% glucose beverage is not altered during cycling exercise in acute hypobaric hypoxia. It is suggested that the elimination of water ingested in sweat and urine may be dependent on local circulatory adjustments during exercise.

Absorption↗
PubMed2001

Capillary electrophoretic separation, immunochemical recognition and analysis of the diastereomers quinine and quinidine and two quinidine metabolites in body fluids.

The capillary electrophoretic separation and immunochemical recognition of the two naturally fluorescing, cationic diastereomers quinine (QN) and quinidine (QD), their hydroderivatives and two major QD metabolites (3-hydroxyquinidine and quinidine-N-oxide) was investigated. Plain aqueous phosphate buffers and an alkaline buffer containing dodecyl sulfate micelles are shown to be incapable of resolving the two diastereomers. However, incorporation of an additional chemical equilibrium (with beta-cyclodextrin) in the case of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and the presence of a small amount of an organic solvent as buffer modifier (2-propanol) in dodecyl sulfate based micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC), were found to provide separation media which lead to complete resolution of QN, QD and the other compounds of interest. Furthermore, for MECC- and CZE-based immunoassay formats, a commercially available antibody against QD was found to be a perfect discriminator between QD and QN. It was determined to recognize QD and the two QD metabolites (cross reactivity of 20--30%) but not QN. MECC and CZE with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection are shown to be suitable to determine QD and metabolites in urine and plasma (quinidine-N-oxide only) collected after single dose intake of 50 mg QD sulfate and of QN in urine, saliva and serum samples that were collected after self-administration of 0.5 l of quinine water (25 mg of QN). With direct injection of a body fluid, MECC with LIF was found to provide 10 ng/ml detection limits for QD and QN. This ppb sensitivity is comparable to that obtained in HPLC assays that are based upon drug extraction. Furthermore, MECC and CZE assays with UV detection are shown to provide the ppm sensitivity required for therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical toxicology of QD and QN.

Body Fluids↗