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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

Infection-induced protection against Haemonchus contortus in merino and manchego sheep. Relationship to serum antibody response.

Resistance to primary and secondary infections with Haemonchus contortus was studied in 10-month-old Manchego and Merino sheep. No notable interbreed differences were observed after primary infections in the parameters determined (prepatency period, faecal egg output, abomasal worm burden). Previously infected sheep (200 L-3/kg live weight (lw)) from both breeds showed notable protection after challenge (400 L-3/kg lw), evidenced by lower eggs/g faeces (epg) values and worm burdens. A protective response in the Manchego breed was associated with arrested development of fourth stage larvae in the abomasal mucosa, whereas in the Merino breed a more rapid expulsion mechanism seems to be involved. Serum antibody levels (IgG, IgA) were infective dose-dependent and protection from re-infection was not clearly related to the parasite-specific IgG response estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting.

Abomasum↗

PubMed1994

The effect of breed on the relationship between feed composition and the efficiency of protein utilization in pigs.

The objective of the present experiment was to test whether the relationship between feed composition and the efficiency of protein utilization in pigs was different between two very different breeds. Forty-eight entire male pigs, half Large White x Landrace (LW x) and half Chinese Meishan (CM), were assigned at 13 kg live weight either to an initial slaughter group or to one of six feeding treatments for 6 weeks. The two feeds used were starch, with 12.52 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 0 kg digestible crude protein (DCP)/kg, and a high-protein feed, with 11.95 MJ ME and 0.362 kg DCP/kg. In the first week the LW x pigs were given 400 g high-protein feed/d with 0, 100, 200 or 300 g starch/d, or 200 g high-protein feed/d with 400 or 500 g starch/d. The six diets had ME:DCP ratios of between 33 and 119 MJ/kg. The diet compositions were held constant within each of the six treatments but the allowances were increased weekly on time-based linear scales to be 2.25 as great in week six as in week one. The allowances for the CM pigs were 0.75 of those for the LW x. The calculated efficiency of protein utilization, ep, was found to be directly proportional, up to a maximum value, to the ME:DCP ratio of the diet for both breeds, as found previously for LW x male and female pigs. The overall constant of proportionality was ep = 0.0108 (SE 0.00024) ME:DCP, the value of which did not differ significantly between the two breeds. The maximum observed ep values were 0.710 (SE 0.014) and 0.824 (SE 0.016) for the LW x and CM pigs respectively. It is likely that the lower maximum value for the LW x pigs was an experimental artefact due to increased feed spillage by these pigs on the two highest starch allowances used. In previous experiments the maximum value of ep was found to be 0.813 for LW x pigs, a value similar to that found here for the CM pigs. The results are consistent with the view that the two very different pig breeds have the same net efficiency in using protein and use the same rules for partitioning a scarce resource such as energy.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2005

Single, transcervical insemination using frozen-thawed semen in the Greyhound: a case series study.

Transcervical insemination (TCI) has generated recent interest as an assisted reproductive technique in the dog. A case series study was performed to determine if TCI using frozen-thawed semen was a viable technique to offer in a general veterinary practice setting. Over a period exceeding 28 months, 137 Greyhound bitches were presented for assisted breeding. A single, timed insemination using a rigid cystoscope to aid in transcervical deposition of a frozen-thawed semen dose was given within 72 h after the behaviorally estrual bitch had a > 4 ng/mL serum progesterone concentration and estrus-categorized vaginal cytology. Litter size, pregnancy and whelping rate were collected; their association to semen center and stud dog were quantified. Of the 137 bitches, 117 were bred for one cycle and 20 were bred for two or more cycles, giving a total of 161 single, timed inseminations. Pregnancy rate was 89.4%, with 141 (87.5%) whelping. Litter size was 6.9+/-2.7 (mean+/-S.D.) pups. Semen center (P=0.84) and stud (P=0.79) had no effect on pregnancy. These results were quite favorable when compared to prior TCI studies, and are possibly due to the use of a single breed (i.e., Greyhound) with good fertility. This study supported the application of TCI, in Greyhounds, as a successful and viable service to offer in private practice. Additionally, these results have value in their use for benchmarking future breed-specific and TCI research. Serendipitously, the apparent fecundity results obtained in this observational study suggests a possible greater appreciation be given to breed composition and choice in assisted reproductive technique studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Cardiovascular response to acute hypoxia in double-muscled calves.

Hypoxic-induced pulmonary hypertension is known to be intensive in the bovine species and sometimes leads to pathological cardiac repercussions. On the other hand, doubled-muscled cattle are predisposed to develop hypoxaemia during exercise and with respiratory diseases. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular response to acute hypoxia in double-muscled calves compared with calves of standard conformation. Pulmonary arterial pressure, electrocardiogram and blood temperature were simultaneously recorded, arterial blood was sampled for blood gas analysis and cardiac output was determined in six Friesian calves and six double-muscled calves of the Belgian White and Blue breed(BWB) when breathing air (fractional inspiratory oxygen concentration [FIO2]: 21 per cent) and when breathing a hypoxic gas mixture (FIO2: 10 per cent). All the absolute values of the measured parameters were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.001) different between the two breeds, except heart rate and arterial blood gas values. The pattern of hypoxic-induced decrease in arterial PO2 was similar in the two breeds of calves, suggesting that the pulmonary exchange capacities during hypoxia are no less efficient in double-muscled calves than in calves of standard conformation. Similarly, the percentage of variation of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure from its normoxic to its hypoxic value was the same in the two breeds of calves, suggesting that double-muscled calves are not predisposed to develop a more precocious or more intense pulmonary hypertension for a given level of hypoxaemia. The significantly smaller normoxic and hypoxic cardiac index and stroke index found in BWB compared with Friesian calves was interpreted as a less efficient cardiac function in double-muscled subjects.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1997

Estimation of liveweight from chest girth in pure and crossbred west African goats.

Linear and geometric regression equations were used to estimate liveweight from chest girth in 78 West African Dwarf and 73 Sahel x West African Dwarf goats. The coefficients of determination (R2) ranged from 0.87 to 0.92 and 0.97 to 0.99 for linear and geometric equations respectively. There were no significant breed or sex differences in the R2 values of the equations. The geometric equations estimated liveweight with a high degree of reliability regardless of girth size whilst the linear equations yielded very low and frequently negative liveweight estimates where girth measurements were below 30 centimetres.

Africa, Western↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Antidiuretic hormone release in the bovine: values at rest, and evidence for sex differences under stressful conditions including severe hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates antidiuretic hormone (ADH) plasma concentration in bulls and heifers at rest, after transportation stress, trauma and massive hyper-acute hemorrhage at slaughter, with special attention to differences between sexes. We also quantified ADH concentration in the ADH-producing hypothalamic area. SETTING AND DESIGN: The study was carried out on animals at the abattoir, exploiting the routinely procedure of slaughtering to obtain the experimental stressful conditions. The control group was represented by a group of animals matched for breed, age and gender. RESULTS: ADH plasma values suggest that transportation stress has little or no effect in heifers in contrast to bulls. In both sexes ADH release increases after open head trauma due to stunning prior to slaughter. Hemorrhagic hyper-acute stress caused by bleeding induces a rapid hundredfold rise of ADH plasma concentration that becomes diergic (physiologically different between sexes), with males showing far higher values. Females show a higher ADH concentration in the hypothalamus. MAIN FINDING: This study points out a difference in ADH output between bulls and heifers under conditions of severe hemorrhagic stress, as produced by severing of the neck vessels at slaughtering. CONCLUSION: Extreme stress unmasks endocrine differences in bovine ADH release that may be relevant only during specific circumstances, such as fighting.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Cross-sectional studies of ultimate pH in lambs.

The ultimate pH of the longissimus muscle was measured in 1536 lambs routinely slaughtered at a meat export works in the southern part of the North Island during the 1981/82 season. The mean ultimate pH of all samples was 5.60, and 7.2 percent of the carcases had values equal to, or above, 6.00 whereas 85.3 percent of carcases had values below 5.80 which is considered to be optimal. The ultimate pH values of samples from lambs slaughtered during the summer period was significantly higher than those obtained during three other seasonal sampling periods and Perendale lambs had significantly higher ultimate pH values as compared to lambs of other breeds. There was no statistical association between distance travelled before slaughter and the ultimate pH of carcases but there was a highly significant direct correlation between holding periods of lambs in the stockyards and ultimate pH of their meat. There was also a highly significant inverse correlation between fleece weight and ultimate pH and it is suggested that both this effect and the seasonal pattern of ultimate pH values indirectly reflect the major role that nutrition may play in the development of high ultimate pH meat in lambs. It is further suggested that washing of animals prior to slaughter and the length of subsequent resting periods are important factors in relation to the development of undesirably high ultimate pH values.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1981

[Biochemical parameters of blood sera from clinically healthy boars of the Large White, Landrace and Duroc breeds].

The levels of eleven biochemical parameters were determined in the blood serum of 150 healthy breeding boars of the Large White, Landrace and Duroc breeds from three A. I. stations. The following average values were obtained: calcium 1.94 +/- 0.42 mmol . l-1 with a statistically significant difference of the means between the LW and L breeds, phosphorus 1.87 +/- 0.31 mmol . l-1 with a statistically significant difference of the means between the LW and L breeds, magnesium 0.61 +/- 0.12 mmol . l-1 with a statistically significant difference of the means between the LW and D breeds, iron 25.98 +/- 5.41 micron mol . l-1 without statistically significant inter-breed differences, chlorides 97.75 +/- 7.04 mmol . l-1 without statistically significant inter-breed differences, alkaline phosphatase 55.97 +/- 24.72 U . l-1 without statistically significant inter-breed differences, transaminase GOT 14.96 +/- 4.86 U . l-1 with statistically significant differences of the means in the D breed compared with LW and L, transaminase GPT 27.75 +/- 6.65 U . l-1 without statistically significant inter-breed differences, total protein 75.00 +/- 5.82 g . l-1 without statistically significant inter-breed differences, total protein 75.00 +/- 5.82 g . l-1 with a statistically significant difference between the LW and L breeds, creatinin 203.67 +/- 27.97 micron mol . l-1 with statistically significant differences of the means in the L breed compared with LW and D, and urea 5.55 +/- 1.22 mmol . l-1 with a statistically significant difference of the means between the LW and L breeds. It is recommended for clinical practice to respect inter-breed differences in parameters specially mentioned in discussion.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Genetic characterization of biodiversity in highly inbred chicken lines by microsatellite markers.

Forty-two microsatellite loci were analysed in 23 highly inbred chicken lines derived from Leghorn, Jungle Fowl, Fayoumi and Spanish breeds. Line-specific alleles among breeds and lines were detected. The band-sharing (BS) values were calculated and the proportion of shared alleles distances (Dps) were estimated. The BS values and Dps between sets of MHC-congenic lines ranged from 0.74 to 0.96, and 0.05-0.35, respectively. The BS values between each pair of noncongenic Leghorn lines were 0.32-0.97, and between Leghorn and exotic (Jungle Fowl, Fayoumi and Spanish) breeds were 0.03-0.55. The Dps between Fayoumi lines and other lines were much larger (0.66-1.34) than within Leghorns, and the Jungle Fowl breed had the largest distances with other lines (1.12-5.38). The phylogenetic consensus tree that was constructed grouped these 23 inbred chicken lines into four different clusters. These results are in accordance with the origin and breeding history of these inbred lines, which indicates that the use of microsatellites for the study of genetic biodiversity is accurate and reliable. In addition, the significance and value of inbred chicken lines in molecular genetic research is discussed.

Alleles↗

PubMed1993

Evaluation of mating systems involving five breeds for integrated beef production systems: IV. Accounting for variability and genetic trends.

Computer models were used to simulate integrated cow-calf-feedlot production systems. Angus (A), Charolais (C), Hereford (H), Limousin (L), and Simmental (S) purebreds and two- and three-breed rotational crossbreds were included. Models were deterministic and based on data reported primarily from the 1970s. Variation in carcass weights were determined to predict distributions of carcass weights and values for 272- to 318-kg carcasses. Data were updated to a 1984 base by increasing birth, weaning, yearling, and mature weights to account for genetic trends within breeds. Two slaughter end points were considered: 288-kg carcass weight and low Choice grade. At low Choice grade, accounting for variation in carcass weights around the 272- to 318-kg target weight increased the estimated efficiency of A and AH crosses (input costs/carcass value), whereas at the 288-kg end point, efficiency rankings among other breed combinations were relatively unchanged. Including genetic trends resulted in increased estimated efficiencies among breed combinations with previously underweight carcasses at low Choice (A and AH), measured either as input costs/carcass weight or lean weight values. Within breeds, accounting for genetic trends and variation for weights caused breeds to be ranked differently when evaluated at low Choice.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Improving the nutritional value of plant foods through transgenic approaches].

The most nutrients required in the human diet come from plants. The nutritional quality of plant products affects the human healthy. The advance of molecular cloning and transgenic technology has provided a new way to enhance the nutritional value of plant material. Transgenic modification of plant nutritional value has progressed greatly in the following aspects: improving the quality, composition and levels of protein, starch and fatty acid in different crops; increasing the levels of antioxidants (e.g. carotenoids and flavonoids); breeding the new type of plants with medical value for human. To date, many transgenic plants with nutritional enhancement have been developed. These transgenic plant products could be directly used as human diet or as valued materials in developing the "functional food" with especial nutritional quality and healthy effects after they are approved by a series of evaluations on their safety and nutritional efficiency for human being. We designed new zinc finger transcription factors (ZFP-TFs) that can specifically down-regulate the expression of the endogenous soybean FAD2-1 gene which catalyzes oleic acid to linoleic acid. Seed-specific expression of these ZFP-TFs in transgenic soybean somatic embryos repressed FAD2-1 transcription and increased significantly the levels of oleic acid, indicating that the engineered ZFP-TFs are capable of regulating fatty acid metabolism and modulating the expression of endogenous genes in plants.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1985

Trends in hip dysplasia control: analysis of radiographs submitted to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, 1974 to 1984.

From 1974 through 1984, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals evaluated 143,218 radiographic submissions representing 151 breeds of dogs. All breeds from which there were 35 or more evaluations had some frequency of dysplasia. Seventy breeds, each with over 100 submissions, were tabulated and ranked according to frequency of hip dysplasia. Frequency of dysplasia varied from 0.6% in the Borzoi to 46.9% in the Saint Bernard. These data were compared with data obtained earlier (1966 to 1973) on evaluations in 38 breeds for changes in frequency. There was significant (P less than 0.05) reduction in frequency of dysplasia in 27 breeds, a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in frequency in only 1 breed (German Shorthaired Pointer), and no significant change in frequency in 10 breeds. The median significant decrease was 22.4%, and the range was from 3.1% in the Chesapeake Bay Retriever to 48.7% in the Keeshond. The reduction in frequency of hip dysplasia demonstrated the value of a control program. There were 5 breeds with a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in frequency of dysplasia that had over 5,000 evaluations from 1974 to 1984. The decreases in frequency were independent of changes in American Kennel Club registrations for these breeds (a dramatic decline in registrations for the German Shepherd Dog and Old English Sheepdog, and a dramatic increase for the Rottweiler, Golden Retriever, and Labrador Retriever). Frequency regressed linearly in the German Shepherd Dog and Old English Sheepdog, but regressed nonlinearly in the other 3 breeds. The percentage reduction in frequency from the base frequency (1966 to 1973) for these breeds was 17.5% for the German Shepherd Dog, 23.1% for the Old English Sheepdog, 9.1% for the Rottweiler, 10.1% for the Golden Retriever, and 6.8% for the Labrador Retriever.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1986

[Seasonal variation in the testis diameter and sperm morphology in the Vendean ram and Texel ram].

Nineteen Vendean (V) rams (7 yearlings about 15 months old and 12 adults of greater than 2 years) and 13 Texel (T) adult (greater than 2 years) rams were controlled for body weight (BW), testis diameter (TD) and sperm morphology for two consecutive years (1982 and 1983) from February to June (T) or July (V) and from September to November the first year, from February to June and from September to October the second year. BW was recorded every month. TD was measured once weekly using a caliper. The percentage of abnormal spermatozoa (MA) was determined on each ejaculate (1 ej/ram/week) as described previously (Colas, 1980). BW increased rapidly (P less than 0.01) in the T rams the first 4 months and did not augment significantly any more afterwards. In the V breed, no significant variations appeared at any time of the experiment, except in the last month when BW decreased (P less than 0.05). However, in the yearlings (V), there was considerable body growth between February and October 1982 but no significant growth afterwards. In the adults, no statistical variations occurred at any time of the experimental period. TD varied greatly during the year in the V rams. During both years, it was minimal in May (59.0 +/- 5.7 m/m in 1982; 58.1 +/- 4.4 m/m in 1983); in September it was already regressing. There were also large seasonal variations in the TD profile of the T breed but its curve was different from one year to another: the mean value was minimal in February 1982 59.5 +/- 6.0 m/m) and from February (67.5 +/- 4.4 m/m) to May (68.6 +/- 5.0 m/m 1983. In both breeds, testicular growth always started in June, i.e. during the long days, whatever the year. The importance of the variations and their time of onset during the year suggest that both breeds were very sensitive to photoperiod. These results also permit a generalization of the idea that testicular activity in male sheep recommences in the long days. Both breeds showed large individual variations between the minimal values recorded in spring and the highest ones measured in September (2.7 to 78.0% and 2 to 100%, respectively, for V and T rams in 1982; 5.5 to 100% and 14 to 84% in 1983). On the whole, MA were more frequent from February to June than from September to October or November in both breeds. In the V breed, MA were highest in April (35.1% in 1982, 33.1% in 1983).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aging↗

PubMed2004

DGAT1 polymorphism in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle breeds.

As a result of multiple QTL-mapping projects in recent years, a quantitative trait locus for milk fat percentage and milk yield has been described on BTA14. Recent reports name the acyl-CoA : diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) gene on BTA14 as a potential candidate gene, with a nonconservative substitution of lysine by alanine (K232A) producing a major effect on milk composition and yield. DGAT1K appears to be the ancestral allele and the K232A substitution probably occurred after the divergence of the Bos indicus and Bos taurus lineages. These findings prompted us to genotype 1748 DNA samples of 38 different Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle breeds from 13 countries on five continents (Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and South America), to examine the occurrence of the DGAT1 polymorphism and characterize the K232A substitution in cattle breeds of different origins and selected for different purposes (e.g., beef, dairy and dual purpose). Calculating pairwise FST values for pooled subpopulations showed least divergence for Bos indicus breeds with high milk fat percentage. Fixation of DGAT1A was found in some Bos taurus breeds and fixation of DGAT1K in one Bos indicus breed. Breeds of no known organized breeding background from the Near East domestication centre of Bos taurus and taurine African N'Dama cattle were found to possess intermediate frequencies of DGAT1K. While beef breeds tended to harbour higher DGAT1A levels, dairy cattle showed everything from very low levels of DGAT1K to unexpectedly high frequencies of this allele.

Acyltransferases↗

PubMed1991

Metabolic changes in thoroughbred and pony foals during the first 24 h post partum.

Metabolic rates, rectal temperatures and respiratory quotients (RQ) were determined during the first 24 h post partum in Thoroughbred and pony foals and in relation to environmental temperature. Both breeds had high metabolic rates (greater than 200 W/m2) during the first hour post partum when they were wet and shivering; by 4 to 24 h values were fairly steady at about 153 and 105 W/m2 for Thoroughbred and pony foals, respectively. At birth, rectal temperature was lower in Thoroughbred foals than in pony foals; values increased during the first hour, and then decreased. At 24 h of age, both breeds had a rectal temperature of 38.4 degrees C. RQ values were high (greater than 0.9) at birth in both breeds, declining to about 0.82 by 4 to 24 h of age. At similar environmental temperatures, the metabolic rates per unit area of Thoroughbred foals were higher than those of pony foals at all ages. The results indicate that breed differences may exist between the thermal responses of newborn Thoroughbred and pony foals.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Influences of breed, sex, and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia on lipid composition of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in swine.

OBJECTIVE: To determine influences of breed, sex, and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia on composition of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in swine. ANIMALS: 35 male and female swine of German Landrace and Pietrain breeds and of 2 genotypes, normal (MHN) and susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MHS). PROCEDURE: Pigs were fed a standard diet ad libitum. After attaining body weight of approximately 100 kg, pigs were slaughtered and skeletal (longissimus thoracis and supraspinatus) muscle and adipose tissue (3 sites) specimens were removed. For each specimen, lipids were extracted by chloroform/methanol and fatty acid (FA) pattern, and cholesterol concentration was determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS: The overall lipid contents differed significantly between breeds and genotypes; the MHS Pietrain pigs had the lowest lipid quantities. The relative amounts of saturated FA in all tissues were highest in Landrace pigs (P < 0.05), whereas the relative contents of monoenic FA were lower. In addition, for both breeds, the MHN pigs had significantly higher saturated and lower polyunsaturated FA values in all tissues, compared with MHS pigs. More specifically, MHS females of both breeds had the highest relative amounts of polyunsaturated FA. In general, relative cholesterol contents were found to vary little between identified groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data may indicate that, not only does mutation of the calcium release channel of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum, which occurs in MHS swine, influence secondary changes in lipid composition, but so do hormone concentrations and other genotypic factors. Observed differences in lipid content and FA composition could consequently influence specific membrane properties, such as fluidity and cell signaling.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1990

Evidence for LH-inhibiting activity in ovine peripheral and testicular blood.

Intracellular cyclic AMP and testosterone productions by purified mature rat Leydig cells were stimulated by oLH (25 micrograms/l) 18- and 12-fold, respectively, after a 5-h incubation period. The replacement of the incubation medium by charcoal-treated testicular venous plasma (40%, v/v) from adult rams in the breeding season induced an inhibition of cyclic AMP and testosterone productions (82 and 66%, respectively, of oLH-stimulated values). Testicular arterial plasma is less effective than testicular venous plasma, even when it originates from non-breeding season rams; in that case, testicular venous and arterial plasma strongly inhibit testosterone productions (84 and 67%, respectively of oLH-stimulated values), which probably indicates that the inhibitory activity is higher in the non-breeding season. The addition of peripheral plasma leads to a testosterone production equal to 35 and 65% of the oLH-stimulated values, respectively, for ram blood collected in non-breeding and breeding seasons. The same concentration of ovine testicular lymph or rete testis fluid is without significant effect on cyclic AMP production; however, testosterone is slightly decreased by lymph but enhanced by rete testis fluid. Increasing amounts of venous or arterial testicular blood induce a dose-related decrease of the specific binding of labelled hCG in both rat and ram testicular membranes. This inhibiting factor is present in peripheral and testicular blood of either control or hypophysectomized or castrated rams, is a protein in nature, heat-sensitive, and has an apparent molecular weight higher than 10,000 daltons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1991

[Bioclimatic assessment of a tropical site--a criterion for decisions concerning breeding and technology for successful animal production in the tropics].

The values of the body temperature and breathing frequency were taken from young pigs and sows at a tropical location in order to study the relations between measured climatic values and their complex derivations (the amount of cooling down, enthalpy, sultriness factor, and water vapour pressure). The relevance was weighted of the natural and calculated climatic values for the thermoregulation of the animals. A practical example is given of the discrepancies between a genuine tropical climate and the demands made by pigs and hens on their climatic environment. From this, conclusions are drawn for successfully keeping and breeding these species at tropical locations.

Animals↗