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PubMed1991

Chemical repellency in birds: relationship between chemical structure and avoidance response.

We examined how molecular structure of 24 anthranilate and benzoic acid derivatives correlated with drinking behavior in European starlings Sturnus vulgaris. The effectiveness of bird repellents was associated with basicity, the presence of an electron-donating group in resonance with an electron-withdrawing carboxylic group on a phenyl ring, and a heterocyclic ring in the same pi cloud plane as the phenyl ring. Of the benzoic acid derivatives tested in this study, methyl, ethyl, dimethyl, and linalyl anthranilate as well as anthranilic acid and 4-ketobenztriazine were repellent to birds. Water consumption was significantly reduced relative to control levels at concentrations as low as 0.05% (weight/volume) for the best repellents. Further statistical tests showed that reduction in consumption for the best repellents was absolute, not significantly different from zero consumption. Anthranilic acid isomers were moderately good repellents. The ability to generate a model predicting repellency allows for the efficient identification and development of ecologically sound, nonlethal, taxa-specific repellents to be used for the protection of wildlife in agricultural and industrial applications.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Association of an orexin 1 receptor 408Val variant with polydipsia-hyponatremia in schizophrenic subjects.

BACKGROUND: Primary polydipsia is a common complication in patients with chronic psychoses, particularly schizophrenia. Disease pathogenesis is poorly understood, but one contributory factor is thought to be dopamine dysregulation caused by prolonged treatment with neuroleptics. Both angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and orexin (hypocretin) signaling can modulate drinking behavior through interactions with the dopaminergic system. METHODS: We performed association studies on the insertion/deletion (I/D) sequence polymorphism of ACE and single nucleotide polymorphisms within the prepro-orexin (HCRT), orexin receptor 1 (HCRTR1), and orexin receptor 2 (HCRTR2) genes. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification, followed by either electrophoretic separation or direct sequencing. RESULTS: The ACE I/D polymorphism showed no association with polydipsic schizophrenia. Screening of the orexin signaling system detected a 408 isoleucine to valine mutation in HCRTR1 that showed significant genotypic association with polydipsic-hyponatremic schizophrenia (p = .012). The accumulation of this mutation was most pronounced in polydipsic versus nonpolydipsic schizophrenia (p = .0002 and p = .008, for the respective genotypic and allelic associations). The calcium mobilization properties and the protein localization of mutant HCRTR1 seem to be unaltered. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary data suggest that mutation carriers might have an increased susceptibility to polydipsia through an undetermined mechanism.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Feeding and drinking patterns of ovariectomized old female rats.

Circadian rhythms and patterns of feeding and drinking behavior of ovariectomized old female rats (23 to 34 months of age) were studied and the changes due to the aging process were analyzed. In order to assess sex difference in these patterns in old age, the data were also compared with the previous studies in old male rats. There was significant increase in daily feeding events but not in licking events in old female rats. Circadian rhythms disappeared in 2 out of 7 old female rats in feeding events and 1 out of 8 old female rats in licking events. The remaining old rats which still showed circadian rhythmicity in feeding events and licking events, had smaller meal number/day, larger mean intermeal interval, quicker feeding events/min/meal, larger draft number/day, shorter mean draft duration, longer mean interdraft interval and quicker licking events/min/draft than young female rats. Drinking/feeding ratio was higher in the dark period than the light period in young as well as old female rats. These changes resemble those in old male rats and in ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned rats in the obese stage, but to less extent.

Aging↗

PubMed2004

Effect of perinatal alcohol exposure on ibotenic acid-induced excitotoxic cortical lesions in newborn hamsters.

Alcohol is one of the most common noxious substance to which fetuses are exposed. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of in utero alcohol exposure on excitotoxin-induced neuronal migration disorders. Female hamsters received alcohol (7%) for 3-5 mo or for the last 9-12 d of gestation. Alcohol diet was continued for 5 d during lactation in both groups. Drinking behavior was monitored. Peak plasma alcohol levels were 104+/-12 mg/dL and 225+/-6 mg/dL after 30 min for hamsters receiving an intragastric dose of 3 mL or 5 mL alcohol, respectively. At birth, pups received intrapallial injections ibotenic acid (1 ng, 100 ng, or 10 microg). Histology and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor labeling by 3H-MK-801 in the pups cortices were studied. Short-term-alcohol-exposed pups had normal body and brain weights at birth, but their body growth was retarded postnatally. Ibotenic acid induced similar neuronal migration impairments in control and alcohol-exposed pups (nodular heterotopia in the white matter and/or deep cortical layers, subpial ectopia, and micro- or polymicrogyria). The size of lesions induced by 100 ng ibotenic acid was increased in alcohol-exposed pups; the 10 microg dose was lethal. The density of 3H-MK-801 binding sites was similar in the three groups, indicating that exacerbated ibotenic acid excitotoxicity in alcohol-exposed pups did not result from increased NMDA receptor density. This study shows that alcohol exposure at levels that do not induce neuron migration disorders is sufficient to enhance the effects of the hypoxia-ischemia mimicking effects of ibotenic acid.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗

PubMed1990

Fetal swallowing: correlation of electromyography and esophageal fluid flow.

Patterns of fetal drinking behavior were quantified in five singleton fetuses (128 +/- 1 days gestation) by computer analysis of laryngeal-esophageal electromyography (EMG) and thoracic esophageal fluid flow. Esophageal flow was noted to be bidirectional with an average antegrade flow-to-retrograde flow ratio of 4.4 +/- 1.5. Retrograde esophageal flow coincided with diaphragmatic contractions, suggesting that inspiratory gastroesophageal pressure gradients may be operative. The regurgitated fluid was returned to the fetal rumen by thoracic esophageal contractions. Significant net fluid intake was noted during periods of primarily unidirectional antegrade esophageal flow. Fetuses swallowed an average of 35 +/- 9 ml/h during the 12-h study, extrapolating to an average daily volume of 840 +/- 224 ml. An EMG "propagated swallow" representing coordinated contractions of the thyrohyoid, nuchal esophagus, and thoracic esophagus averaged 43 +/- 3 swallows/h and was highly correlated with net esophageal flow. Nearly 60% of the total fluid intake occurred during "bouts" of propagated swallows, which represented only 8% of the study period. Bouts averaged 11.7 +/- 0.4 propagated swallows, lasted 2.1 +/- 0.2 min, and occurred every 27.6 +/- 1.7 min. Although EMG swallowing activity was similar, there were significant differences among fetuses in net esophageal fluid flow and volume per propagated swallow. We speculate that fetal fluid intake is dependent on the availability and physical properties of the swallowed fluid, whereas swallowing activity is primarily related to cortical maturation and thirst stimulation.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psychogenic polydipsia after traumatic brain injury. A case report.

Electrolyte abnormalities are common medical complications of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Hyponatremia is the most common of these disorders. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and cerebral salt-wasting are the most well known causes of hyponatremia following TBI. In the presence of polydipsia and polyuria, psychogenic polydipsia should be included in the differential diagnosis. It is important to distinguish among these entities because treatment differs to such an extent that improper diagnosis may lead to a worsening of the patient's condition. We present a patient who presented with a new onset of polyuria and polydipsia after sustaining a TBI. Evaluation, including monitoring of fluid intake and output, serum and urine sodium and osmolarity, as well as a fluid deprivation test revealed the cause to be psychogenic polydipsia. The patient's symptoms improved after institution of a behavioral program and fluid restriction. Various models of drinking behavior have been used to identify the site of dysregulation. Dopaminergic, cholinergic, and hippocampal etiologies have been implicated in this abnormality of fluid homeostasis. If disorders of these systems can lead to psychogenic polydipsia, it is reasonable to believe that a person who has sustained a TBI would be at higher risk of developing psychogenic polydipsia.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

The taste reactivity test. I. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in neurologically normal rats.

One or two bottle preference tests, i.e., relative fluid consumption, constitute the primary methodology for determining acceptance or rejection of tastes in animals other than humans. These tests require organisms to initiate and maintain drinking behavior, and, therefore, can not be applied to preparations which do not eat or drink spontaneously. The taste reactivity test, a new method for assessing responses to gustatory stimuli, circumvents this shortcoming. A 50 microliter taste stimulus is injected directly into the oral cavity of a freely moving rat and the immediate response videotaped for frame by frame analysis. Each of the sapid stimuli used (4 concentrations of sucrose, NaCl, HCl, and quinine HCl) generated a stereotyped response derived from a lexicon of 4 mimetic (movements of lingual, masticatory, and facial musculature) and 5 body response components. Responses to taste stimuli were highly consistent within and between rats. For example, sapid sucrose, NaCl and HCl stimuli elicited a response sequence beginning with low amplitude, rhythmic mouth movements, followed by rhythmic tongue protrusions, and then lateral tongue movements. No body movements accompanied these mimetic responses. In contrast, quinine in concentrations at and above 3 X 10(-5) M (1/2 log step above the absolute behavioral threshold for quinine) elicited a response pattern beginning with gaping and proceeding through as many as 5 body responses. These normative data for the intact rat can be directly compared to the taste reactivity of neurally ablated preparations which do not spontaneously feed or drink. Such comparisons can be utlized in determining the neural substrates necessary for the execution and regulation of ingestive behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Lithium effects on adjunctive alcohol consumption. II: Effects of adding concurrent shock.

Rats receiving chronic administration of lithium chloride (20 mEq/l) in their drinking water were tested for adjunctive alcohol (10% v/v) consumption in which temporally scheduled, noncontingent shock delivery was added following the establishment of food delivery-based adjunctive alcohol intake. The addition of shock to the eliciting schedule produced an initial reduction in alcohol consumption (Lithium subjects took longer to reach maximal suppression of drinking than did Controls), with a subsequent return to preshock levels for both groups. The reduction in alcohol consumption seen in control subjects following the discontinuation of food and shock delivery (extinction) was interpreted as suggesting that adding conflict/stress to established drinking conditions may facilitate subsequent extinction of that drinking behavior. Lithium subjects produced an initial suppression of drinking, with alcohol consumption returning to adjunctive levels by the end of the extinction series, suggesting that lithium decreases conflict/stress effects, that it impairs extinction processes, that it increases the reinforcing value of alcohol, or that it produces a combination of the three outcomes.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1992

Problem drinking among college freshmen.

Entering college freshmen (n = 308) completed a questionnaire which assessed drinking behaviors and identified students at risk for problem drinking as defined by the CAGE (focuses on Cutting down on drinking, Annoyance by criticism by others about drinking, Guilty feelings about drinking, and the use of an Eye opener) questionnaire and Perceived-Benefit-of-Drinking Scale (PBDS). Students were 50% male with a mean age of 17.9 years. In the past month, 17% had drunk on 10 or more occasions, and 18% had binged on 6 or more occasions. CAGE scores of 2 or greater were obtained by 21% and PBDS scores of 3 or greater by 29%, reflecting high risk for problem drinking. High-risk CAGE and PBDS scores were associated with frequent drinking and binging. Student reports of parental problem drinking were not associated with high risk for problem drinking. Intent to join a fraternity or sorority (the Greek system) was associated with frequent drinking, binging, and high-risk CAGE and PBDS scores. Approaches to screening for problem drinking which emphasize attitudes and beliefs may be useful. The Greek system appears to be attractive to high-risk students and should be a focus of prevention programming.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The putative AMPA receptor antagonist, LY326325, produces anxiolytic-like effects without altering locomotor activity in rats.

Anxiolytic-like effects produced by the novel, water-soluble AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, LY326325 (3RS,4aRS,6RS,8aRS)-6-[2-(1(2)H-tetrazole-5-yl)e thyl]decahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid), were examined in the elevated plus-maze and in a conflict-suppressed drinking situation. Administration of low doses (0.5, 1.2, and 5 mg/kg; i.p., -30 min) of LY326325 to Sprague-Dawley rats did not alter the percentage of entries into the open arms of the plus-maze, whereas only one dose of LY326325 (1 mg/kg) produced a slight, but significant, increase of the time spent in the open arms of the plus maze. In the conflict-suppressed drinking test, similar doses of LY326325 (2.5 and 5 mg/kg; i.p., -30 min) caused a dose-dependent and significant increase of punished drinking behavior without having any significant effects on unpunished drinking. The anxiolytic-like effects of LY326325 in the plus-maze and in the anticonflict tests were observed at doses, which, by themselves, had no influence on various measures of locomotor activity, i.e., horizontal activity, forward locomotion, and corner time. Our data suggest that the putative AMPA/glutamate receptor antagonist, LY326325, produces anxiolytic-like effects similar to those of diazepam in the conflict-suppressed drinking test, but displays considerably weaker anxiety-reducing properties compared to diazepam in the elevated plus-maze.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Drinking like a guy: frequent binge drinking among undergraduate women.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine why there has been an increase in frequent binge drinking among the most recent generation of female undergraduate students. Specifically, we examined whether female undergraduate women associated being able to "drink like a guy" (e.g., drink large amounts of alcohol, drinking competitively) with gender equality. Focus groups were conducted in March of 2003 with 42 female undergraduate women who consumed alcohol. Participants were recruited from respondents of a random sample survey of undergraduate students attending a large, public university and reflected the demographic characteristics of this population: traditional-age college students (i.e., attending college between 18 and 22 years of age), who were primarily white from middle or upper middle class families and living on or near the college campus. Focus groups were based on drinking trajectories during college (Stable High, Stable Low, Decreasers, Increasers) and sorority status. While women of all drinking levels reported feeling pressure to drink "heavily" because of the favorable impression they could make on their male peers, primarily women who were frequent binge drinkers throughout college felt that "drinking like a guy" described their own drinking behaviors. While women reported that being able to "drink like a guy" provided them with a sense of equality with their male peers, analysis of the transcripts suggests that "drinking like a guy" had less to do with gender equality and more to do with emphasizing women's (hetero)sexuality. Findings are discussed in terms of how "heavy alcohol consumption" affords college women positive attention from their male peers, but likely increases their vulnerability to sexual assault and alcohol use related health problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Social anxiety, alcohol expectancies, and drinking-game participation.

Few studies have investigated factors contributing to college student participation in drinking games. The extent to which drinking games contribute to negative alcohol-related consequences is uncertain. The current study attempted to (a) clarify the risks posed by drinking-game participation, (b) identify characteristics of heavy drinkers who play frequently and those who seldom play, and (c) determine if students participated in drinking games to reduce anxiety in social situations. Tension reduction alcohol expectancies were examined as a potential moderator variable for the relationship between social anxiety and frequency of play. Drinking games accounted for high proportions of all negative alcohol-related consequences and appeared to be strongly associated with instances of sexual victimization. Contrary to predictions based on the tension reduction hypothesis, greater frequency of play was associated with lower social anxiety, and no moderating effect was found for tension reduction expectancies. Frequent players also had more environmental exposure to drinking games. In men, heavy-drinking players may resemble Clonninger's Type 1 alcoholic, whereas heavy-drinking nonplayers resemble the Type 2 pattern. A full understanding of college student drinking behavior may not be possible without greater understanding of drinking games.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

The impact of stressful life events and social support on drinking among older adults: a general population survey.

This article is an analysis of stressful life events, the buffering hypothesis, and alcohol use in a national sample of 1,418 respondents 60 years of age and over. The results indicate that older adults who experience stressful losses are significantly more likely to drink excessively than those who have not experienced such losses or who have experienced them to a lesser extent. Increased drinking among older adults may therefore be a reaction to life circumstances in which alcohol represents an attempt to cope with traumatic loss, personal as well as within the kinship network. Supportive resources of spouse, family, friends, and church appear to have a stress-buffering effects that reduces the excessive-drinking response to life crisis. Data suggest, however, that older persons are vulnerable to the magnitude of losses experienced as they grow older and lose more of their family, friends, and peers. These stressors appear to seriously impact their drinking behavior and are not effectively buffered. Respondents report that drinking may increase during periods of prolonged exposure to emotionally depleting life change and loss, when supportive needs may exceed the capacities of personal and social support resources.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Coexisting problems and alcoholic family risk among adolescents.

A substantial subset of nonclinical adolescents reported single or multiple problems with regard to drinking behavior, depressive symptoms, and delinquency. Similar to previous research, boys reported higher levels of heavy and problematic drinking, whereas girls reported higher levels of depressive symptoms. Higher levels of alcohol involvement were associated with higher levels of delinquency for both boys and girls. Family history of alcoholism was associated with an overrepresentation of problem drinkers (as well as abstainers). These findings are fairly consistent with the adult alcohol typology literature in identifying coexisting problem patterns for the triumvirate of problem drinking, depressive symptoms, and antisocial behavior. Furthermore, these data support the manifestation of these patterns prior to the onset of alcohol dependence (and maybe alcohol abuse). Future longitudinal research needs to focus on the short- and long-term patterns of problem behaviors among adolescents and to identify common and unique precursors, correlates, and consequences associated with varying levels of alcohol involvement.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Effect of vasopressin-like peptides on consumption of ethanol by the rat.

Rats were trained to accept ethanol in their drinking water, by successive small increments or decrements in alcohol concentration in response to the individual consumption of each rat. Those injected with desglycinamide9-lysine8-vasopressin (DGLVP), 1--4 microgram SC every second day, attained almost twice as high a final acceptance concentration (FAC) and mean daily ethanol intake (g/kg) as vehicle-treated controls. Hypophysectomized animals initially accepted the same alcohol concentrations as intact rats, but drank much larger volumes and correspondingly higher daily g/kg intakes. However, this was rapidly succeeded by rejection of all but very low concentrations, which was unaffected by DGLVP. During a subsequent free-choice period (water vs. ethanol at individual FACs), the groups maintained their relative positions with respect to ethanol intake. This was not altered by injection of vasopressin in the hypophysectomized rats, but was overcome by raising the alcohol concentration. The results suggest that vasopressin-like peptides facilitate acquisition of alcohol drinking behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1999

The moderating effects of gender and ethnicity on the relationship between effect expectancies and alcohol problems.

OBJECTIVE: Research has demonstrated that alcohol outcome expectancies moderate the relationship between psychological states such as stress and negative affect and alcohol use. This study examined whether the relationship between expectancies and alcohol problems would be moderated by gender and ethnicity. METHOD: Using a household survey format, personal interviews were conducted with Puerto Rican and Irish American men and women. The final sample consisted of 412 (231 male) Puerto Ricans and 476 (252 male) Irish Americans. Alcohol expectancies were measured with the Effects of Drinking Alcohol Scale. All subjects resided in the New York metropolitan area. The original study was designed to compare the drinking behaviors and alcohol-related beliefs of groups with varied drinking practices and distinct drinking beliefs. RESULTS: Both gender and ethnicity moderated the links between aggressive and self-control expectancies and drinking problems. For example, anticipated loss of control from drinking was more negatively related to Puerto Rican and female alcohol problems than it was to Irish and male problems. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that whether an outcome expectancy is associated with more alcohol problems depends upon the particular meaning of the outcome. This meaning, in turn, depends upon an individual's particular sociocultural perspective which is associated with such personal characteristics as gender and ethnicity.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Changes in rhythmicity of ambulatory and drinking activities in immature female rats].

Adult female rats showed increase in ambulatory activity and marked decrease in drinking behavior at early dark period (18:00-24:00) of proestrus stage before ovulation. In this study, we observed the changes in patterns of ambulatory and drinking activities of immature rats associated with estrous cycle during growing period. Immature female rats of the Wistar-Imamichi strain were used, and both behavioral activities were measured continuously, using Gundai type Ambulodrinkometer. From these observations, it was found that the typical patterns of ambulatory and drinking activities which were observed in adult female rats appeared at the sixth (51-60 days old) and the third (39-49 days old) estrous cycle, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

A review of behavioral factors involved in the development and continued performance of stereotypic behaviors in pigs.

Environmentally induced stereotypies, commonly observed in farm and zoo animals, are behaviors that are relatively invariant, that are regularly repeated, and that serve no obvious function. However, there is as yet no accepted means of discriminating between normal and abnormal behavior, and the assumption that stereotypies are abnormal may mask the fact that they arise in part through processes that "normally" control behavior. There is growing evidence that stereotypies in sows and broiler breeders are strongly related to feeding motivation. For example, sows only develop oral stereotypies if their feed intake is restricted, and operant conditioning experiments have shown commercial levels of feed restriction to give rise to high levels of feeding motivation. Stereotypies in animals whose feed intake is restricted largely occur in the postprandial period, and ingestion of food has specifically been shown to elicit stereotypies in sows. These observations suggest that positive feedback from feeding produces a short-term increase in feeding motivation that at the end of the meal is directed toward available, alternative stimuli such as chains, the choice of stimuli reflecting the sensory feedback from the activity. Drinking behavior may also become an expression of feeding behavior after metabolic water requirements are met. In addition to these processes specific to feeding motivation, it seems likely that nonspecific processes, which operate more generally across motivational systems, contribute to the persistence of the behavior. Behavioral arousal may facilitate performance of active behaviors, and sensitization of the underlying neural elements may lead to the behavior being more easily elicited and maintained. A crucial factor in the sensitization process would seem to be the channeling of complex behavior by the environment into a few and very often repeated sequences of behavior. This approach suggests that stereotypies can be prevented by either reducing the level of motivation underlying the stereotypy, or by allowing for the expression of more complex behavior and thereby preventing the processes of channeling and sensitization from occurring.

Animal Welfare↗