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PubMed1990

Are Doppler-detected venous emboli during cesarean section air emboli?

The incidence of venous emboli during cesarean section was studied using simultaneous precordial ultrasonic Doppler monitoring and two-dimensional echocardiography. Forty-nine patients receiving either general or continuous epidural anesthesia in the horizontal position were monitored with both Doppler monitoring and echocardiography. There was excellent correlation between the embolic events detected by Doppler monitoring and by echocardiography (kappa value = 1). The incidence of venous emboli was 29% (14/49). The venous emboli detected by Doppler monitoring were indeed air emboli, not amniotic fluid or thromboemboli, as illustrated by their echocardiographic appearance.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1994

Fatal suture embolism to the left anterior descending coronary artery. A case report and review of the literature.

A variety of emboli may be encountered at autopsy. While pulmonary thromboemboli are a relatively common cause of sudden "natural" death, the medical examiner may discover more exotic emboli during the postmortem examination. Other endogenous sources of emboli include the atheromatous debris, bone marrow, fat, liver, brain, trophoblast, and amniotic fluid. Exogenous ("foreign body") emboli may be introduced during medical/surgical procedures or following penetrating trauma. Fatal intravenous air and gas emboli are also well documented. This report details the first case of a fatal suture embolism to the left anterior descending coronary artery following mitral valve replacement. The role of the medical examiner in the investigation of iatrogenic fatalities is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic intrauterine meconium aspiration causes fetal lung infarcts, lung rupture, and meconium embolism.

Three neonates with chronic intrauterine meconium aspiration are reported. All had distinctive subpleural plate-infarcts of the lungs caused by meconium-induced vasoconstriction of peripheral preacinar arteries. These vessels showed plexogenic arteriopathy with medionecrosis and obliterative hyaline sclerosis. Organized thrombi and systemic-pulmonary arterial anastomoses were numerous. The infarcts contained inspissated meconium with a granulomatous reaction. In one case, lung rupture occurred, causing meconiumthorax and meconium embolism to hilar lymphatics and lymph nodes; this suggests that particulate meconium may enter the circulation. This fetus had rubella and probable acute twin-twin transfusion following the intrauterine death of the co-twin. The cause of the hypoxia that led to intrauterine passage of meconium in the other cases is unknown. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid was noted in only one case.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2002

Amniotic IGF-I supplements improve gut growth but reduce circulating IGF-I in growth-restricted fetal sheep.

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is an important regulator of fetal growth, and circulating concentrations are reduced in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses. We investigated whether IGF-I administered into amniotic fluid could ameliorate IUGR in fetal sheep. Fetuses were assigned to control (n = 9), IUGR+saline (n = 12), or IUGR+IGF-I groups (daily intra-amniotic IGF-I injections of 20 microg, n = 13). IUGR was induced by placental embolization from 114 to 120 days. Treatment was from 120 to 130 days of gestation. Embolization produced asymmetrically IUGR fetuses with decreased body weight and lighter, thinner-walled guts. Fetal plasma and amniotic IGF-I levels were reduced. During treatment, fetal plasma, but not amniotic, IGF-I levels recovered in the saline group but remained depressed in the IGF-I-treated group. IGF-I treatment restored gut weight and wall thickness to control levels and increased the number of crypt mitoses. Fetal weight was similar to that of controls, but spleen, liver, and thymic weights were reduced by 30-37%, and placentome growth was altered. Amniotic fluid IGF-I supplementation may provide the basis of future therapeutic approaches to IUGR, but the systemic effects require further investigation.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed2002

[Ultrasonography of twin pregnancies].

Sonographers must be familiar with the diagnostic tools available to them for determining twin pregnancy type. During the first trimester, these tools include the number of chorionic sacs, the number of yolk sacs, and the presence of an inter-twin membrane. During the second trimester, sonographers must look for a difference in sex, the presence of two separate placentas, and a thick vs. thin membrane, or the absence of a membrane. Complications are frequent in twin pregnancies and may be maternal or fetal. Measuring cervical length is the only way for sonographers to predict pre-term labour. A cervical length of< or =2.5 cm before 23 weeks is significant. Some fetal anomalies are more frequent in twin pregnancy than in single pregnancy. The more frequent are: esophageal atresia, omphalocele and cardiac anomalies. Some fetal anomalies are peculiar to twin pregnancy: Siamese twins, digestive atresia, craniofacial deformation and club-foot. A significant growth asymmetry is defined as a CRL of 3 or more millimetres and a difference of 20% in weight. The poly-oligo sequence represents a severe level asymmetry of amniotic fluid in monodiamniotic twins where survival rate without sequelae is 13.6%. The twin-twin transfusion syndrome is an event occurring after the apparition of the poly-oligo sequence, which manifests by discordances in weight and hemodynamic changes leading to myocardial repercussion. Twin embolization syndrome follows the in utero death of a co-twin in a monochorionic twin pregnancy; ischemic events must be monitored in such cases. Cord entanglement is unpredictable and is specific to monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancies. Finally, an acardius is a parasitic twin that feeds on its co-twin, resulting in the viable twin's death in 50% of cases.

Diseases in Twins↗
PubMed1998

Intra- and early postpartum ultrasonography: a review. Part II.

Part II is a continuation of the preceding segment, which appeared in the previous issue (Survey 1998;53:000-000). This part presents data pertaining to ultrasound-guided procedures (invasive and noninvasive), physiology (fetal behavior), intrapartum hemorrhage, the third stage of labor, post-partum hemorrhage, and postcaesarean ultrasonography. In addition, this article includes data regarding nonobstetric ultrasound including anesthesiology, catheter placement, venous air embolism, effect of epidural anesthesia on uterine blood flow, and urinary retention. Finally, this part presents ultrasonographic data of the maternal cerebral circulation in preeclampsia/eclampsia and of the maternal deep venous system.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1981

[Air embolus after Caesarean section (author's transl)].

This is case history of a primigravid woman on whom Caesarean section was carried out in normal conditions for fetal distress, the patient being placed in Trendelenburg position. After the abdomen had been closed there was a sudden collapse with cyanosis, right bundle branch block and then coma with hypertonicity, hyperreflexia and transitory hemiplegia. The only possible diagnosis that could be made was of air embolus following Caesarean section in the light of many investigations that were carried out and the improvement under hyperbaric oxygen treatment and the very irregular progress of the neurological symptoms. Published case histories are rare [12] (published by Walrop, 1953 and Nelson 1960) and over all the result has been unfavourable. The diagnosis can be proven when gas has been found in the blood vessels at autopsy or by the finding of certain clinical signs which indicate the presence of air in the heart or in the blood vessels (water mill sound and the sound of air in the blood vessels). Diagnosis is made by exclusion. The differential diagnosis must be made with amniotic fluid embolus and the other cerebro-vascular accidents, as well as obstetrical shock. The principal factors that bring about air embolus are the entry of air into the dilated uterine veins which is helped by the negative pressure achieved by the Trendelenburg position. As soon as this diagnosis is made it is important to start hyperbaric oxygen treatment and symptomatic resuscitation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Meconium aspiration syndrome complicated by massive intravascular thrombosis.

Fetal aspiration of meconium in amniotic fluid during fetal distress by newborn infants can induce the meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), a form of neonatal respiratory distress. Should this event occur, admission to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and vigorous airway management and monitoring are required. We present a term gestation resulting in MAS complicated by a massive intravascular thrombosis. Despite airway management considered appropriate, the infant developed respiratory distress a few hours after birth and died 5 days later. Postmortem examination showed a diffuse alveolar damage of the lungs with alveoli filled with meconium and amniotic epithelial cells as well as disseminated thrombi in the pulmonary vascular tree, portal system, suprahepatic veins, and peripheral arterial vascular tree.

Diagnosis, Differential↗