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A variation in the ventricular fluid 5-HIAA concentration has been observed during the phases of the sleep-wake cycle in man. This variation affects the NREM phase, during which 5-HIAA increases markedly, rather than the waking state and the REM phase. The results are discussed in relation to the possible relevance of serotonin to the sleep mechanism.
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Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) as a natural component of the mammalian brain was first introduced in clinical anaesthesic practice more than 40 years ago. The drug was nearly forced from clinical practice because of its prolonged and variable duration of action. The results of recent clinical studies indicate a re-evaluation of GHB in various clinical fields. In the intensive care unit, GHB may be a favourable alternative to established drugs. The results of various clinical studies also suggest that GHB is efficacious in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and narcolepsy. GHB has been used successfully for short-term sedation in children. In addition, GHB has emerged as a street drug ("liquid ecstasy"). Overdose may lead to respiratory depression, coma, and even death. Chronic abuse itself may lead to severe withdrawal syndrome. The purpose of this article is to outline the neurophysiological, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of GHB, and to summarize the potential fields of use and misuse of GHB in clinical medicine and toxicology.
Heating or freezing leads to loss in infectivity of oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum toward neonatal BALB/c mice and is reflected in the profile of the polar lipid fatty acids. Upon loss of infectivity, the ratio of polar lipid to neutral lipid fatty acid decreased and the relative proportions of 18:1n-9 also decreased; proportions of 18:2n-6 and 20:5n-6 increased, whereas the proportions of 16:0 remained constant with freezing. During these investigations, a novel fatty acid, 10-OH 18:0, was discovered in the glycolipid fraction. The identification of a fatty acid unique to species of Cryptosporidium was thought to provide a specific biomarker for this organism. Cryptosporidium also demonstrated fluctuations in absolute quantities of 10-OH 18:0 with events that lead to loss of infectivity. This led to the presumed correlation of this biomarker with infectious Cryptosporidium. The 10-OH 18:0 was putatively localized at the sn-2 position of phosphatidylethanolamine. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed that the 10-OH 18:0 existed principally in the free fatty acid form. Herein, we establish that the free fatty acid 10-OH 18:0 was, in actuality, an artifact of the procedures for sample preparation.
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Two glycosphingolipids with human blood group A and H antigenicity were isolated from porcine erythrocyte membranes which were obtained from the pooled blood. The yield of the A- and H-antigenic glycolipids was approximately 0.2 and 0.1% of total neutral glycolipids, respectively. No B antigen was detected. Through several methods the porcine erythrocyte antigens were all found to belong to lactoseries (type 1 chain), IV2Fuc alpha, IV3GalNAc alpha Lc4Cer for type A and IV2-Fuc alpha Lc4Cer for type H, in contrast to the antigenic glycolipids in human erythrocytes, which mostly belong to neolactoseries (type 2 chain). The constituent fatty acids of the A antigen were 75% normal acids and 25% 2-hydroxy acids, and the long chain base was 95% sphingenine. This is the first demonstration of the A- and H-antigenic glycolipids on erythrocytes of pig in whose gastric mucin the human blood group A and H substances have been demonstrated.