[Methods of multiprofile evaluation of psychomotor development of infants].
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Central Nervous System Diseases↗
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Results for “Infant Development”
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[Influence of breast feeding on nutritional development of infants with persistent diarrhea].
The evolution of some nutritional anthropometric indicators was studied in a 115 breast-feeding infants (52 received breast-feeding during the first four months of life (120 days) exclusively and 63 mixed feeding). Breast feeding infants showed sustained weight increment during the four weeks of evolution. The multivariate repeated measures analysis performed, proved significant changes during evolution's time in all studied indicator in lineal form, as well as interaction between type of feeding and indicators evolution except the subescapular fat fold. Author concluded that it should be reinforced the breast-feeding practice promotion as an effective way for the nutritional recovery of breast-feeding infants with persistent diarrhoea.
Anthropometry↗
[Regional distribution and temporal development of infant mortality in West Germany 1973-1988].
Infant mortality was documented for the Federal Republic of Germany as well as for the individual Federal Laender (before German unification) during 1973 and 1988. 31 Cause-of-Death groups, 5 Age-of-Death groups, and both sexes were considered. During the observation period the infant mortality rate decreased to 1/3 of the value of 1973 and is now well below 1%. The temporal decrease of infant mortality is different with regard to causes of death, age of death, sex, and Federal Land: Infant mortality due to congenital malformations decreased to about one half within the observation period, but its relative contribution to all natural causes of death increased from about 20% in 1973 to about 30% in 1988.
Cause of Death↗
[Problems in the development of infant foods technology].
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Food-Processing Industry↗
[Problems restraining development of infant foods manufacture].
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Food Technology↗
Promoting the overall development of infants and young children receiving home health services.
Because of medical conditions and/or as a result of prolonged hospitalization, many children receiving home health services demonstrate developmental delays. Home health personnel can play an important role in promoting a young child's developmental progress by being informed of the early intervention services available in the community, facilitating referral to needed developmental services, and incorporating developmentally appropriate strategies into their every day care.
Child, Preschool↗
A longitudinal study of small-for-gestational-age births: prenatal risk factors, newborn characteristics and infant growth and development.
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Humans↗
Investigation of pharmacokinetics and of possible adverse effects in infants exposed to tricyclic antidepressants in breast-milk.
We have studied ten breast-feeding mothers who were prescribed tricyclic antidepressant drugs and have also compared their infants' development with a similar group (n = 15) who were bottle-fed. Concentrations of tricyclic drugs in maternal plasma and urine, in fore-milk and hind-milk and in infant plasma (n = 6) and urine (n = 9) were measured by gas chromatography (GC) and by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The fat concentration in milk was also measured. Infants health and development were monitored by physical examination and by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development up to 30 months. The amounts of tricyclic drugs and their principal metabolites in maternal plasma were significantly correlated with the oral dose and with the amounts in breast-milk. Drug concentrations in fore-milk, but not in hind-milk, increased in line with its fat content, which was maximal in hind-milk. Correlations between gas chromatographic and enzyme immunoassays of maternal samples were high provided that the values for amitriptyline and nortriptyline were excluded; immunoreactivities to these compounds were abnormally high, suggesting that metabolites were also being measured by EIA. The daily doses of drugs ingested by breast-fed infants were about 1% of the maternal dose/kg and the immunoassay detected very small amounts of tricyclics in infants' plasma and urine. No acute toxic effects were found in the ten medicated breast-fed infants and there was no evidence of developmental delays in comparison with bottle-fed infants. Although the number of subjects in this study is small, when taken in conjunction with other published findings, we have not found any reason to prevent mothers who are taking established tricyclic antidepressants from breast-feeding their babies if they want to do so.
Animals↗
The predictive value of developmental testing of extremely jaundiced African infants.
The predictive value of the Neonatal Neurological Examination (NNE) adapted from Prechtl (1977) and the Infant Motor Screen (IMS) from Nickel (1989) at 4 months was studied in severely jaundiced infants in Zimbabwe. Fifty infants were examined with the NNE, 41 with the IMS and 43 with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) (Bayley 1969). Five infants had choreoathetosis and six had a motor delay at age 1 year. The NNE and IMS proved to be sensitive instruments particularly when two infants who became malnourished after the neonatal period were excluded. Logistic regression was used to investigate the relation between the BSID and five selected predictors from the NNE. This resulted in a correct classification of 93%. By using only the predictors acoustic blink and traction response, 80% of the infants were correctly classified but the number of false negatives was reduced from three to one.
Black People↗
Parent education after newborn congenital heart surgery.
The moment an infant is diagnosed with a congenital heart defect, parents experience a mixture of shock, disbelief, fear, anger, and often a profound sense of sadness. In the midst of these emotions they must learn to provide for the special needs of their infant. Providing parents with the knowledge and skills to care for their infant during this stressful time requires the concerted effort of a multidisciplinary team who can provide clear, concise, and consistent communication. This article provides a step-by-step guide to the information needs of families who are preparing to take their infants home after cardiac surgery. Parents must understand the underlying cardiac defect and the goals and objectives of the surgical repair. In addition to normal newborn care, parents need to learn about care of the incision, nutritional support, and how to safely administer prescribed medications. Potential complications and when to call their health care provider or seek emergency care are an important focus of teaching. Information about infant development, challenges specific to their infant, and pragmatic strategies to support normal development are of prime interest to parents. Written reference materials, a Web resource list, and a family discharge teaching tool provide tangible resources for the family after discharge.
Adult↗
Group B Streptococcal infection in neonates: an 11-year review.
Group B Streptococcal (GBS) infection is an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence, clinical characteristics, mortality and complications of this infection. From 1985 through 1995, 66 infants with early onset disease (EOD) and 23 infants with late onset disease (LOD) were treated at Mackay Memorial Hospital (MMH). The occurrence rate of EOD was 3.26-10.08/1000 admissions. The incidence of the disease was 0.11-1.39/1000 live births. Of the 66 EOD infants, 24 (36%) were preterm infants. There were 33 (50%) infants in EOD category with respiratory distress and 40 (60%) infants with sepsis. Among the 23 LOD infants, 3 (13%) were preterm infants. There were 6 (13%) infants in LOD category with respiratory distress and 16 (69%) with sepsis. Nine (13%) EOD infants and 14 (60%) LOD infants had meningitis. Leukopenia occurred in 24 (36%) EOD infants and 5 (21%) LOD infants. Twelve (18%) EOD infants and 9 (39%) LOD infants had a history of prolonged rupture of membrane (PROM). The mortality rate was 14% in EOD and 4% in LOD infants. Four (17%) LOD infants developed neurological seguelae. Clinically, EOD infants were often premature and prone to develop sepsis, respiratory distress and leukopenia, while LOD often presented with meningitis and sepsis. Our estimated occurrence rate and incidence of EOD were similar to the European estimates. The influence of prenatal measures on EOD and the meaning of PROM on LOD need further evaluation.
Age of Onset↗
Cardiac arrhythmias in neonates receiving lidocaine as anticonvulsive treatment.
UNLABELLED: Lidocaine has been used in neonates as an effective drug in controlling neonatal seizures not responding to traditional anticonvulsant therapy. Little is known about the effect of lidocaine on heart rate or occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias in neonates. The purpose of the present study was to assess the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias associated with lidocaine use for neonatal seizures. A retrospective review was performed in 207 neonates who received lidocaine for treatment of neonatal seizures. All were given a loading dose of 2 mg/kg in 10 min followed by a continuous infusion of 6 mg/kg per h, tailed off over the next 48 h. A total of ten (4,8%) infants developed cardiac arrhythmias during lidocaine infusion. In five infants a bradycardia developed, associated with a prolonged QRS complex in one. In one infant a tachycardia was seen following the bolus administration. In the other four an irregular heart rate was noted. In eight infants the arrhythmias disappeared immediately following discontinuation of lidocaine. In two infants, with severe encephalopathy, who died, the association was not so clear. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that continuous cardiac monitoring of neonates who receive lidocaine for neonatal seizures is indicated, as there is a risk to develop cardiac arrhythmias. Lidocaine should be discontinued immediately when a cardiac arrhythmia occurs. Lidocaine should not be given to patients with a congenital heart disease and to infants who have already been treated with diphantoine.
Anticonvulsants↗
Outcome of neonates with birth weights of less than 801 grams.
The follow-up results of intensive care for 68 infants with birth weights less than 801 g treated at Stanford University Hospital were reviewed. The overall survival rate for these infants was 35%, but was 50% for those infants who had been successfully resuscitated in the delivery room and were admitted to the Intensive Care Nursery. Infants under 601 g in weight or less than 25 weeks gestation were more likely to die in the delivery room, but survival among those admitted to the Intensive Care Nursery did not depend on birth weight or gestational age. One-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores less than 5 and interstitial emphysema were associated with increased risk of neonatal death. Only two of 22 survivors (9%) were severely handicapped and another eight (36%) had remediable disabilities at 2 years of age. No infant developed hydrocephalus and only one infant had spasticity. We suggest that the low incidence of major handicaps among survivors encourages the vigorous resuscitation of infants weighing less than 801 g at birth, yet strategies must be developed that will minimize both prolonged dying and the cost of intensive care for nonviable infants.
Apgar Score↗
Outcome at twelve months of adjusted age in very low birth weight infants with lung immaturity: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of human surfactant.
We compared the neurodevelopmental outcome of extremely premature, surfactant-deficient infants who received either prophylactic surfactant at birth, "rescue" surfactant after the clinical diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome was established, or placebo. Infants studied were participants in a randomized, bicenter (San Diego, Calif., and Helsinki, Finland), controlled trial of human surfactant therapy. One hundred fifty infants (prophylaxis group, 63 infants; rescue group, 57; placebo group, 30) were prospectively enrolled at 38 weeks of gestational age. There were no neonatal intergroup differences in the incidence or severity of sonographic central nervous system abnormality or retinopathy. One hundred forty-five infants were alive at 1 year of adjusted age, at which time growth, neurosensory, and neurologic outcome were similar in all three treatment groups at both centers. Cerebral palsy occurred in 20% overall. Five infants (3.5%) were functionally blind. However, infants treated at birth had lower mean mental and motor scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development compared with those of infants rescued with surfactant after the onset of respiratory distress syndrome (Mental Development Index: 78 vs 96, p = 0.02; Psychomotor Development Index: 73 vs 87, p = 0.04). Chronic lung disease occurred more frequently in the prophylactically treated group and contributed to the subjects' neurologic and developmental morbidity. Because prophylactic surfactant treatment offered no neurodevelopmental advantage and may contribute to poorer outcome, we currently recommend early surfactant replacement only for those infants who have postnatal evidence of respiratory distress syndrome.
Brain↗
Agreement between scales for screening and diagnosis of motor development at 6 months.
OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the degree of agreement between a score for screening and another for diagnosis of motor development in 6-month old infants and to define the most appropriate cutoff point for screening. METHODS: A sectional study, enrolling asymptomatic full term newborns with gestational ages from 37 to 41 weeks, who were discharged from the maternity unit 2 days after birth and are resident in the Campinas area. Infants were excluded if they presented genetic syndromes, malformations, congenital infections, intensive care admission or low birth weight. The assessment instruments investigated were the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II). Two cutoff points were evaluated for the AIMS, the 5th and 10th percentiles, and for the BSID-II infants were classified according to its motor index score (IS) as having inadequate (IS < 85, at least 1 standard deviation below the mean) or adequate performance (IS >or= 85, above the mean minus 1 standard deviation). RESULTS: The study sample comprised 43 infants. Six infants (14.00%) exhibited inadequate motor performance. Using the BSID-II motor classification and the 5th percentile AIMS cutoff, sensitivity was 100%, specificity 78.37%, accuracy 81.39%, kappa index 0.50 and p < 0.001; whereas, using the BSID-II motor classification and the 10th percentile AIMS cutoff, sensitivity was 100%, specificity 48.64%, accuracy 55.81%, kappa index 0.20 and p 0.025. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that concordance between the two 6-month assessment scales is good. The parameters employed are best combined using the 5th percentile AIMS cutoff point.
Apgar Score↗
Postnatal breast development of preterm infants. An index of gonadal function.
Development of breast nodules after birth was examined in 17 preterm infants; nodules developed regularly in girls but not boys. It is concluded that the pituitary-gonadal axis of preterm infants is active in the months after birth and that in preterm infants there is a definite phase of breast growth in early postnatal life.
Aging↗
Developmental outcome of children born to methadone maintained women: a review of longitudinal studies.
The purpose of this review is first to present current longitudinal data on the developmental outcome of children born to drug dependent women maintained on methadone and, second, to focus on methodological problems within this area of research. Five longitudinal studies which evaluated methadone exposed infants throughout the first two years of life are reviewed. The results of these studies suggest that no long term developmental sequelae are directly associated with methadone exposure in-utero. Although differences were often found between methadone exposed infants and comparison infants on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, scores for the methadone exposed infants were well within the normal range of development. Existing data on methadone exposed children at 4 years of age are reviewed. No differences in cognitive performance were found between methadone exposed and comparison children although scores for both groups were low. Problems with confounding variables and the inappropriate use of a main effects model of development in this area of research are addressed and the need to investigate socioenvironmental risk factors in order to fully understand the development of children exposed to methadone in-utero is discussed.
Child Development↗
Prebiotic carbohydrates in human milk and formulas.
Human milk oligosaccharides play an important role, as prebiotic soluble fibres, in the postnatal development of the intestinal flora. Infant formulas are virtually free of prebiotic oligosaccharides. As a consequence, formula-fed infants develop an intestinal flora significantly different to the flora of breastfed infants. Due to the complexity of human milk oligosaccharides, it is necessary to use alternative sources of prebiotic ingredients as components of infant formulas. The present review summarizes the data of experimental research and clinical studies with a prebiotic mixture containing 90% short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and 10% long-chain fructo-oligosacchrides are summarized. The data demonstrate that, with this prebiotic mixture, the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli can be stimulated, the faecal pH can be decreased, and the presence of pathogens can be reduced to levels similar to those of breastfed infants. Thus, prebiotic oligosaccharides such as the studied mixture provide beneficial effects for formula-fed infants.
Breast Feeding↗