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PubMed1987

Prescribing intention and the relative importance of drug attributes: a comparative study of HMO and fee-for-service physicians.

This study utilized the Fishbein Behavioral Intention Model as a conceptual framework to compare health maintenance organization (HMO) and fee-for-service (FFS) physicians. A mail questionnaire was used to obtain data and information from random samples of HMO (n = 73; 50% response) and FFS (n = 49; 33% response) physicians in the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas. No differences were found between the two groups of physicians regarding the Fishbein variables: prescribing intention, importance of attributes, attribute beliefs, and subjective norms. The Fishbein Model was found to explain a significant portion of the variance in prescribing intentions of the HMO and FFS physicians.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1995

Instance-based categorization: automatic versus intentional forms of retrieval.

Two experiments are reported which attempt to disentangle the relative contribution of intentional and automatic forms of retrieval to instance-based categorization. A financial decision-making task was used in which subjects had to decide whether a bank would approve loans for a series of applicants. Experiment 1 found that categorization was sensitive to instance-specific knowledge, even when subjects had practiced using a simple rule. L. L. Jacoby's (1991) process-dissociation procedure was adapted for use in Experiment 2 to infer the relative contribution of intentional and automatic retrieval processes to categorization decisions. The results provided (1) strong evidence that intentional retrieval processes influence categorization, and (2) some preliminary evidence suggesting that automatic retrieval processes may also contribute to categorization decisions.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Knowing what to remember and forget: a developmental study of cue memory in intentional forgetting.

These experiments are the first to investigate children's encoding and use of information about a memory cue in Bjork's (1972) intentional forgetting task. In Experiment 1, children in Grades 2, 4, and 6 and college students were given cues to either remember or forget after the presentation of each picture. Recall and recognition tests of pictures and cues followed. The procedure in Experiment 2 was identical to that in Experiment 1 except that the list of presentation pictures was altered for some children (Grades 3 and 4) and adolescents (Grades 8 and 9) so that remember and forget cues were associated with particular taxonomic categories. In Experiment 3, the testing component was modified so that children (Grades 2, 3, and 4) and college students were asked to recall only the cue associated with each picture. The results indicated that (1) children as young as second graders encode the cue associated with each picture, although to a lesser extent than do college students, (2) much improvement in intentional forgetting is still occurring during adolescence, (3) only adults adequately cluster their recall by cue, (4) associating remember and forget cues with items from different categories does not increase the differentiation between cues, and (5) eliminating picture recall and recognition has minimal effects on the magnitude of cue judgments. These results suggest that children's difficulties on intentional forgetting tasks stem, at least in part, from their poorer encoding of information about whether an item should be remembered or forgotten.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

The influence of prior knowledge in intentional versus incidental concept learning.

Previous research has demonstrated that background knowledge has a clear influence on concept learning. This influence, however, has been observed with a narrow range of intentional learning tasks. In the present experiments, the role of background knowledge was examined as a function of a variety of incidental learning tasks as well as with intentional learning tasks. The influence of prior knowledge was investigated by comparing the encoding of conceptually related co-occurrences with the encoding of conceptually unrelated co-occurrences. A clear influence of prior knowledge was observed with incidental encoding, and conceptual relatedness was found to have at least as powerful an influence with incidental as with intentional learning tasks. The results indicate that many types of knowledge-based influences will not vary as a function of encoding strategy. The pervasiveness and strength of the influence of background knowledge on concept learning are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The effects of institutional and community experiences on nursing students' intentions toward work with the elderly.

The intentions of nursing students toward working with older adults are similar to those of nurses in general. Several authors have suggested that educational interventions are the key to reversing the reluctance of nursing students to work with elderly persons. In this longitudinal study, the intentions of 39 junior baccalaureate nursing students were examined at three points: prior to any treatment, after clinical work with aged persons in an institutional setting, and after clinical work with aged persons in a community setting. The analysis of variance model run on this data revealed no significant differences in students' intentions as a consequence of their clinical experiences.

Attitude↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intention to quit smoking, attempts to quit, and successful quitting among Hong Kong Chinese smokers: population prevalence and predictors.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of each step in the smoking-cessation process (intention to quit, attempts to quit, and successful quitting) and to examine the factors associated with them among Chinese smokers. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of subjects from randomly selected households. SETTING: Four thousand one hundred forty-two households in Hong Kong. SUBJECTS: A total of 11,779 persons, aged 15 years or older, were enumerated (response rate = 74.0%). MEASURES: A validated structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire sought information on the subject's sociodemographic background, smoking habits, and workplace attitude to smoking. The predictors for successful quitting, past quitting attempts, and intention to quit were assessed by chi2 tests and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 14.4% were current smokers, 7.5% were ex-smokers, and 78.1% were nonsmokers. Of the daily smokers, 52% intended to quit. The factors associated with quitting were being married, being in the student/retired/others category, being older, having received higher education, not smoking to kill time, and smoking because of curiosity. Being married and not smoking to kill time were associated with past quitting attempts. Being male, married, and not smoking to kill time were associated with the intention to quit smoking. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate that differing predictors may contribute to the different transitional stages of smoking cessation. Population-based smoking-cessation programs should take these predictors into consideration in the design of interventions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Intention-to-treat analysis in the chronic suppurative otitis media trials.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of application of the intention to treat principle in the chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) randomised controlled trials. DESIGN: Data were extracted from 28 CSOM randomised controlled trials. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Conceptual and methodological approaches of dealing with protocol deviations with respect to withdrawal, missing response and non-compliance. RESULTS: Of the 28 CSOM trials included in this study, only one (4%) trial mentioned intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. However, 10(36%) other trials which did not mention ITT, had no protocol deviations and thus carried out an ITT analysis by default. It is highly likely that a biased treatment effect existed in the trial that mentioned ITT since the authors undertook a complete case analysis disregarding the 22% protocol deviators. There were no attempts in any of the trials to impute for missing responses and carrying out a sensitivity analysis. For trials with a big percentage of protocol deviations, the validity of their results are brought to question. CONCLUSIONS: In practice, not all those entered into a randomised-controlled trial will complete the trial. Thus intention-to-treat analysis is an important aspect of randomised controlled trials of health care interventions which tries to bridge this gap. It is important for authors to explicitly state the protocol deviations, the methods used to handle them and the potential effect with reference to bias and study outcome.

Data Collection↗

PubMed2001

[Self-reference effect on automatic and intentional memory].

The present study examined whether the self-reference effect occurred when memory retrieval was automatic. The process-dissociation procedure (e.g., Jacoby, 1991; Toth, Reingold, & Jacoby, 1994) was used to separate automatic and intentional, i.e., consciously controlled, components of memory in a word-stem completion task. In the learning phase, subjects were asked to rate trait words in one of the three ways of encoding: self-reference, semantic, and physical. Immediately after the phase, they performed an arithmetic problem for three minutes, and then were given the surprise word-stem recall task under an inclusion and exclusion performance conditions. Estimates derived from a process dissociation procedure showed the self-reference effect was found only in intentional memory, and not in automatic memory. Results therefore suggested that the self-reference effect to occur, intentional use of memory was necessary.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Examining intentions to use CoQ10 amongst breast cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors that influence breast cancer patients' intentions to supplement with CoQ10. METHODS: A survey based upon the expanded rational expectations intentions model was completed by breast cancer outpatients (N=160). RESULTS: A significantly positive relationship existed between referent other (the influence specific people have in terms of an individual's behavior) and subjective norm (subject's perception of how people view a behavior). Beliefs, referent other, attitude, and subjective norm did have a significant effect on intention to use CoQ10. CONCLUSIONS: Health practitioners may address supplementation with breast cancer patients with a better understanding of what factors impact supplement use.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Staying in or leaving rural practice: 1996 outcomes of rural doctors' 1986 intentions.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the 1996 outcomes of a sample of Western Australian rural doctors who in 1986 had indicated their intentions to stay in or leave rural practice. DESIGN: Postal questionnaire survey in December 1996, semi-structured interview and feedback by doctors on a draft of this article. PARTICIPANTS: 91 respondents from the 101 doctors who in 1986 had filled in a questionnaire on their intentions to stay in or leave rural practice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of doctors whose actions by 1996 were at variance with their intentions in 1986, and the reasons for their change of direction. RESULTS: 49% (22/45) of doctors who intended to leave had stayed ("stayers") and 24% (11/46) who intended to stay had left ("leavers"). Doctors' main concerns in 1986 were overwork, lack of locum relief, professional contact with colleagues, specialist backup in emergencies, downsizing of hospital facilities, continuing medical education, and income. By 1996 stayers had solved most of these professional problems and felt they were doing a special job which made a difference to their community. Conversely, more than half the leavers were unable to solve these problems and felt disempowered and dispirited. Their most potentially solvable problems were overwork, forced deskilling and conflict with other healthcare professionals. CONCLUSION: Professional satisfaction was the main reason for doctors staying in or leaving rural practice. Professionally dissatisfied rural doctors reach a critical phase which they have to surmount if they are going to stay. An examination of the positive experiences of the stayers points the way to retaining at least half the potential future leavers.

Career Choice↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intent to breast-feed: the impact of attitudes, norms, parity, and experience.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of breast-feeding attitudes, social norms, and prior experience on predicting breast-feeding intention utilizing the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. METHODS: Low-income pregnant women (n = 963) completed a theory-based questionnaire. RESULTS: Attitudes were more predictive of breast-feeding intention than were norms, regardless of parity or prior behavior. Among multiparous women, amount of prior breast-feeding experience contributed independently to predicting breast-feeding intention and rendered norms insignificant. CONCLUSION: Results support the theories. Breast-feeding promotions targeting low-income women should emphasize enhancing women's personal breast-feeding attitudes, and, among primiparous women, promoting positive breast-feeding attitudes among their significant others.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1999

Correlates of intentions to obtain genetic counseling and colorectal cancer gene testing among at-risk relatives from three ethnic groups.

OBJECTIVES: An understanding of factors associated with interest in genetic counseling and intentions to obtain colorectal cancer susceptibility testing is an important foundation for developing education, counseling, and genetic services and policies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey was mailed to first-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. The respondents (n = 426, 77% response rate) are siblings and adult children of Caucasian, Japanese, and Hawaiian ethnicity. Data collection was guided by a conceptual framework and included questions on demographics, family cancer history, predisposing factors (cancer worry, perceived risk, well-being), and enabling factors (decision preferences, social support, and health care factors). Logistic regression analysis on two binary dependent variables (interest in counseling and intentions to get genetic testing) was performed using Generalized Estimating Equations to account for family clusters. RESULTS: Forty-five % of respondents were interested in genetic counseling, and 26% "definitely" intended to get genetic testing for colon cancer when available. For counseling interest, the most important predictors were education, Hawaiian ethnicity, cancer worry, and family support. Cancer worry, perceived risk, and age (older) were directly, and Japanese ethnicity was inversely, associated with testing intentions. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of interest in cancer genetic testing are similar to those found in other studies. Ethnic differences reveal a paradox between objective population risk (higher for Japanese) and greater concerns (among Hawaiians). The substantial lack of awareness of family history warrants further research. Culturally sensitive education and counseling are needed for managing the likely high demand for personalized information about hereditary cancer risk.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A study of the future practice location intent of family medicine residents in West Virginia.

Recruitment of graduating family medicine residents into practice in rural West Virginia has been hampered by many factors. A cross-sectional survey was done to obtain the opinions of family medicine residents in West Virginia in 1996 in order to characterize their perceptions regarding certain aspects of their rural training and the relative importance of various factors influencing their future practice location intent. There was a positive association between cumulative resident experience and intent to practice in West Virginia and in rural areas. Perceived preparation for rural practice varied with educational area. There was significant variation in the relative importance of recruiting factors for likelihood of practice in West Virginia and in rural areas. Some recruiting factors tended to be positive or negative discriminators for intent to practice in West Virginia and in rural areas. Enhanced recruitment may be aided by an active community involvement which addresses the identified relevant factors.

Choice Behavior↗

PubMed2000

Alcohol, sexual arousal, and intentions to use condoms in young men: applying alcohol myopia theory to risky sexual behavior.

Data from 7 studies were aggregated to examine how reported sexual arousal and alcohol intoxication interact to affect attitudes and intentions toward engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse in college-age men (N = 358). When participants were in a sober or placebo condition, their self-reports of sexual arousal had no effect on their responses. When participants were intoxicated, however, those who felt sexually aroused reported more favorable attitudes, thoughts, and intentions toward having unprotected sex than did those who did not feel aroused. These findings support alcohol myopia theory (C. M. Steele & R. A. Josephs, 1990), which states that alcohol intoxication restricts attentional capacity so that people are highly influenced by the most salient cues in their environment. It is suggested that sexual arousal is a powerful internal cue that interacts with alcohol intoxication to enhance attitudes and intentions toward risky sexual behaviors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

High-dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with primary refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an intention-to-treat analysis.

High-dose chemoradiotherapy (HDT) with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the treatment of choice for patients with relapsed aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). However, its role in the treatment of patients with primary refractory disease is not well defined. The outcomes of 85 patients with primary refractory aggressive NHL who underwent second-line chemotherapy with ICE with the intent of administering HDT/ASCT to those patients with chemosensitive disease were reviewed. Patients were retrospectively classified as induction partial responders (IPR) if they attained a partial response to doxorubicin-based front-line therapy or as induction failures (IF) if they had less than partial response. Forty-three patients (50.6%) had ICE-chemosensitive disease; there was no difference in the response rate between the IPR and the IF groups. Intention-to-treat analysis revealed that 25% of the patients were alive and 21.9% were event-free at a median follow-up of 35 months. Among 42 patients who underwent transplantation, the 3-year overall and event-free survival rates were 52.5% and 44.2%, respectively, similar to the outcomes for patients with chemosensitive relapsed disease. No differences were observed between the IPR and IF groups, and there were no transplantation-related deaths. More than one extranodal site of disease and a second-line age-adjusted International Prognostic Index of 3 or 4 before ICE chemotherapy were predictive of poor survival. These results suggest that patients with primary refractory aggressive NHL should receive second-line chemotherapy, with the intent of administering HDT/ASCT to those with chemosensitive disease. Newer therapies are needed to improve the outcomes of patients with poor-risk primary refractory disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Method choice, intent, and gender in completed suicide.

Women who commit suicide use less violent methods, such as drugs and carbon monoxide poisoning, than do men, who more often use violent methods such as guns and hanging. Theories that attempt to explain this finding focus on gender differences in suicidal intent, socialization, emotions, interpersonal relationships, orientation and access to methods, and neurobiological factors. Data from a psychological autopsy study were used to test the theory that women who commit suicide use less violent means because they are less intent on dying. Although women were significantly less likely to use a violent method than men, there was no difference in the lethality of their suicidal intent.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The effect of "mentored" relationships on satisfaction and intent to stay of company-grade U.S. Army Reserve nurses.

This study examined the strategic implications of mentoring relationships perceived by company-grade U.S. Army Reserve nurses. The effects of mentorship on professional socialization, job satisfaction, and intent to stay were examined using the adapted framework of Hunt and Michael. The study population consisted of U.S. Army Reserve nurses from all three components of the ready reserve. One hundred nurses from each category were randomly selected and provided a questionnaire. The questionnaire combined Dreher's Mentoring Scale, Price's Intent-to-Stay Scale, and Hoppock's Job Satisfaction Scale. The overall response rate was 57%. Seventy-two of the 171 respondents reported at least one mentored experience. Findings indicate that mentored nurses report more satisfaction and have a higher intent to stay than nonmentored nurses. Continued research and encouragement of mentoring are recommended.

Career Mobility↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Young adults and HIV vaccine: determinants of the intention of getting immunized.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the acceptability of a hypothetical HIV vaccine and to identify the psychosocial determinants of the intention of receiving HIV immunization, based upon Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Of the 136 young adults surveyed, 120 (88%) had a moderate to high intention to receive the HIV vaccine. A logistic regression was performed and two psychosocial factors from the TPB were significant predictors of the young adults' intention of getting HIV immunization: their attitude towards getting HIV immunization (OR = 4.80, CI 95% = 2.08; 13.05) and the perceived behavioural control of getting HIV immunization (OR = 2.52, CI 95% = 1.17; 6.05). These results show that HIV immunization is well accepted by young adults. This finding is particularly relevant because the effectiveness of HIV immunization programs will depend on an individual's acceptance of this vaccine. Also, our results suggest that psychosocial determinants can influence a young adult's decision to receive the HIV vaccine once it becomes available.

AIDS Vaccines↗