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Results for “Introversion, Psychological”

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PubMed1981

[Psychological factors in duodenal ulcers].

With the aid of a clinical questionnaire and the I-N-R-personality test of Eysenck (as modified by Böttcher), we examined 127 male patients with clinically and radiologically proven ulcer compared to 145 age-matched persons without gastric affections. The features extraversion, neuroticism (emotional lability) and rigidity were determined and the question of an association with symptoms, age at onset of disease as well as occupational and familial factors statistically analyzed. With high significance, duodenal ulcer patients are more often emotionally labile and psychically more rigid. In the event the disease manifests under the age of 30, in ulcer patients introversion too is pronounced with highly significant frequency. Those patients complaining of conflicts with collaborators, lack of sleep, occupational overexertion, noise, draught at work place, present, compared to others without these complaints, a frequently emotional lability with high significance.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Personality, body weight and ultimate outcome in anorexia nervosa.

The Eysenck Personality Inventory, a highly standardized self-rating questionnaire, allows 2 measures of psychosocial functioning on independent scales entitled "emotionally" and "extroversion/introversion." A population of severely ill, low body weight anorectics revealed a high degree of "introversion" and variable amounts of "emotionality" on these measures. Low amounts of "emotionality" were associated with abnormally high "lie" scores. Following restoration of body weight to full matched population mean levels within an intensive treatment program, significant changes occurred on these measures--increased extroversion scores, decreased emotionality and lie scores. However, possibly qualitative changes had occurred in the state of emotionality since high levels were now related to good clinical outcome many years later. The nature of this phenomenon is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Armed conflict and trauma: a clinical study of Latin-American refugee children].

This exploratory research on psychic consequences of armed conflicts has been carried out in Montreal on 30 latin-americans, eight to 12 year-old refugees. The principal objective was to assert the importance of traumas intensity, accumulation and age of occurrence on the level and type of symptomatology (introversion-extroversion). Using two types of methodologies, clinical scales and in a more exploratory way, projective instruments to study the intra-psychic dynamic underlying the symptomatology observed. The children were classified according to trauma intensity and for this purpose, a trauma scale was defined with latin-american informants. ACHENBACH and DOMINIQUE clinical evaluation scales were applied to the measure of clinical symptomatology. These instruments were analysed as a function of the symptoms intensity and type. Among results, the accumulation and intensity of traumas were found to be in significant correlation with anxio-depressive symptoms, as reported by the children with interiorization symptoms in ACHENBACH. The predominance of interiorization is discussed. The analysis of the TAT, based on objective indicators, brought out a light frequency of violent themes in relations with the clinical symptomatology. This research indicates the relevance of projective instruments to the study of traumatic response.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

Relative importance of psychologic factors in denture satisfaction.

The aim of this investigation was to explore the relative importance of psychologic variables in explaining the degree of denture satisfaction in full denture patients. A group of 125 patients who were on a waiting list to have new dentures constructed participated in this study. The patients completed the Dutch version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, the Dutch Personality Inventory, a denture satisfaction questionnaire and a denture complaint questionnaire. No relation was found between the personality variables and denture satisfaction as measured by the denture satisfaction questionnaire. When the different aspects of denture satisfaction were measured by means of complaint scales, satisfaction was related to personality traits. Functional complaints of the mandibular denture and complaints about a hollow face were related to the personality trait "extraversion-introversion". Vague denture complaints and complaints about a bulbous face were related to "neuroticism".

Attitude↗

PubMed1996

Does major depression result in lasting personality change?

OBJECTIVE: Individuals with a history of depression are characterized by high levels of certain personality traits, particularly neuroticism, introversion, and interpersonal dependency. The authors examined the "scar hypothesis," i.e., the possibility that episodes of major depression result in lasting personality changes that persist beyond recovery from the depression. METHOD: A large sample of first-degree relatives, spouses, and comparison subjects ascertained in connection with the proband sample from the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression were assessed at two points in time separated by an interval of 6 years. Subjects with a prospectively observed first episode of major depression during the interval were compared with subjects remaining well in terms of change from time 1 to time 2 in self-reported personality traits. All subjects studied were well (had no mental disorders) at the time of both assessments. RESULTS: There was no evidence of negative change from premorbid to postmorbid assessment in any of the personality traits for subjects with a prospectively observed first episode of major depression during the interval. The results suggested a possible association of number and length of episodes with increased levels of emotional reliance and introversion, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that self-reported personality traits do not change after a typical episode of major depression. Future studies are needed to determine whether such change occurs following more severe, chronic, or recurrent episodes of depression.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Social and emotional characteristics of adults seeking a cochlear implant and their spouses.

OBJECTIVES: Because past research has shown that benefits of cochlear implantation may include a significant decrease in psychological and emotional difficulties, this study examined whether persons seeking cochlear implants in recent years differed psychologically from those referred in the early 1980s. A second objective was to explore mechanisms by which profound deafness could contribute to psychological and emotional difficulties for implant candidates and their spouses. METHODS: 178 cochlear implant candidates referred from 1981 to 1998 at the University of Iowa Hospitals completed a standard battery of psychological tests and questionnaires. The sample was divided into six 3-year cohorts and compared on standardized measures of psychological and emotional adjustment, and in participation in social and non-social activities. Spouses of implant candidates completed a similar assessment. RESULTS: The sample was characterized by elevations in depression, social introversion, suspiciousness, and social anxiety and loneliness. There were no significant differences among cohorts across time except for an increase in expectations for implant success. Spouses also evidenced elevated levels of psychological distress. Hearing status was associated with significant differences in social activity participation. A paradoxical interaction was found between marital status and deafness. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that the psychological status of implant candidates is changing across time, suggesting continued psychological benefit for persons receiving cochlear implants. Both candidates and their spouses participated in fewer social activities than normal controls. Findings underscore the complex relation between marital status, deafness, and engagement and participation in positive activities.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Individual differences in trajectory of intellectual development over 45 years of adulthood.

The hypothesis that individual differences in adult intellectual development reflect variation in life context and personality was examined in 132 World War II (WWII) veterans. Intelligence data from the Canadian Army M Test were available for 3 occasions, WWII, 1984-1986 (Int85), and 1989-1991 (Int90). Performance declined over the 45 years on 5 subtests but improved on the 6th, Vocabulary. Correlations between WWII and Int90 scores showed considerable stability of individual differences in intelligence over 45 years. Younger age predicted less decline over 45 years on all subtests; a more engaged lifestyle predicted less decline on most subtests, and better health and greater introversion predicted less decline on some subtests. Predictors of change since Int85 were similar to those for the whole period. Implications for theories of adult intellectual development are discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Extraversion, introversion, and visual interaction.

20 extraverts and 20 introverts were selected from a population of college students on the basis of their responses to the Maudsley Personality Inventory. These 40 young women were interviewed by one confederate of each sex. Six trained judges recorded visual and speech behavior by viewing through a one-way mirror and watching videotaped records. Analysis showed that extraverted women engaged in longer gazing than the introverted ones. The extraverted women gazed longer during listening than did introverted women. The proportion of time spent in gazing while speaking was not associated with extraversion. Also, women spent a greater proportion of time looking at a female interviewer than at a male interviewer.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Longitudinal consistency of adult personality: self-reported psychological characteristics across 45 years.

The longitudinal consistency of personality characteristics over a period of 45 years is examined. The data are drawn from the Kelly Longitudinal Study, a panel involving an original group of 300 men and 300 women. Measures of emotional disturbance (from the Bell and Bernreuter inventories) during the 1930s and the 1950s had significant correlations in the .25-.40 range with measures of psychiatric symptoms (from the Cornell Medical Index) taken in 1979-1981. Revised inventory scales with content related to neuroticism and social introversion-extraversion had moderate longitudinal consistency across several decades of adult life and demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity. This study demonstrates the utility of personality measurements in predicting significant psychological outcomes over the full interval of the normal adult lifespan.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Graphologists' assessment of extraversion compared with assessment by means of a psychological test.

The study investigated whether graphologists can infer extraversion from handwriting correctly. On the basis of three personality questionnaires, three persons (targets) were classified as extraverted and three as introverted. Ten graphologists independently analysed the handwriting of the targets and classified them as extraverted or introverted. Of the 60 (10 graphologists for 6 targets) classifications 58 were correct, which shows the graphologists assessed the classification of extraversion from handwriting. Graphologists agreed substantially on which characteristics of the handwriting were indicative for classification as extraversion or introversion. In each handwriting sample, however, both extraverted and introverted characteristics were present. Eventual classification may be based on the relative frequency of the two kinds of characteristics. Comparative studies like this one indicate that in research one should consider whether graphologists and psychologists share the same notion of extraversion.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Personality traits as determinants of burden and health complaints in caregiving.

This study tested predictions specifying the influence of caregiver personality traits on negative outcomes of caregiving, health complaints and burden. Two-hundred and thirteen caregivers, who were caring for family members with dementia, were interviewed and their relatives were assessed on cognitive status and aggression. At follow-up conducted twenty-four months later, forty-five caregivers were still continuing to provide home care for their dependents. Caregivers who scored higher on a measure of neuroticism experienced higher levels of burden and health complaints both at initial and follow-up assessment. Caregiver extraversion-introversion did not influence the experience of caregiving. At both initial and final assessment, the ability to enjoy some aspects of caregiving, recreational activities, and satisfaction with social support from family and friends mitigated negative outcomes of caregiving, while appraising the dependent as more troublesome increased negative outcomes. Caring for more cognitively impaired and more aggressive dependents and being female increased negative outcomes initially. Personality traits and most other study variables demonstrated significant continuity across time for caregivers continuing home care.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Correlates of stress reactivity in patients with bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined individual differences in stress reactivity as well as whether features of the illness itself or psychological characteristics differentiate between patients with bipolar disorder who are highly stress reactive and those who are not. METHOD: They assessed stressors and bipolar episodes in 58 patients with bipolar disorder followed for at least 1 year. RESULTS: Not only did stress level predict relapse, so did personality variables such as introversion and obsessionality and their interaction with stress. Number of previous episodes of bipolar illness, however, did not affect stress response. CONCLUSIONS: These results are not consistent with the view that episodes of bipolar disorder become increasingly independent of stressors after initial episodes. However, psychological traits may affect reactivity to stressors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Relationships of personality traits and stress to gingival status or soft-tissue oral pathology: an exploratory study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of personality traits and stress with gingival inflammation and with soft-tissue oral pathology. METHODS: Personality traits of psychoticism (P), extroversion and introversion (E), and neuroticism (N) were measured with Eysenck's personality questionnaire (EPQ). Stress was measured with a modified organizational and individual assessment survey (OIAS) developed by Hendrix. Military recruits from Ft. Leonard Wood, Missouri, were examined for soft-tissue oral pathology and gingival status at weeks one (n = 241) and six (n = 61) of basic combat training (BCT). The EPQ and OIAS were administered to 217 recruits during week six of BCT. A discriminant analysis was used to determine correlations among study variables. RESULTS: Significant correlations (P < .05) were found between personality traits and various measures of tolerance of stress. Little variance was found between groups originally presenting with or without disease. Only physical stress (P < .005) was shown to affect soft-tissue pathology, while gingival inflammation correlated significantly to E scores (P < .02), tolerance to change (P < .02), and anxiety (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Data support a possible relationship among certain personality traits, stress variables, and gingival inflammation or soft-tissue pathology in recruits with extreme personality characteristics or perception of high physical stress levels in basic combat training.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Comparison of a community dysthymia sample at screening with a matched group of nondepressed community controls.

The primary goal of the study was to compare the psychosocial functioning of an untreated, community sample of DSM-III-R dysthymia subjects (N = 24) at screening to that of a matched sample of community nondepressed volunteers (N = 18) with no lifetime or current history of axis I disorders. Subjects were compared across a number of psychosocial indices. The dysthymics were found to be less sociable (introversion) and clinically high on neuroticism-instability, external in regard to their causal attributions, less stable for positive uncontrollable events and more stable and global for negative uncontrollable events, relying more on coping strategies such as wishful thinking and self-blame, more interpersonally submissive and hostile, and to have a poorer social support-resource network. In addition, the dysthymics reported more family dysfunction and a higher rate of negative major life events.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1993

[Migratory algodystrophy of the lower limbs involving the foot and complicated by two fatigue fractures. An histological bone study].

A 62 year old male developed transient osteoporosis algodystrophy successively in several sites of the lower limbs (8 episodes of involvement of one or two sites over an 8-year period) three years after surgery for a chromophobic pituitary adenoma. Two stress fractures developed, during the sixth and seventh years, respectively, in bones previously affected by osteoporosis. A biopsy specimen from the distal tibia showed thin bone trabeculae and reduced cellular activity. The only etiologic factor was the patient's psychological profile characterized by anxiety and introversion.

Bone and Bones↗

PubMed2005

[Assessment of the efficacy of surgical management of lower limb varicosity from the viewpoint of patients' quality of life as dependent on their psychological status].

Altogether 150 patients suffering from lower limb varicosity (LLV, classes 2-5 chronic venous insufficiency /GVL/ according to the CEAP) confirmed by Color Duplex Imaging were examined. The patients' age varied from 21 to 64 years (mean 38 years). There were 30 (20%) men and 120 (80%) women. The CIVIQ was used to assess quality of life (QL) of all patients. The individual typological properties of the personality were defined using the mental diagnostic test (MDT). Based on the physical, painful, social and psychological parameters a significant decrease was revealed in quality of life. The highest correlation was discovered between the appurtenance of the examined to a definite class of unidimensional typology (MDT) according to the "neurotism" factor (psychological asthenicity of the personality) and the positive relative postoperative dynamics of the painful factor of the QL (CIVIQ), of patients with LLV, clasees 2 and 3 CVI (CEAP): r=0.729492; p<0.01. For the social factor (CIVIQ) it is the level of the total activity (r=0.59194; P<0.05), for the physical and psychological factors it is the level of introversion (the degree of social contactness of the personality), (r=0.553448; r=0.536933 respectively,p<0.05). This is not common to patients with LLV, classes 4 and 5 CVI; (CEAP).

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Psychological findings in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and psychogenic vertigo.

OBJECTIVE: A prospective study conducted at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, to study the psychological factors in cases of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and to compare them with patients with psychogenic vertigo. METHODS: In the present study, 75 subjects each (25-45 years) with BPPV and psychogenic vertigo were compared with an equal number of age- and sex-matched normal controls using the psychological and audiovestibular test batteries. RESULTS: The psychological variables tested, namely, loneliness, depression, anxiety components, introversion, and social desirability, were found to be statistically significant (p < .01) for the three groups (i.e., BPPV, psychogenic, and control). There was no significant difference among the three groups on the audiovestibular measures. CONCLUSION: Psychological factors play an important role in patients with BPPV. The provoking activities result in precipitation of an acute attack and the patients experience heightened emotionality because of the incapacitating feeling of severe vertigo.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1997

Critical evaluation of patient responses to dental implant therapy.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Successful rehabilitation of the edentulous condition requires functional and psychosocial adaptation by the patient. Quality of life is markedly affected by the amount of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their dental therapy. Patient concerns are primarily related to comfort, function, and esthetics. When these do not meet the patients expectations, anxiety, insecurity, diminished self-esteem, and introversion are typical psychosocial responses. PURPOSE: The objectives of the study were to assess the patient's subjective feelings about: (a) comfort, (b) function, (c) esthetics, (d) speech, (e) self-image, and (f) overall dental health with their existing complete dentures, and after implant therapy and prosthodontic rehabilitation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two health-related quality of life (HRQL) questionnaires were developed to evaluate the effectiveness of dental implant therapy; one dealing with their feelings about their conventional complete dentures, and the second dealing with implant therapy. The first questionnaire was administered with supervision before receiving implant treatment. The second questionnaire was administered within 1 year after completion of prosthetic rehabilitation. Twenty-six patients who received implants to support a mandibular prosthesis and a new maxillary denture formed the experimental population. RESULTS: Discriminative and evaluative analysis of subjective patient responses provided reliable, accurate, and reproducible results. Assessment of subject feelings before and after implant therapy and prosthodontic rehabilitation demonstrated significant differences when before treatment responses were compared with the responses after therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences for comfort, function, speech, esthetics, self-image, and dental health were demonstrated when conventional complete dentures and dental implant therapy were compared. HRQL data provided scientific evidence of an improved quality of life after dental implant therapy (p < 0.000).

Adaptation, Physiological↗